脾切除治疗原发性骨髓纤维化合并门静脉高压症8例疗效观察

目的探讨脾切除治疗原发性骨髓纤维化（primary myelofibrosis，PMF）合并门静脉高压症的临床疗效。方法对8例PMF合并门静脉高压症患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。其中食管胃底静脉曲张6例（出现上消化道出血5例）。结果行单纯脾切除术3例，脾切除＋贲门周围血管离断术5例。所有患者均安全度过围手术期。术后出现并发症2例，肺部感染和腹腔感染各1例，经抗感染治疗后痊愈出院。对7例进行了1至5年的随访，患者贫血状况、腹部不适等症状均有不同程度缓解，无再发消化道出血，生活质量得到改善。结论PMF合并门静脉高压症时，可行脾切除术（或脾切除＋贲门周围血管离断术），能有效缓解症状，提高患者生活质量。     

全腹腔镜下脾切除贲门周围血管离断术

脾切除及贲门周围血管离断术是有效解决肝硬化门静脉高压症、脾功能亢进、胃底食道曲张静脉破裂出血等问题的手段之一。全腹腔镜下脾切除及贲门周围血管离断术因其难度大、风险高而报告较少。我科于2005年4月至2006年4月期间共完成完全腹腔镜下脾切除、贲门周围血管离断术9例，效果满意。报告如下。     

门静脉高压症治疗的50年回顾

目的：探讨门静脉高压症的外科治疗。方法：我院50年共收治门静脉高压症939例，分别行脾切除236例，脾腔分流术151例，脾切除＋肠系膜上静脉上静脉下腔静脉吻合术71例，脾肾静脉吻合术42例，肠系膜下静脉下腔静脉吻合术2例，贲门胃底血管离断术409例，胃底曲张静脉和部分脾介入栓塞术28例。术后随访2年、5年，并行上消化道钡餐透视。结果：比较脾腔分流术、贲门胃底血管离断术及胃底曲张静脉和部分脾介入栓塞术的远期效果：脾腔分流术的2年、5年绝对生存率分别为81．6％、56．1％，再出血率4．3％。贲门周围胃底血管离断术的2年绝对生存率为78．7％，再出血率8．0％；5年绝对生存率为74．8％，再出血率为12．4％。胃底曲张静脉和部分脾介入栓塞术的即时止血效果达到100％，术后2年再出血率为率28．6％，死亡率14．3％，术后5年生存率为14．3％。结论：Child分级B级，特别是已发生过大出血的病人，可选择贲门周围胃底血管离断术。ChildC级、有严重黄疸、腹水，发生大出血不宜手术治疗的病人，可行介入曲张血管栓塞术治疗。     

门静脉高压症断流术中脾动脉结扎和脾切除的临床疗效比较

目的 探讨腹腔镜脾动脉结扎联合贲门周围血管离断术治疗门静脉高压症的可行性与有效性.方法 回顾性分析2014年1月至2019年12月河北医科大学第二医院手术治疗的80例肝硬化门静脉高压症患者的临床资料,其中50例行腹腔镜脾动脉结扎联合贲门周围血管离断术,30例行腹腔镜脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术.结果 与脾切除组相比,脾...     

门静脉高压症外科治疗185例

目的探讨门静脉高压症的外科治疗一方法回顾分析我科近10年收治的门静脉高压症共185例，分别行单纯脾切除21例，脾切除、贲门周围血管离断加胃底黏膜下环扎术107例．门腔分流术29例，脾肾分流加贲门周围血管离断术和胃底环扎术18例，肝移植术10例。术后随访1～6年：结果单纯脾切除术的再出血率为14.3％，生存率为85．7％。贲门周围血管离断加胃底黏膜下环扎术的再出血率为10．4％，生存率为78．5％。门腔分流术无再出血病例．生存率为93％。脾肾分流加贲门周围血管离断术和胃底黏膜下环扎术的再出血率为11．1％，生存率为89％。肝移植术随诊1～5年，存活8例。结论门静脉高压症的外科治疗应根据患者的不同情况采取不同的手术方法。     

