围手术期呼吸训练法治疗脊柱侧凸前路开胸松解术对肺功能的影响

目的探讨先天性或成年严重脊柱侧凸前路开胸半椎体、一期松解术对肺功能的影响及应用呼吸训练预防及治疗呼吸衰竭等手术并发症的方法。方法对于先天性或成年严重脊柱侧凸患者67例入院后即测量患者肺功能,术前2～3周均应用呼吸训练方法,使患者肺功能正常或接近正常,术后即进行呼吸训练,测量肺功能正常或接近正常,然后行头盆环牵引,3周后二期行后路PRSS或CDH侧弯矫正手术。结果全部病例经术前系统的呼吸训练,患者肺功能明显改善。开胸半椎体切除或前路椎体间松解术后1～6周,患者肺功能显著减退。二次手术前对患者的呼吸锻炼,尤其是咳嗽和排痰锻炼,改善患者的肺功能,避免肺部感染,使患者能耐受再次手术。1例开胸术后出现胸腔积液,坚持呼吸康复训练,控制感染,2月后治愈,进行二期后路手术。1例肺部感染,呼吸功能衰竭,经人工呼吸机辅助机械通气给氧及抗感染治疗,病情好转后,进行呼吸训练6月,在肺功能检查显示康复良好后,二期后路矫形手术。结论先天性或成人严重脊柱侧凸前路开胸半椎体切除或松解术围手术期呼吸康复训练能有效地改善患者肺功能,避免开胸手术及二期后路侧凸矫正手术严重而危险的并发症:呼吸衰竭。     

伴呼吸衰竭脊柱侧凸的围手术期处理及治疗策略

目的 探讨伴有呼吸衰竭的脊柱侧凸的术前肺功能评估及相应的临床治疗策略.方法 2000年9月至2008年6月,收治16例脊柱侧凸患者接受系统完整的术前呼吸功能训练并成功接受后路矫形内固定手术,动脉血气分析达到呼吸衰竭的诊断标准,肺活量(vital capacity,VC)为预计值的25%～34%.5例为特发性脊柱侧凸,男2例,女3例;年龄10～16岁,平均13.5岁.11例为先天性脊柱侧凸,男5例,女6例;年龄10～14岁,平均12.4岁;椎体形成不良2例,分节不良4例,混合型5例;其中8例存在并肋畸形,7例合并肋骨缺失.按照累及部位划分,胸段脊柱侧凸10例,胸腰段脊柱侧凸1例;胸腰双主弯3例,三弯2例.16例患者术前Cobb角平均126.6°±15.5°;身高120～160 cm,平均137.6cm;体重18～40 kg,平均32.5 kg.根据术前肺功能状况和畸形严重程度决定手术方法.术前呼吸功能治疗包括:清醒状态下无创呼吸机辅助呼吸,Halo牵引,呼吸训练.结果 16例患者经过规范的呼吸训练和呼吸机及牵引治疗后,呼吸状况均有明显改善,可以耐受脊柱侧凸矫形手术.10例患者术后1 h顺利拔除气管插管,能够自主呼吸;另6例患者术后须转ICU,呼吸机辅助呼吸,24 h内恢复自主呼吸而拔管.术后2例患者发生肺水肿(其中1例合并肺部感染),未出现肺不张及重要脏器功能衰竭等严重并发症.术后Cobb角72.0°±13.2°,平均矫正率43%,外观改善明显.结论 通过完备的术前肺功能评估和围手术期准备,伴有呼吸功能衰竭的脊柱侧凸患者可以接受脊柱矫形手术并获得良好的治疗效果.     

重视脊柱侧凸矫形围手术期肺功能监测和肺功能损害预防

脊柱侧凸患者在畸形达到一定程度时,往往会合并呼吸功能的损害。众多研究表明,脊柱侧凸尤其是胸椎的畸形越严重,出现肺功能损害的几率越大,损害的程度也越大。重度脊柱侧凸导致呼吸功能衰竭的情况并非罕见。理论上,手术矫形可以改善脊柱侧凸患者的肺功能,但在以往的文献报道和我们的临床实践中发现,患者在术后早期肺功能不但没有改善,反而进一步加重,而术后中长期(大致2年以后)肺功能才能有不同程度的改善;还有患者术后出现肺功能损害加重,甚至死亡。     

重度脊柱侧凸前后路联合矫形术护理60例

目的 :总结重度脊柱侧凸前后路联合矫形术的护理要点。方法 :对 60例重度脊柱侧凸前后路联合矫形术患者进行术前心理护理、肺功能锻炼、脊柱弹性被动及主动锻炼、术前饮食指导 ,术后病情观察、防止并发症的综合护理干预措施。结果 :本组均顺利完成手术 ,手术疗效显著 ,未出现严重护理并发症。结论 :抓住重度脊柱侧凸前后路联合矫形术的每一个环节进行综合护理 ,是安全手术、术后早日康复的重要保证。     

