尺侧腕伸肌联合拇短伸肌腱转移重建拇指对掌功能

目的评价尺侧腕伸肌联合拇短伸肌腱转移重建拇指对掌功能的临床疗效。方法 2006年3月-2009年8月,采用尺侧腕伸肌联合拇短伸肌腱转移重建20例单纯腕部正中神经损伤、15例正中神经合并尺神经损伤患者的拇指对掌功能。其中男25例,女10例;年龄20～53岁,平均33.5岁。致伤原因:锐器伤24例,钝器伤9例,热压伤2例。合并尺、桡骨远端骨折6例。患者均于伤后1～3 h行神经修复术,平均2 h。受伤至该次入院时间为6～14个月,平均7.5个月。35例患者除2例单纯正中神经损伤拇外展功能不完全消失、无对掌功能外,其余拇外展及主动对掌功能完全消失。结果术后切口均Ⅰ期愈合。患者均获随访,随访时间12～18个月,平均14个月。腕关节屈伸、拇指末节背伸活动正常。20例单纯正中神经损伤患者均恢复正常拇外展及对掌功能。15例合并尺神经损伤患者中,13例恢复正常对掌功能,2例对掌功能不全;拇外展功能均恢复良好。术后12个月,根据赵书强等拇指对掌功能评定标准,患者拇对掌功能测量值均在正常范围。结论对单纯正中神经损伤或合并尺神经损伤患者,尺侧腕伸肌联合拇短伸肌腱转移是一种操作简便且有效的手术方法。     

拇指对掌功能重建的临床应用

目的 评价尺侧腕伸肌-拇短伸肌腱移位术的临床疗效。方法 通过对20侧新鲜成人尸体上肢标本的应用解剖学研究，建立以尺侧腕伸肌为动力肌，拇短伸肌腱移位术的解剖模型，并观察到该肌腱移位后的走行和拇短展肌的走行基本一致，并有旋前功能。2004年2月-2005年1月，对6例拇指对掌功能丧失者，实施肌腱移位术重建拇指对掌功能。结果 术后随访3～12个月，拇指对掌功能满意。6例中优5例，良1例，优良率为100％。结论 尺侧腕伸肌-拇短伸肌腱移位术，手术方式简单，重建拇指对掌功能效果满意。     

尺侧腕伸肌转位重建拇指外展、对掌功能

我科对20例因正中神经损伤导致拇指丧失对掌、外展功能的病例，行尺侧腕伸肌腱加掌长肌腱转位重建拇指外展、对掌功能，取得良好效果。１资料与方法１．１一般资料本组20例，其中4例因正中神经毁损无缝合条件行急症手术；8例正中神经缝合后形成神经瘤，瘢痕粘连，鱼际肌萎缩，拇指对掌、外展功能丧失；6例断腕再植后拇指功能恢复较差；2例正中神经的腕横支和鱼际肌挫灭伤，外展肌腱毁损，急症重建。１．２手术方法臂丛麻醉后，患肢外展，掌背侧取“S”切口，分离出尺侧腕伸肌，从止点处切断，分离至尺骨茎突处，做皮下隧道，转向掌侧，斜向…     

拇对掌功能重建术的对比性研究

目的用18种动力腱模拟拇对掌功能重建术，术后评价不同种动力腱的手术效果，为临床选择动力腱和手术操作提供参考。方法在8具新鲜成人尸体上肢标本上，利用18块动力腱，分别模拟拇对掌功能重建手术，术后测量第一掌骨的外展、旋前及屈曲角度，拇指近节的外展、旋前、屈曲及桡偏角度，以及拇指远节旋前角度。结果比较18块不同动力腱的手术效果，结果显示：以小指展肌为动力腱者，拇指旋前、屈曲角度最大；以屈肌支持带（腕横韧带）为滑车动力腱者，拇指外展、桡偏角度最大，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。在以手外在肌为动力腱的拇对掌重建手术中，主要采用了以尺侧腕屈肌腱、屈肌支持带为滑车以及绕经尺骨三种方式，以此分为三组进行比较。结果显示：这三组组内差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05），而组间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。术后绕经尺骨组，拇指旋前、屈曲角度最大；屈肌支持带为滑车组，拇指外展、桡偏角度最大。结论动力腱作用力方向的不同，可影响拇指的对掌角度，若动力腱方向与拇短展肌方向一致，外展及桡偏角度最大；若动力腱与第一掌骨所成角度越大，旋前及屈曲角度就越大。     