食管胃底吻合联合贲门周围血管离断术治疗门静脉高压症上消化道出血的疗效分析

目的:探讨食管胃底吻合联合贲门周围血管离断术治疗门静脉高压症上消化道出血的临床疗效。方法:回顾性分析2009年2月至2015年2月内蒙古医科大学附属医院收治的108例门静脉高压症上消化道出血患者的临床资料,其中行食管胃底吻合联合贲门周围血管离断术（研究组）42例,单纯行贲门周围血管离断术组（对照组）66例。两组患者均有...     

腹腔镜脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术治疗肝硬化门静脉高压症的近期临床结果

目的:探讨腹腔镜脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术治疗门静脉高压症的近期结果和安全性.方法:回顾性分析2018年9月至2020年12月间我院行腹腔镜脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术治疗的23例临床资料.选择同时、同科室临床病理基线相当的开腹脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术13例临床资料作对比.结果:腹腔镜手术组较传统开腹镜组病人出血...     

贲门及近端胃壁内外双重断流术治疗门静脉高压症出血

目的探索有效治疗门静脉高压症胃底曲张静脉破裂出血的手术方法。方法采用贲门周围血管离断术（壁外断流）加贲门环周粘膜下血管缝扎和近端胃（胃左动脉平面以上）中点环周缝扎粘膜下血管（壁内断流）。结果本组接受贲门及近端胃壁内外双重断流术４９例,其中单行贲门周围血管离断术（壁外断流）２１例。断流后自由门静脉压分别为（３３±０５）ｍｍＨｇ和（２１０±０１５）ｍｍＨｇ,两者比较Ｐ＜００１;术后随访３月至８年,双断流组无再出血发生,单断流组３例发生再出血,１例出血死亡。结论贲门及近端胃壁内外双重断流术治疗门静脉高压症胃底曲张静脉破裂出血比贲门周围血管离断术更为合理、彻底和有效     

联合手术治疗儿童门静脉海绵样变性肝前性门静脉高压症

目的评估联合手术治疗儿童门静脉海绵样变性引起的肝前性门静脉高压症的疗效。方法2例门静脉海绵样变性和反复上消化道出血的患儿行脾切除脾肾静脉分流加贲门周围血管离断术;1例因断流术后再出血,行肠系膜上-腔静脉分流加贲门周围血管离断术,分析这3例的临床疗效。结果手术并发症和手术死亡率为0,随访13~31个月,肝功能正常,贫血纠正。无再出血、门静脉高压性胃病和肝性脑病。结论联合手术,特别是脾切除脾肾静脉分流加贲门周围血管离断术,安全、有效,适用于各种血流动力学状态,应成为治疗儿童门静脉海绵样变性引起的肝前性门静脉高压症的首选术式。     

脾动脉结扎联合贲门周围血管离断术治疗门静脉高压症脾功能亢进

目的探讨脾动脉结扎联合贲门周围血管离断术治疗门静脉高压症脾功能亢进的安全性和有效性。方法2012年2月至2014年1月前瞻性研究对比脾动脉结扎和脾切除联合贲门周围血管离断术治疗42例脾功能亢进患者的疗效。结果术前两组白细胞计数、血小板计数、白蛋白计数、总胆红素、凝血酶原时间、平均年龄和术中平均出血量差异均无统计学意义。术后两组白细胞计数和血小板计数均有改善,脾动脉结扎组上升速度相对平缓;术后门静脉压力下降程度类似;脾动脉结扎组门静脉系统血栓形成概率小于脾切除组（4／19与11／23,P〈0．05）,脾动脉结扎组出现3例局灶性脾梗死,经保守治疗后均好转。两组均无死亡病例。结论脾动脉结扎联合贲门周围血管离断术可以作为脾功能亢进的一种安全有效的治疗手段,但其长期效果仍有待进一步观察。     

Histochemical and contractile properties of striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of dogs and sheep