单一后路矫形术对严重脊柱侧凸肺功能的影响

目的探讨单一后路矫形手术对严重脊柱侧凸患者肺功能恢复的影响。方法 2007～2009年间有完整肺功能资料的胸弯Cobb角〉70°伴有肺功能障碍的严重脊柱侧凸患者30例纳入本次研究。患者年龄为10～36岁,平均17.0岁;其中男11例,女19例。使用肺功能检查评估患者术前和术后3个月、2年时的肺功能状况。结果患者术前平均Cobb角为109.1°,脊柱侧凸矫形术后Cobb角平均下降至65.6°,侧凸矫正率平均为43.0%。术后3个月患者肺功能有轻微的改善,与术前相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。术后2年患者的肺活量（vital capacity,VC）升高了23.8%、VC与预计值的比升高了17.6%、用力肺活量（forced vital capacity,FVC）升高了23.6%、FVC与预计值的比升高了17.1%、1秒用力呼气量（forced expiratory volume in 1 s,FEV1）升高了25.6%,与术前相比差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;FEV1与预计值的比升高了21.9%,与术前相比差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。患者术前肺功能参数与术前Cobb角成负相关,术后肺功能参数的改善率均与术前Cobb角成正相关。结论单一后路矫形手术可以有效的改善脊柱侧凸患者的肺功能,并随着术后时间的延长肺功能的改善越发显著,术前脊柱侧凸越严重术后肺功能的恢复效果也越明显。     

CHIARI畸形伴脊柱侧凸患者行枕大孔扩大成形术的围术期护理

对450例Chiari畸形伴脊柱侧凸患者行枕大孔扩大成形术,术前实施针对性心理护理及术前准备;术后严密 监测生命体征,保持正确体位,积极防治并发症等。结果住院10～14d均痊愈出院,为Ⅱ期做脊柱侧凸矫形术奠定 了良好的基础。     

CHIARI畸形伴脊柱侧凸患者行枕大孔扩大成形术的围术期护理

对450例Chiari畸形伴脊柱侧凸患者行枕大孔扩大成形术，术前实施针对性心理护理及术前准备；术后严密监测生命体征，保持正确体位，积极防治并发症等。结果住院10～14d均痊愈出院，为Ⅱ期做脊柱侧凸矫形术奠定了良好的基础。     

矫形手术对青少年特发性脊柱侧凸患者肺功能的影响

青少年特发性脊柱侧凸(adolescent idiopathic scoliosis,AIS)患者本身存在不同程度的肺功能障碍,其严重程度与侧凸严重程度显著相关。手术治疗可以有效阻止侧凸的进展,从而可防止患者肺功能障碍的进一步恶化,但不同的手术入路及策略对患者术后肺功能的影响存在较大差异。目前对于术后肺功能较之术前是否获得足够改善仍存在一定的争议。     

两种后路矫形术对脊柱侧后凸患者肺功能影响的观察

目的观察经后路全脊椎切除联合椎弓根钉棒矫形与单纯钉棒系统矫形两种术式,治疗伴有显著通气功能障碍的脊柱侧后凸患者术后的肺功能变化情况。方法回顾性分析2004-06-2008-01行后路手术治疗16例伴有中、重度通气功能障碍的侧后凸畸形患者。术前以用力肺活量（FVC）与FEV1值评价通气功能损害。依据畸形严重程度及僵硬度,选择经后路全脊椎切除并椎弓根钉棒矫形术或单纯椎弓根钉棒矫形,术后复查肺功能,定期随访。结果全脊椎切除组侧凸及后凸矫正率分别达到68.5%和76.7%,单纯钉棒矫形侧凸及后凸矫正率分别为53.1%和48.0%,术后6个月患者肺功能参数较术前均有提高,且全脊椎切除组矫形率及通气改善均优于单纯后路钉棒矫形组。全脊椎切除组并发症发生率较高。结论后路矫形有助于严重侧后凸患者早期改善其肺通气功能,经后路全脊椎切除术能获得良好的矫形和肺功能改善。     

伴有腰痛和椎管狭窄的成人特发性脊柱侧凸的手术治疗

目的评估减压融合内固定手术对缓解伴有腰椎管狭窄的成人脊柱侧凸的疼痛、侧凸矫正的效果以及并发症情况。方法本文收集了自2001年3月-2002年3月本科收治的16例伴有腰痛和椎管狭窄的成人特发性胸腰段侧凸和腰椎侧凸患者,所有患者均进行前后路联合手术矫形。最短随访时间为1年。观察术前、术后以及随访时的X线表现。临床满意度由患者本人及其家属评价。结果所有患者中,冠状面和矢状面的平衡均得到了恢复或改善。所有的观察指标均有显著的改善。94%的患者对手术满意。12例患者术后发生了并发症。结论合并有下腰痛和椎管狭窄的成人特发性胸腰段侧凸和/或腰椎侧凸患者需要进行椎管减压、截骨、植骨、内固定等复杂的脊柱重建手术,以维持患者的正常腰椎前凸。在本组病例中,通过长期随访,疼痛缓解明显,手术获得了预期腰椎功能重建的效果,患者具有较高满意度。     