拇对掌功能重建的新方法

目的 介绍一种简单、有效的拇对掌功能重建新方法。方法 对8例拇对掌功能丧失的患者，采用尺侧腕伸肌为动力肌，拇长伸肌腱改道后(沿拇短展肌方向作一皮下隧道，将拇长伸肌腱沿皮下隧道引至腕上1cm处掌尺侧直切口内)，牵拉改道后之拇长伸肌腱，使拇指呈对掌旋前伸拇位时，将拇长伸肌腱与尺侧腕伸肌腱作编结缝合重建拇对掌功能。结果 术后随访4～11个月，平均8．5个月，8例的拇对掌功能均恢复，达100％的有效率。除1例伸拇功能有轻微影响外，余7例均无明显障碍。结论 该术式是一种简单、有效而可靠的重建拇对掌功能的新方法。     

改良拇对掌功能重建术

手部正中神经不可逆损伤或拇短展肌、大鱼际肌毁损,造成拇指对掌功能丧失,需要重建拇指对掌功能,手术治疗的方法很多。2000年5月—2006年5月,我们将环指指浅屈肌腱转位或尺侧伸腕肌腱移位加掌长肌移植,将肌腱止点前     

拇短伸肌腱移位重建拇对掌功能的应用解剖和临床经验

目的研究拇短伸肌腱和桡侧腕屈肌腱纤维鞘管的解剖特点,寻找拇指对掌功能重建的方法.方法对24侧新鲜成人上肢标本,建立拇短伸肌腱、桡侧腕屈肌腱纤维鞘管的解剖模型.为8例拇指对掌功能障碍者,设计以桡侧腕屈肌腱纤维鞘管为滑车,行拇短伸肌腱移位、重建拇对掌功能术.结果拇短伸肌腱止点恒定,肌腹长度为[(85.67 ± 1.67) mm, ± s,下同],肌腱长(102.41 ± 1.65) mm.桡侧腕屈肌纤维鞘管长度为(13.76 ± 0.40) mm,宽度为(6.18 ± 0.16) mm,高度为(4.11 ± 0.18) mm.8例拇对掌功能重建者,按吉林大学中日联谊医院手外科制定的评定标准优4例,良2例,可2例.结论拇短伸肌腱位置恒定,长度、肌力足够,移位后其作用方向与拇短展肌作用方向一致.以桡侧腕屈肌腱纤维鞘管作滑车,用拇短伸肌腱移位重建拇对掌功能,是一种简便有效的手术方法.     

尺侧腕伸肌-拇短仲肌腱移位重建拇指对掌功能临床疗效分析

目的评价尺侧腕伸肌及拇短伸肌移位重建拇指对掌功能的临床疗效。方法回顾分析2003年以来，接受尺侧腕伸肌及拇短伸肌移位术重建拇指对掌功能的15例腕部正中神经不可逆损伤患者和5例正中神经合并尺神经损伤患者的随访结果。结果15例单纯正中神经不可逆损伤中，优11例，良4例，优良率100％；合并尺神经损伤的5例中，优3例，良1例，可1例，优良率80％。结论对腕部正中神经不可逆损伤，特别是合并尺神经损伤患者，尺侧腕伸肌及拇短伸肌移位术是一种理想的重建拇指对掌功能的手术方法，操作简单，效果好。     

拇短伸肌腱移位重建拇对掌功能12例报告

我科自1997年,利用拇短伸肌腱直接移位重建拇对掌功能,临床应用12例,取得了较好疗效,现报道如下。1资料与方法1.1一般资料本组12例,男10例,女2例;年龄18～45岁;左手7例,右手5例。均为腕部陈旧性切割伤及挤压伤导致正中神经损伤。1.2手术方法在拇指掌指关节背侧作一横形切口,显露拇短伸肌止点。在腕背桡侧切口中显露游离拇短伸肌腱,直至拇指基底桡背侧止点处。前臂远端“S”形切口切断掌长肌腱远端。通过腕掌侧皮下隧道,将己游离的拇短伸肌腱前移至掌侧。于腕部应用掌长肌腱远端重建滑车。此时肌腱的近、远端在大鱼际肌掌侧,成斜直形走向。…     

拇指旋转撕脱离断伤改良再植

目的 探讨拇指旋转撕脱离断伤改良再植的手术疗效.方法 对18例(18指)拇指旋转撕脱离断患者进行术前再植成功率评估,术中采用示指尺侧指动脉、桡神经浅支移位修复神经血管,采用环指指浅屈肌腱和桡侧腕短伸肌腱移位修复屈、伸肌腱,并利用断指残留的拇短屈肌、拇短伸肌一期重建拇对掌功能.结果 术后16指完全存活,2指坏死.随访时间为6个月至1年,再植拇指外观良好,拇对掌功能恢复,感觉恢复至S3～S3+.结论 拇指撕脱离断伤通过改良再植,尽可能降低肌腱、神经移位对正常指指功能的损害,并通过重建拇对掌功能让断指获得良好的功能,提高了手术疗效.     