AIMS: To understand their possible importance in long- and short-term control of continence, some properties of the striated muscles of the urethra and pelvic floor (levator ani) of dogs and sheep were investigated, especially fiber types and contractile characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Striated muscles of urethra and levator ani of 29 male and 6 female dogs and 11 male and 6 female sheep were removed and cut into strips. Some strips were frozen and stained for ATPase at pH 9.4 and 4.3 for fiber typing; others were set up in an organ bath to study contractile responses to nerve stimulation. RESULTS: All muscles contained both type I (slow) and type II fibers, ranging from 97% type II in female greyhound urethra to 60% in female sheep levator ani. For each muscle, there were fewer type II muscles in sheep than in dog. The diameters of the urethral fibers were about 60% of the levator ani in dogs and 34% in sheep. Contraction of the urethral muscle was faster than for levator ani and declined to about 80% of the peak, 500 msec after the beginning of stimulation at 20 Hz. The levator ani contraction rose to a steady level as long as stimulation continued. CONCLUSIONS: Both the levator ani and urethral striated muscles contain slow and fast fiber types. The levator ani muscles are capable of sustained contraction with rapid onset which will produce long-term closure of the urethra. The circular urethral muscle contraction was faster but less well maintained.     

Incorporation and release of85Sr and14C-proline-hydroxyproline in mineral and collagen of bone and incisor teeth of growing rats

The extent to which exchange and reutilization processes of mineral tracers affect skeletal mineral accretion and resorption measurements was evaluated by comparing the rates of appearance and disappearance of⁸⁵Sr and¹⁴C-proline-hydroxyproline in bones and teeth in growing rats for 12 days following simultaneous parenteral injection of these tracers. Expressions for the relative rates of collagen synthesis and breakdown, which unlike mineral metabolism are considered not to be complicated by exchange phenomena, were based on¹⁴C-proline conversion to¹⁴C-hydroxyproline; the specific activity of the latter was determined. Both the mineral and the collagen specific activities reflected the rates and patterns of growth of the samples assayed; rapid growth and a short interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue in themetaphyseal bone which contains the cartilagineous growth plate, slow growth and an interval of time between formation and resorption of tissue indiaphyseal bone and incisor teeth which is longer than the 12 days of the experiment. However, in metaphyseal bone the specific activity collagen/mineral ratio dropped by one half during the 4–12 day interval in contrast to diaphyseal bone and incisor teeth in which no change in this ratio was observed during this period of time. The data indicate that collagen in the metaphyseal growth zone is removed by resorption before it has become fully mineralized, and that exchange is a relatively unimportant factor in the long term kinetics of bone mineral.

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Zusammenfassung Das Ausmaß, bis zu welchem Austausch- und Wiederverwendungsprozesse der mineralen Tracer die Messungen des mineralen Skelett-Auf- und Abbaues beeinflussen können, wurde ausgewertet; zu diesem Zweck wurde die Geschwindigkeit des Auftretens und Verschwindens von⁸⁵Sr und von¹⁴C-Prolin-Hydroxyprolin in Knochen und Zähnen von wachsenden Ratten während der 12 auf die simultane parenterale Injektion dieser Tracer folgenden Tage verglichen.Der Ausdruck für die relative Geschwindigkeit des Kollagen-Auf- und Abbaues, bei welchem im Gegensatz zum Mineralmetabolismus kein Mitwirken des Austauschphänomens vermutet wird, basiert auf der Umwandlung von¹⁴C-Prolin zu¹⁴C-Hydroxyprolin; die spezifische Aktivität des letzteren wurde bestimmt.Aus der spezifischen Aktivität des Minerals sowie jener des Kollagens konnten die Geschwindigkeit und die Art des Wachstums der untersuchten Proben ersehen werden, d.h.schnelles Wachstum und ein kurzes Zeitintervall zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Metaphyse, die auch die knorpelige Wachstumsplatte enthält, und andererseitslangsames Wachstum und längeres Zeitintervall (länger als die 12 Tage des Experimentes) zwischen Bildung und Resorption des Gewebes imKnochen der Diaphyse und in den Schneidezähnen. Immerhin fiel die spezifische Aktivität des Kollagen/Mineral-Anteils im Knochen der Metaphyse während dem 4–12tägigen Zeitintervall auf die Hälfte, im Gegensatz zum Knochen der Diaphyse und der Schneidezähne, bei welchen während dieser Zeitspanne kein Unterschied in diesem Verhältnis beobachtet wurde.Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, daß Kollagen in der Wachstumszone der Metaphyse durch Resorption verschwindet, bevor es ganz mineralisiert ist, und daß der Austausch ein relativ unwichtiger Faktor in der Kinetik auf lange Sicht des Knochenminerals ist.