Successful preoperative respiratory rehabilitation in patients with aortic valve stenosis associated with severe respiratory dysfunction

We describe 2 cases of aortic valve stenosis with severe pulmonary dysfunction. Preoperative respiratory rehabilitation programmed by the rehabilitation doctors was cautiously undertaken to improve their exercise tolerance and respiratory reserve. These 2 patients underwent aortic valve replacement eventually. Postoperative course in each patient was uneventful without respiratory complication. Preoperative respiratory rehabilitation can be performed in the high risk patient with severe pulmonary dysfunction as long as careful risk management is guaranteed.     

Hyperparathyroidism in patients with respiratory decompensation

Eighteen patients aged between 55 and 65 and affected by respiratory insufficient were included in the study. Serum levels of PTH, total calcium, Ca++ and phosphorus were measured. Special attention was focused on PTH concentrations with in some case provedo to be above normal. Two hypotheses of pathogenesis are put forward. The first suggests that reduced Ca++ levels are responsible for anomalous PTH serum concentrations, whereas the second suggests that this role may be played by hypoxia. The latter would indirectly or directly affect parathyroids, either increasing PTH hyperincretion or slowing down the metabolism of the hormone by kidneys and liver which are in turn negatively affected by low blood oxygen tension.     

Risk factors for perioperative adverse respiratory events in children with upper respiratory tract infections

BACKGROUND: Anesthesia for the child who presents for surgery with an upper respiratory infection (URI) presents a challenge for the anesthesiologist. The Current prospective study was designed to determine the incidence of and risk factors for adverse respiratory events in children with URTs undergoing elective surgical procedures. METHODS: The study population included 1,078 children aged 1 month to 18 yr who presented for an elective surgical procedure. Parents were given a short questionnaire detailing their child's demographics, medical history, and presence of any symptoms of a URT. Data regarding the incidence and severity of perioperative respiratory events were collected prospectively. Adverse respiratory events (any episode of laryngospasm, bronchospasm, breath holding > 15 s, oxygen saturation < 90%, or severe cough) were recorded. In addition, parents were contacted 1 and 7 days after surgery to determine the child's postoperative course. RESULTS: There were no differences between children with active URIs, recent URIs (within 4 weeks), and asymptomatic children with respect to the incidences of laryngospasm and bronchospasm. However, children with active and recent URIs had significantly more episodes of breath holding, major desaturation (oxygen saturation < 90%) events, and a greater incidence of overall adverse respiratory events than children with no URIs. Independent risk factors for adverse respiratory events in children with active URIs included use of an endotracheal tube (< 5 yr of age), history of prematurity, history of reactive airway disease, paternal smoking, surgery involving the airway, the presence of copious secretions, and nasal congestion. Although children with URIs had a greater incidence of adverse respiratory events, none were associated with any long-term adverse sequelae. CONCLUSIONS: The current study identified several risk factors for perioperative adverse respiratory events in children with lulls. Although children with acute and recent URIs are at greater risk for respiratory complications, these results suggest that most of these children can undergo elective procedures without significant increase in adverse anesthetic outcomes.     

Preoperative respiratory physiotherapy for a patient with severe respiratory dysfunction and annuloaortic ectasia.

A 23-year-old man with Marfan syndrome, who had undergone surgery for pectus excavatum and scoliosis and who had severe respiratory dysfunction, was referred for surgical repair of annuloaortic ectasia. The preoperative pulmonary function test revealed severe obstructive and restrictive respiratory dysfunction, with forced expiratory volume in one second of 650 ml and vital capacity of 1,220 ml. These parameters improved after 4 months respiratory physiotherapy. A modified Bentall's procedure was performed after respiratory physiotherapy. A tracheostomy made on the 7th postoperative day (POD) appeared to improve respiratory condition and he was weaned off mechanical ventilation on the 14th POD. The lower limits of pulmonary function for open heart surgery have not been established clearly; however, our case will help elucidate these limits of respiratory function for open heart surgery. Preoperative respiratory physiotherapy improved parameters of pulmonary function test and may decrease the morbidity of postoperative pulmonary complications in a patient with severe respiratory dysfunction.     

Arrhythmias associated with respiratory syncytial virus infection

Summary A 7-week-old infant with respiratory syncytial virus infection abruptly developed complex cardiac arrhythmias in association with a low serum magnesium level. The arrhythmias were successfully treated with a single intravenous infusion of magnesium sulfate. The child was subsequently found to have a significant atrial septal defect.