冠状动脉旁路移植术后患者谵妄风险预测模型的研究进展

介绍谵妄的定义、分型、风险因素分类及评估工具,并系统综述冠状动脉旁路移植术后患者谵妄风险预测模型,包括以Logistic回归分析为基础、以要因计分为基础、以打分卡为工具筛查及自动化病房独立谵妄风险预测模型,旨在为制定针对性的措施预防和减少冠状动脉旁路移植术后谵妄提供参考。     

三种危险评分系统对二次冠状动脉旁路移植术后早期病死率的预测价值

目的 评价EuroScore、STS Score、SinoScore对二次冠状动脉旁路移植术早期病死率的预测价值.方法 回顾分析1997年1月至201 1年7月在阜外心血管病医院行二次冠状动脉旁路移植术的57例患者临床资料,使用3个评分系统分别计算每例患者的预测病死率以及全组患者的平均预测病死率,与实际病死率做对比,利用受试者特征曲线(ROC)来评价各评分系统的分辨力.结果 全组57例患者,早期死亡4例,实际病死率为7％,EuroScore、STS Score、SinoScore预测的平均病死率分别为:5.6％、2.2％、1.5％,均低于实际病死率,ROC面积分别为:0.495、0.557、0.535,表明3个评分系统预测的死亡风险与实际死亡风险之间相关性差.结论 EuroScore、STS Score、SinoScore对二次冠状动脉旁路移植术早期死亡风险的预测价值较低,手术技术是影响术后早期病死率的重要因素.     

高龄冠心病患者冠状动脉旁路移植术后缺血性卒中风险预测模型的建立与评价北大核心CSCD

目的探讨我国高龄(年龄≥75岁)冠心病患者冠状动脉旁路移植术后缺血性卒中的危险因素,建立相关风险预测模型并进行评价。方法回顾性纳入2015年1月至2021年9月期间就诊于首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院,拟行冠状动脉旁路移植术的1553例高龄冠心病患者,其中男1121例(72%),女432例(28%);中位年龄77(75,78)岁,收集其临床资料。通过单因素分析和多因素logistic回归分析,探讨影响高龄冠心病患者旁路移植术后缺血性卒中的危险因素,建立风险预测模型,构建列线图,并检验模型的区分度和校准度。结果全部患者均完成冠状动脉旁路移植术,术后发生缺血性卒中35例,发生率2.25%(35/1553)。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示:糖尿病(0R=2.61,95%CI 1.31~5.32)陈旧性心肌梗死(0R=3.62,95%CI:1.61~7.63)、收缩压(0R=1.03,95%CI:1.01~1.04)、椎动脉狭窄程度(0R=1.01,95%CI:1.00~1.02)是导致冠状动脉旁路移植术患者术后缺血性卒中的独立危险因素。通过列线图呈现模型,采用ROC曲线评价模型区分度,测得ROC曲线下面积为0.757,区分度较优。行Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合优度检验评价模型校准度(χ^(2)=6.209,P=0.624)具有较好的一致性。结论糖尿病、陈旧性心肌梗死、收缩压和椎动脉狭窄程度是高龄冠心病患者冠状动脉旁路移植术后缺血性卒中的独立危险因素,由此建立的风险预测模型具有良好的区分度和校准度。     

冠状动脉旁路移植术风险预测模型的研究进展

风险评估模型不仅可以区分患者疾病的严重程度,还能协助临床医生要按照患者的个体特征来选择最适合患者的临床策略,能够帮助患者及家属更好理解目前治疗策略及其存在的治疗风险,使他们获得知情权。目前国内外有关冠状动脉旁路移植术应用最广泛的手术风险评估模型有:美国胸外科医师协会心脏手术风险预测模型(the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Score,STS Score)、欧洲心脏手术风险预测模型(the European System for Cardiac Operative Risk Evaluation,EuroSCORE)、中国冠状动脉旁路移植术风险预测模型(Sino System for Coronary Operative Risk Evaluation,SinoSCORE)。本文旨在对冠状动脉旁路移植术风险预测方法的最新研究进展进行综述。     

颈动脉支架植入术后谵妄风险列线图模型构建

目的 分析与提取颈动脉支架植入术后患者发生谵妄的危险因素,为针对性干预提供参考.方法 统计350例颈动脉狭窄支架植入术后患者谵妄发生率,行单因素和多因素分析获得术后患者谵妄相关危险因素,基此构建列线图预测模型,采用校正曲线和ROC曲线评估其准确度和区分度.结果 60例术后发生谵妄,发生率17.14％;高龄、术前NIHSS评分和术前焦虑是术后发生谵妄的独立危险因素(均P＜0.05);由3项独立危险因素构建的谵妄风险列线图预测模型,预测曲线和观察曲线基本吻合,AUC=0.888.结论 颈动脉支架植入术后患者谵妄发生率较高;高龄、术前焦虑及脑卒中倾向是术后患者发生谵妄的危险因素;构建的列线图预测模型具有较好的准确度和区分度,可提高筛选效能.     

