Sephadex G-10凝胶色谱系统测定头孢西丁钠中高分子聚合物

目的:建立测定头孢西丁钠中高分子聚合物的含量.方法采用Sephadex G-10凝胶色谱系统.色谱柱:葡聚糖凝胶G-10色谱柱;流动相A:pH 7.0的0.1 mol·L-1磷酸盐缓冲液[0.1 mol·L-1磷酸氢二钠溶液-0.1 mol·L-1磷酸二氢钠溶液(61:39)],流动相B:超纯水;流速:1.0 mL·min-1,检测波长:254 nm.结果:头孢西丁钠高分子聚合物在5～70 g·L-1的范围内线性关系良好,r=0.994 3.结论:本方法专属性强,准确度高、重现性好,可作为头孢西丁钠中高分子聚合物含量的测定方法.     

凝胶色谱法测定注射用头孢孟多酯钠中高分子聚合物的含量

目的 建立以凝胶色谱法测定注射用头孢孟多酯钠中的高分子聚合物的方法.方法 采用凝胶色谱柱,色谱柱为Sephadex G-10(15.0mm×300mm),流动相A为pH 7.0的0.01mol·L-1磷酸盐缓冲液,流动相B为水,流速为每分钟1.4mL,检测波长为254nm,进样量为200μL.结果 验证了头孢孟多酯钠高...     

Sephadex G-10凝胶色谱条件分析头孢磺啶钠的高分子杂质

目的建立Sephadex G-10凝胶色谱条件分析头孢磺啶钠高分子杂质的方法。方法色谱柱为葡聚糖凝胶G-10柱(300×10mm),流动相A:0.05 mol/L磷酸盐缓冲液(pH7.0),流动相B:超纯水,流速:0.5 ml/min,检测波长:254nm,进样量:20μl。结果头孢磺啶钠进样浓度在0.709~14.18     

凝胶色谱法测定注射用哌拉西林钠他唑巴坦钠中高分子聚合物

目的 建立注射用哌拉西林钠他唑巴坦钠中哌拉西林聚合物的测定方法。方法 采用凝胶色谱法。色谱条件为：色谱柱：葡聚糖凝胶G-10为填充剂RASIS柱(SephadexTM G-10,40~120 μm,400 mm×13 mm);流动相A：pH 7.0的0.01 mol·L^-1磷酸盐缓冲液,流动相B：水;流速：1.0 mL·min^-1,检测波长：254 nm。结果 哌拉西林聚合物线性范围为40.10~180.45 μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 6)。结论 方法简便易行,可基本保证所有高分子杂质被排阻,满足药品质量控制的需要。     

凝胶色谱法测定注射用头孢地嗪钠聚合物

目的建立注射用头孢地嗪钠聚合物凝胶色谱分析方法。方法 Sephadex G-10色谱柱,流动相A为0.02 mol·L~(-1)磷酸盐缓冲液(pH 7.0),流动相B为超纯水,流速1.0 mL·min~(-1),检测波长为254 nm。结果在10～30 g·L~(-1)范围内,样品浓度与聚合物峰面积线性良好,r=0.999 1。头孢地嗪钠对照品在0.05～0.15 g·L~(-1)范围内具有良好线性,r=0.999 8。结论本方法简便、准确、重现性好,适用于注射用头孢地嗪钠聚合物的定量检测。     

凝胶色谱法测定注射用头孢唑肟钠中聚合物的含量

目的：建立Sephadex G-10凝胶色谱系统分析头孢唑肟钠高分子聚合物的方法。方法：色谱柱为葡聚糖凝胶G-10柱（16 mm×650 mm）,流动相A为0.01 mol/L磷酸盐缓冲液（pH7.0）,流动相B为0.01%十二烷基硫酸钠溶液,流速：2.5 ml/min,检测波长：254 nm,进样量：200μl。结果：头孢唑肟钠进样浓度在5~200 mg/ml的范围内与头孢唑肟钠高分子聚合物的峰面积呈良好的线性关系（r=0.999 2）。结论：该方法简便准确、灵敏度高、重现性好。     

葡聚糖凝胶色谱法测定注射用头孢美唑钠中聚合物

目的 建立凝胶色谱法测定注射用头孢美唑钠中聚合物.方法 色谱柱为玻璃柱(内径1.3 cm,柱长40 cm),葡聚糖凝胶G-10(40～120μm)为填充剂;流动相A为pH 7.0的0.1 mol/L磷酸缓冲液,流动相B为水;体积流量为1.5 mL/min;检测波长为254nm;蓝色葡聚糖2000溶液的质量浓度为0.1 mg/mL;进样量200μL.结果 A相中头孢美唑钠进样质量浓度在10～40 mg/L与头孢美唑钠高分子聚合物峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r=0.998 6).B相中头孢美唑酸进样质量浓度在3.994～79.88 μg/mL线性关系良好(r=0.999 9).3批样品中高分子聚合物质量分数为0.02％～0.03％.结论 该方法的精密度和准确度均能满足注射用头孢美唑钠中高分子聚合物质量控制的要求.     