Tendon transfers for thumb opposition: a biomechanical study of pulley location and two insertion sites

PURPOSE:The purpose of this biomechanical study was to test 5 proximal tendon pulley sites or routes of tendon transfer and 2 distal tendon insertion sites that are used commonly for performing a thumb opposition transfer. METHODS: Five fresh-frozen cadaver arms were used to test (1) an around flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) pulley, (2) an FCU loop pulley, (3) a Guyon's canal pulley, (4) a junction of the distal edge of the transverse carpal ligament and the ulnar border of the palmar aponeurosis (Royle-Thompson pulley), and (5) a palmar thenar subcutaneous transfer (Camitz). Two tendon insertion sites were tested: a palmar radial insertion into the abductor pollicis brevis and a dorsal ulnar insertion into the thumb proximal phalanx. RESULTS: The Guyon's canal and Royle-Thompson pulleys produced the greatest amount of approximation of the thumb pulp to the fifth metacarpal head. The around the FCU pulley, FCU loop pulley, and Camitz transfer produced the greatest palmar abduction. The Guyon's canal and Royle-Thompson pulleys were the most mechanically efficient pulleys, producing the least amount of transmitted force. The palmar radial insertion site produced better thumb opposition, metacarpophalangeal joint abduction, metacarpophalangeal joint flexion, and approximation of the thumb pulp to the fifth metacarpal head. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that the choice of the proximal pulley used may depend on the needs of the transfer, and a palmar radial thumb insertion is more effective than the dorsal ulnar insertion.     

Restoration of the first dorsal interosseous muscle by transfer of the abductor pollicis longus tendon.

We used Neviaser's procedure, transfer of the abductor pollicis longus tendon, to restore the first dorsal interosseous muscle in two patients who had lost muscle function as a result of injury or resection of a tumour. The patients were satisfied with the increased strength and stability in pinch. There were no complications.     

Electromyographic analysis of the thumb: a study of isometric forces in pinch and grasp

An electromyographic study of thumb muscles was performed on eight subjects by means of integrated polyelectromyography and simultaneous recordings of isometric flexion-extension, abduction-adduction, and prehensile pinch and grasp of the thumb. The integrated electromyographic signal proved to be an excellent index of thumb muscle activity, with a linear relationship found at low to middle levels of muscle strength. To facilitate understanding of thumb function, thumb muscles can be classified as primary or secondary on the basis of electrical potential activity. In isometric flexion, the flexor pollicis longus (FPL) was primary, whereas in extension, the extensor pollicis longus (EPL) and abductor pollicis longus were primary. In adduction, the adductor pollicis and EPL were primary and the FPL was secondary. In abduction, the abductor pollicis brevis and opponens pollicis were primary. The adductor pollicis, and FPL were nearly equal during pinch and grasp, with significant electrical activity increasing with greater force requirements. The first dorsal interosseous and EPL contributed secondarily in both pinch and grasp. When surgeons consider tendon transfers for nonfunctioning thumb muscles, the primary muscles should be replaced first to best restore pinch and grasp strength.     

Restoration of the First Dorsal Interosseous Muscle By Transfer of the Abductor Pollicis Longus Tendon

We used Neviaser's procedure, transfer of the abductor pollicis longus tendon, to restore the first dorsal interosseous muscle in two patients who had lost muscle function as a result of injury or resection of a tumour. The patients were satisfied with the increased strength and stability in pinch. There were no complications.     

Abductor digiti minimi opponensplasty in hypoplastic thumb

Ten cases of hypoplastic thumbs were treated by abductor digiti minimi opponensplasty in order to restore opposition of the thumb and reform the wasted thenar eminence. In eight of these ten cases operations were combined with multiple Z-plasty or rotation flap to correct the narrowing of the first web space. Adductor plasty using extensor indicis proprius was performed in six cases to restore the stability of the metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb and ligament reconstruction of the carpometacarpal joint in one hand. In all cases, the transferred abductor digiti minimi was strong enough to abduct the thumb and provide good functional and cosmetic results. We modified Littler's procedure by transferring the origins of abductor digiti minimi muscle from the flexor carpi ulnaris to the palmaris longus tendon. Our modified method gave a better cosmetic appearance than that provided by Littler's method.     