个体化预测老年髋部骨折患者术后谵妄风险

[目的]通过分析老年髋部骨折患者术后谵妄的相关危险因素,建立并验证个体化预测老年髋部骨折术后谵妄风险的列线图模型。[方法]纳入2013年1月～2018年3月于淄博市中心医院行手术治疗的老年髋部骨折患者257例,收集临床资料。应用单因素及多因素Logistic回归模型,分析老年髋部骨折患者术后谵妄的独立危险因素。应用R软件构建预测老年髋部骨折患者术后谵妄风险的列线图模型,并进行验证。[结果]多因素Logistic回归分析显示,年龄(OR=1.143,95%CI:1.076～1.214)、2型糖尿病(OR=4.591,95%CI:2.14～9.846)、ASA评分III级(OR=4.262,95%CI:1.600～11.352)、ASA评分IV级(OR=5.396,95%CI:1.868～15.583)、全身麻醉(OR=1.281,95%CI:1.066～1.540)及手术时间(OR=1.018,95%CI:1.001～1.035)是老年髋部骨折患者术后谵妄的独立危险因素(P0.05)。对列线图模型进行验证,ROC曲线显示该模型预测老年髋部骨折患者术后谵妄风险的曲线下面积为0.818(95%CI:0.752～0.885);校准曲线为斜率接近于1的直线,Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合优度检验(x~2=8.760,P=0.363)均显示该模型预测老年髋部骨折患者术后谵妄风险具有良好准确度。[结论]本研究基于年龄、2型糖尿病、ASA分级、麻醉方式及手术时间这5项老年髋部骨折患者术后谵妄的独立危险因素,构建的预测老年髋部骨折患者术后谵妄风险的列线图模型,具有良好的区分度与准确度,可为临床个体化防治老年髋部骨折患者术后谵妄提供科学指导。     

冠状动脉旁路移植术后急性肾损伤的危险因素临床分析

目的 探讨冠状动脉旁路移植术后急性肾损伤(AKI)的危险因素;明确体外循环是否是冠状动脉旁路移植术后独立危险因素.方法 根据AKI诊断标准:选择2010年9月-2013年11月在南京市第一医院行冠状动脉旁路移植术的患者209例,分为AKI组55例和非AKI组154例,通过单因素及多因素分析比较两组间可能的相关危险因素.结果 单因素分析中,AKI组中的性别(女性)、年龄、体重指数、高血压、基础血肌酐水平、心脏射血分数、冠状动脉粥样硬化数目、体外循环、主动脉球囊反博的循环支持、术后的低心排血量、乳酸水平均比非AKI组高(P＜0.05).多因素分析中,AKI组与非AKI组相比,基础血肌酐水平、心脏射血分数、体外循环、术后的低心排血量差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.05).结论 围术期的多种因素与冠状动脉旁路移植术后AKI的发生密切相关,基础血肌酐水平、心脏射血分数、体外循环、术后的低心排血量是冠状动脉旁路移植术后独立危险因素,采用非体外循环下行冠状动脉旁路移植术,有利于肾脏保护.     