     

Instrumented ligamentotaxis and stabilization of compression and burst fractures of dorsolumbar and mid-lumbar spines

Background:

Controversy continues regarding the best treatment for compression and burst fractures. The axial distraction reduction utilizing the technique employing the long straight rod or curved short rod without derotation to reduce fracture are practised together with short segment posterolateral fusion (PLF). Effects of the early postoperative mobilization without posterolateral fusion on reduction maintenance and fracture consolidation were not evaluated so far. The present prospective study is designed to assess the effectiveness of i) reduction and restoration of sagittal alignment, ii) no posterolateral fusion on the reduced, fractured vertebral body and injured disc, iii) fracture consolidation and iv) the fate of the unfused cephalad and caudal injured motion segments of the fractured vertebra.

Materials and Methods:

The study includes 15 Denis burst and two Denis type D compression fractures between T₁₂ and L₃. The lordotic distraction technique was used for ligamentotaxis utilizing the contoured short rods and pedicle screw fixator. Three vertebrae including the fractured one were fixed. The patients after surgery were braced for ten weeks with activity restriction for 2-4 weeks. The patients were evaluated for change in vertebral body height, sagittal curve, reduction of retropulsion, improvement in neural deficit. The unfused motion segments, residual postoperative pain and bone and metal failure were also evaluated.

Results:

The preoperative and postreduction percentile vertebral heights at, zero (immediate postoperative), at three, six and 12 months followup were 62.4, 94.8, 94.6, 94.5 and 94.5%, respectively. The percentages of the intracanal fragment retropulsion at preoperative, and postoperative at zero, 3, 6 and 12 months followup were 59.0, 36.2,, 36.0, 32.3, and 13.6% respectively.The preoperative and postreduction percentile loss of the canal dimension and at zero, three, six and 12 months were 52.1, 45.0, 44.0, 41.0 and 29% respectively suggesting that the under-reduced fragment was being resorbed gradually by a remodeling process. The mean initial kyphosis of 33° became mean 2° immediately after reduction and mean 3° at the final followup. The fractured vertebral bodies consolidated in an average period of ten weeks (range 8-14 weeks). The restored disc heights were relatively well maintained throughout the observation period. All paraparetic patients recovered neurologically. There were no postoperative complications.

Conclusion:

Instrument-aided ligamentotaxis for compression and burst fractures utilizing the short contoured rod derotation technique and the instrumented stabilization of the fractured spine are found to be effective procedures which contribute to the fractured vertebral body consolidation without recollapse and maintain the motion segment function.     

Principles and Practice of Hemofiltration and Hemodiafiltration

There is growing interest in the convective dialysis therapies, hemofiltration (HF) and hemodiafiltration (HDF). Both require dialysis membranes which are highly permeable to solutes as well as fluid, and in both cases large volumes of ultrafiltration are the condition for convective transport. In HDF the convection is combined with diffusion, and as a consequence, maximum clearance over the entire molecular weight spectrum is achieved. Optimal forms of HDF provide urea clearance 10–15% higher than the corresponding diffusive mode. The larger the solute, the greater is the impact of convection, and β₂-microglobulin (β₂m) levels may be up to 70% reduced. Traditional postdilution HF provides high clearance of medium sized and large molecules. Satisfactory clearance of small solutes requires blood flows in excess of 500 ml/min. With access to practically unlimited volumes of substitution solution through on-line ultrafiltration, predilution HF can now be used. This increases the clearance of small solutes to an acceptable range. For HDF as well as HF, large patient populations consistently treated for longer periods of time are needed to make valid outcome comparisons with other therapies.     