Flexor superficialis abductor transfer with carpal tunnel release for thenar palsy

PURPOSE: In patients with advanced chronic carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) the ability of the thumb to abduct and perform functional opposition is impaired greatly, primarily because of denervation and paralysis of the abductor pollicis brevis muscle. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the results of transfer of the flexor digitorum superficialis to the abductor pollicis brevis for restoration of thumb abduction in thenar paralysis caused by advanced chronic CTS. METHODS: Fifty patients (51 hands) with advanced CTS and loss of thumb abduction had a flexor digitorum superficialis transfer (37 small, 10 ring, 4 middle finger donors) to the abductor pollicis brevis with simultaneous carpal tunnel release (49 of 51 endoscopic). Thirty patients (60%) were women with an average age of 70 years (range, 35-90 y). Forty-three patients (84%) were in their sixth through eighth decades. We analyzed retrospectively preoperative and postoperative abduction, abduction strength, thenar muscle recovery and function, and patient satisfaction and complications. RESULTS: All patients reported improved thumb and hand function. Thumb abduction increased almost 20 degrees and 3 British Medical Research Council strength grades. Abduction was improved by the transfer in all patients, with some thenar recovery found in 35 of 40 cases followed-up longer than 12 months. Harvest of the flexor digitorum superficialis from the ring and middle fingers was associated with donor finger proximal interphalangeal joint contracture, although harvest from the small finger was not. CONCLUSIONS: Carpal tunnel release with simultaneous flexor digitorum superficialis-to-abductor pollicis brevis transfer provides satisfactory results for patients with profound CTS and thenar paralysis. The use of the small finger superficialis as the donor motor has minor morbidity compared with other methods and has predictable improvement and patient satisfaction. This transfer method is combined easily with endoscopic carpal tunnel release (as in 49 of our 51 cases), 2-portal, or open method releases.     

Modified abductor digiti minimi opponensplasty in congenital hypoplastic thumb with laxity of metacarpophalangeal joint

The abductor digiti minimi (ADM) opponensplasty is used widely as a standard technique of opponensplasty for congenital hypoplastic thumb. Functional results, however, are not always satisfactory in cases of marked laxity of the thumb metacarpophalangeal (MP) joint. The authors have developed a modified procedure of ADM opponensplasty to stabilize the thumb MP joint and to obtain appropriate opponens function. The first step of their modification is to retain the maximum length of transferred ADM muscle. The origin of the ADM is shifted radially and is reattached to the transverse carpal ligament. In our modification the ADM tendon is passed underneath the extensor pollicis longus tendon and is sutured to the adductor pollicis tendon at the ulnar side of the thumb MP joint. By this modified anchoring point the transferred ADM tendon runs across the ulnar side of the thumb MP joint and is expected to act as if it were an ulnar collateral ligament.     

Transfer of extensor carpi radialis longus or brevis for opponensplasty

For the restoration of thumb opposition many types of tendon transfer techniques have been described. The flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) of the ring finger is commonly selected as a motor. On occasion, however, the quality of the flexor muscles of the fingers or wrist is not good enough for tendon transfer and another available muscle must be selected. In this situation, we have preferred to use an extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL) or brevis (ECRB) transfer to restore opposition of the thumb. Follow-up examination, at an average 5 years and 10 months after operation, showed that the results of ten of 11 transfers were excellent and the other was good.     

不可逆桡神经损伤的手功能重建

目的评估不可逆桡神经损伤后肌腱移位重建伸腕、伸拇及伸指功能的效果。方法1987年1月～2005年2月，用Riordan肌腱移位术治疗不可逆桡神经损伤25例。其中桡神经主干损伤19例，桡神经深支损伤6例；均伴伸拇及伸指功能障碍，肌力0～1级，前臂肌萎缩。肌腱移位术距神经损伤或修复时间为4个月～8年。结果术后23例经3～60个月随访，根据陈德松等制定的桡神经损伤后肌腱移位术疗效判定标准，优10例，良9例，手功能恢复基本满意；可2例，差2例，其中1例为移位肌腱张力不足，3例为移位肌腱粘连所致。结论Riordan肌腱移位术可作为不可逆桡神经损伤功能重建的首选方法。