SinoSCORE对手术风险的评估作用

目的 评价中国冠状动脉旁路移植手术评分系统(SinoSCORE)对冠状动脉旁路移植手术(CABG)院内病死率和术后并发症的预测效果.方法 中国心血管外科注册登记研究收集来自全国43家心脏外科中心2007年至2008年接受CABG的9564例病人的临床资料.应用logistic回归的统计学方法建立中国冠状动脉旁路移植术风险评分系统(SinoSCORE).本模型确定了包括年龄大于65岁、术前NYHA心功能分级、慢性肾功能衰竭史、慢性阻塞性肺疾病等11个危险因素.根据SinoSCORE评分将病人分为:低危组(≤1分)、中危组(2～5分)与高危组(≥6分).评价SinoSCORE对CABG院内病死率和术后并发症的预测效果,应用Homser-Lemeshow(HL)拟合优度检验考察SinoSCORE的校准度,应用ROC曲线下面积(AUC)评价SinoSCORE的区分度,并与EuroSCORE进行比较.通过比较观察病死率与预测病死率95%置信区间的差异,评估SinoSCORE对不同危险组病人院内病死率的预测功能.结果 SinoSCORE对CABG手术病死率与术后主要并发症表现出较好的预测效果:手术病死率HL拟合优度检验为P=0.70,AUC=0.80,术后主要并发症:卒中为HL P=0.43,AUC=0.76;肾衰为HL P=0.70,AUC=0.72;通气时间延长(＞24 h)为HL P=0.18,AUC=0.70;多系统衰竭为HL P=0.49,AUC=0.79,效果优于EuroSCORE.在3组不同危险程度的病人中,观察病死率与预测病死率95%置信区间均有较好的重合.结论 SinoSCORE是建立在中国最新的冠脉旁路移植手术临床数据的基础上风险评分系统,预测中国病人的院内死亡与术后并发症的能力优于EuroSCORE,更加适合我国心脏外科领域临床医师应用.     

冠状动脉旁路移植术后病人谵妄和认知功能障碍的危险因素分析

目的探讨冠状动脉旁路移植术(coronary artery bypass grafting,CABG)术后病人认知功能障碍的危险因素。方法按照预设的纳入标准,入选2012年3月～2013年3月在我院行CABG治疗的病人80例,收集病人术前、术中及术后恢复情况。用重症监护室意识模糊评估法(confusion assessment method for the ICU,CAM-ICU)评价CABG病人术前1天和术后1～3天的谵妄情况。用简易智能状态量表(mini-mental state examination,MMSE)评价病人术前1天和术后第7天的认知功能情况。结果术后3天共有17例病人(21. 25%)发生谵妄,单因素分析显示,年龄、卒中史、停跳时间、术后视觉模拟评分(visual analogue score,VAS)、低心排综合征和术前MMSE是术后谵妄发生的危险因素,多因素Logistic回归分析表明,年龄 65岁、有卒中史、停跳时间过长、术后VAS评分较高、低心排综合征和术前MMSE评分较低是CABG病人发生谵妄的独立危险因素。术后7天共有25例(31. 25%)病人发生认知功能障碍,单因素分析显示,年龄、高血压病史、糖尿病病史、停跳时间、术中氧饱和度、术后VAS评分、低心排综合征和术前MMSE是术后认知功能障碍的危险因素,多因素Logistic回归分析表明,年龄 65岁、停跳时间过长、糖尿病、术后VAS评分较高、低心排综合征和术前MMSE评分较低是CABG病人发生认知障碍的独立危险因素。结论年龄 65岁、有卒中史、停跳时间过长、糖尿病、术后VAS评分较高、低心排综合征和术前MMSE评分较低等因素对CABG病人发生谵妄和认知障碍有预测价值。     

二尖瓣成形术围术期死亡危险因素分析

目的 回顾性分析二尖瓣成形术后围术期死亡的危险因素。方法 1985年3月至2006年6月542例病人行二尖瓣成形手术，按手术死亡与否分成两组，进行单因素分析和多因素logistic回归分析。结果 全组死亡20例（3．7％），单因素显著性分析发现年龄、心衰史、左室收缩末内径、术前左室射血分数（LVEF）、心功能Ⅲ～Ⅳ级、体外循环时间、主动脉阻断时间和成形术同期行冠状动脉旁路移植术与二尖瓣成形术围术期死亡有相关性。多因素logistic回归分析结果显示，心衰史、术前左室射血分数和同期行冠状动脉旁路移植术是独立危险因素。结论 心衰史、术前左室射血分数和同期行冠状动脉旁路移植术是二尖瓣成形术围术期死亡的独立危险因素。     

Risk factors of stroke and delirium after off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery

Off-pump coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) has not abolished the risk of postoperative stroke and delirium seen for on-pump CABG. Advanced arteriosclerotic changes are common in both on-pump and off-pump CABG. We sought to analyze if advanced arteriosclerotic changes are risk factors of stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA), and delirium after off-pump CABG. Patients undergoing off-pump CABG between 2001 and 2005 were reviewed using medical records (n=685). Potential risk factors of postoperative stroke and delirium were identified from previous studies. Further, variables retrieved from carotid artery duplex scanning as indices of advanced arteriosclerosis, were examined. The incidences of postoperative stroke/TIA and delirium after off-pump CABG were 2.6% (n=18) and 16.4% (n=112), respectively. Carotid artery stenosis >50% was a significant risk factor of stroke or TIA (P=0.02) as well as delirium (P=0.04) after off-pump CABG. A history of atrial fibrillation (AF) (P=0.037) or diabetes mellitus (P=0.041) was a risk factors of postoperative stroke or TIA. In contrast, age over 75 years (P=0.006), creatinine >1.3 mg/dl (99 μmol/l) (P=0.011), a history of hypertension (P=0.001), past history of AF (P=0.024), and smoking (P=0.048) were significant risk factors of postoperative delirium.     