Recognition and management of phaeochromocytoma and paraganglioma

Phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGL) are catecholamine-secreting neuroendocrine tumours arising from the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla. These tumours may be identified incidentally, as part of a work-up for multiple endocrine neoplasia or following haemodynamic surges during unrelated procedures. Advances in perioperative management and improved management of intraoperative haemodynamic instability have significantly reduced surgical mortality from around 40% to less than 3%. Surgery is the definitive treatment in most cases and laparoscopic resection where possible is associated with improved outcomes. Anaesthetic management of PPGL cases represents a unique haemodynamic challenge both before and after tumour resection. In this article we describe the physiology of these tumours, their diagnosis, preoperative optimization methods, intraoperative anaesthetic management and management of postoperative complications.     

骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的成因与治疗

目的探讨骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的成因、报肯治疗的方法与设果。方法对1990年7月～2004年12月间收治的107例骨折不愈台、54例骨折延迟愈合2例先天性胫骨骨不连进行回顾性研究，分析原因，随访治疗结果。18例延迟愈合行保守治疗，本组其他145例行手术治疗，结果除2例先天性胫骨骨不连外，其余161例的成因中均有医源性因素。10例失去随访，153例平均随访17（6-28）个月，骨折均获骨性连接，愈合时间平均10（6-14）个月，肢体功能恢复良好，结论医源性技术缺陷是骨折不愈合与延迟愈合的主要原因，针对各种不同因素进行合理治疗可获得满意效果。     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are both very unpleasant experiences. The physiology is poorly understood; however, understanding what we do know is key to tailoring a preventative or therapeutic antiemetic regime. There are two key sites in the central nervous system implicated in the organization of the vomiting reflex: the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. There are five key neurotransmitters involved in afferent feedback to these areas. These are histamine (H₁ receptors), dopamine (D₂), serotonin (5-HT₃), acetyl choline (muscarinic) and neurokinin (substance P). Postoperative nausea and vomiting will occur in around one-third of elective patients who have no prophylaxis. This can result in many detrimental effects including patient dissatisfaction, unplanned admission and prolonged recovery. It is therefore essential that clinicians understand how they can prevent and treat nausea and vomiting using either a single agent or a combination of antiemetics to target relevant receptors. Commonly used drugs include antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists and steroids. More novel agents are being developed such as aprepitant, a neurokinin receptor antagonist, palonosetron, a 5HT₃ receptor antagonist and nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid.     

Physiology and pharmacology of nausea and vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are both very unpleasant experiences. The physiology is poorly understood; however, understanding what we do know is key to tailoring a preventative or therapeutic antiemetic regime. There are two key sites in the central nervous system implicated in the organization of the vomiting reflex: the vomiting centre and the chemoreceptor trigger zone. There are five key neurotransmitters involved in afferent feedback to these areas. These are histamine (H₁ receptors), dopamine (D₂), serotonin (5-HT₃), acetyl choline (muscarinic) and neurokinin (substance P). Postoperative nausea and vomiting will occur in around one-third of elective patients who have no prophylaxis. This can result in many detrimental effects including patient dissatisfaction, unplanned admission and prolonged recovery. It is therefore essential that clinicians understand how they can prevent and treat nausea and vomiting using either a single agent or a combination of antiemetics to target relevant receptors. Commonly used drugs include antihistamines, dopamine antagonists, serotonin antagonists and steroids. More novel agents are being developed such as aprepitant, a neurokinin receptor antagonist, palonosetron, a 5HT₃ receptor antagonist, and nabilone, a synthetic cannabinoid.