凝胶色谱法测定注射用哌拉西林钠他唑巴坦钠中高分子聚合物

目的 建立注射用哌拉西林钠他唑巴坦钠中哌拉西林聚合物的测定方法。方法 采用凝胶色谱法。色谱条件为：色谱柱：葡聚糖凝胶G-10为填充剂RASIS柱(SephadexTM G-10,40~120 μm,400 mm×13 mm);流动相A：pH 7.0的0.01 mol·L^-1磷酸盐缓冲液,流动相B：水;流速：1.0 mL·min^-1,检测波长：254 nm。结果 哌拉西林聚合物线性范围为40.10~180.45 μg·mL^-1(r=0.999 6)。结论 方法简便易行,可基本保证所有高分子杂质被排阻,满足药品质量控制的需要。     

分子排阻法测定国产注射用替卡西林钠克拉维酸钾中的高分子聚合物

目的 测定注射用替卡西林钠克拉维酸钾中的替卡西林聚合物.方法 采用Sephadex G-10色谱柱(300 mm×15mm),流动相A为pH8的50 mmol·L-1磷酸盐缓冲液,流动相B为超纯水,流速1.0 mL·min-1,检测波长254 nm,进样量100μL.结果 替卡西林中高分子聚合物与替卡西林药物单体能较好地分离,19.98 ～199.83 μg·mL-1替卡西林对照品与其峰面积呈良好的线性关系(r =0.9999),定量限为248 ng,方法精密度良好(RSD=0.52％,n=5),样品测定的重复性良好(RSD=2.33％,n＝3).结论 所用方法简便、准确、重复性好,适用于注射用替卡西林钠克拉维酸钾中高分子聚合物的检测.     

凝胶色谱法测定普鲁卡因青霉素中的高分子聚合物

目的:建立普鲁卡因青霉素中高分子聚合物测定方法。方法:采用凝胶色谱法。色谱柱为Sephadex G-10(40～120μm)凝胶柱,流动相A为0.03 mol.L-1磷酸盐缓冲液(pH 7.0),流动相B为超纯水,流速1.5 mL.min-1;检测波长254 nm。结果:普鲁卡因青霉素的进样浓度在10～50 mg.mL-1的范围内与青霉素聚合物的峰面积呈良好线性关系(r=0.999 6)。结论:该方法灵敏、准确、简便,可用于本品的质量控制。     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Alzheimer’s disease – current trends in basic and clinical research. Highlights from the 16th ECNP

Advances in the molecular biological knowledge of neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have led to a growing interest by the pharmaceutical industry in the development of novel compounds that selectively modulate nAChR function. The ability of (-)-nicotine, an activator of nAChRs, to enhance attentional aspects of cognition in animals and humans, to exert neuroprotective and anxiolytic-like effects, and presumably to mediate the negative correlation between smoking and Alzheimer's (and Parkinson's) Disease, has focused interest on the potential therapeutic utility of modulators of nAChR function for treatment of some of the deficits associated with these progressive, neurodegenerative conditions. Numerous compounds are known which activate nAChRs and which might serve as lead compounds toward the development of such agents. The pharmacologic diversity of neuronal nAChR subtypes suggests the possibility of developing selective compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents. This broader class of agents, collectively called cholinergic channel modulators (ChCMs), is anticipated to encompass compounds which would have more favourable side-effect profiles than existing agents, which generally exhibit low selectivity. This selectivity may be achieved by preferentially activating some subtypes of nAChRs (i.e., Cholinergic Channel Activators, ChCAs) or inhibiting the function of other subtypes (Cholinergic Channel Inhibitors, ChCIs). An overview of the biology of nAChRs and the rationale for the use of ChCMs for the treatment of dementia related to neurodegenerative diseases are presented, followed by a discussion of lead compounds and compounds under consideration for clinical evaluation.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.