Improved perioperative neurological monitoring of coronary artery bypass graft patients reduces the incidence of postoperative delirium: the Haga Brain Care Strategy

OBJECTIVES Postoperative delirium is a major cause of morbidity and mortality after cardiovascular surgery. Risk factors for postoperative delirium include poor cerebral haemodynamics and perioperative cerebral desaturations. Our aim was to reduce the postoperative delirium rate by using a new prevention strategy called the Haga Brain Care Strategy. This study evaluates the efficacy of the implementation of the Haga Brain Care Strategy to reduce the postoperative delirium rate after elective coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) procedures. The primary endpoint was the postoperative delirium rate, and the secondary endpoint was the length of stay in the intensive care unit. METHODS The Haga Brain Care Strategy consisted of the conventional screening protocol for delirium with the addition of preoperative transcranial Doppler examinations, perioperative cerebral oximetry, modified Rankin score, delirium risk score and (if indicated) duplex examination of the carotid arteries. In case of poor preoperative haemodynamics, the cerebral blood flow was optionally optimized by angioplasty or the patient was operated on under mild hypothermic conditions. Perioperative cerebral desaturations >20% outside the normal range resulted in intervention to restore cerebral oxygenation. Cerebral oximetry was discontinued when patients regained consciousness. Patients undergoing elective CABG procedures in 2010 were compared with patients scheduled for coronary bypass graft procedures in 2009 who had not been exposed to additional Haga Brain Care Strategy assessment. RESULTS A total of 233 and 409 patients were included in 2009 and 2010, respectively. The number of patients subjected in 2010 to transcranial Doppler examinations, cerebral oximetry or both (Haga Brain Care Strategy) were 262 (64.1%), 201 (49.1%) and 139 (34.0%), respectively. The overall rate of postoperative delirium decreased from 31 (13.3%) in 2009 to 30 (7.3%) in 2010 (P?=?0.019). A binary logistic regression model showed that the Haga Brain Care Strategy was an independent predictor of a reduced risk of developing a postoperative delirium (odd ratio?=?0.37, P?=?0.021). CONCLUSIONS With the implementation of the Haga Brain Care Strategy in 2010, a reduction of the incidence of postoperative delirium in patients undergoing elective CABG procedures was observed. In addition, the length of stay in the intensive care unit showed an overall tendency to decline. The limited number of observations and the current study design do not allow a full evaluation of the Haga Brain Care Strategy but the data support the idea that a sophisticated preoperative assessment of cerebral haemodynamics and perioperative monitoring of cerebral oximetry reduce the incidence of the postoperative delirium in CABG surgery.     

Cerebral dysfunction after coronary artery bypass surgery

Cerebral dysfunction after cardiac surgery remains a devastating complication and is growing in importance with our aging populations. Neurological complications following cardiac surgery can be classified broadly as stroke, encephalopathy (including delirium), or postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). These etiologies are caused primary by cerebral emboli, hypoperfusion, or inflammation that has largely been attributed to the use of cardiopulmonary bypass. Preventative operative strategies, such as off-pump coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), can potentially reduce the incidence of postoperative neurological complications by avoiding manipulation of the ascending aorta. Although off-pump CABG is associated with reduced risk of stroke, there are no convincing differences in POCD between off-pump and on-pump CABG. Recently, the focus of postoperative neurological research has shifted from managing cardiopulmonary bypass to patient-related factors. Identifying changes in brains of aged individuals undergoing cardiac surgery may improve strategies for preventing cerebral dysfunction. Advanced age is associated with more undiagnosed cerebrovascular disease and is a major risk factor for stroke and POCD following cardiac surgery. Preoperative cerebrovascular evaluation and adaptation of surgical strategies will provide preventative approaches for cerebral dysfunction after CABG. This review focuses on recent findings of the relationship between perioperative stress and underlying fragility of the brain in cardiac surgical patients.     

Risk factors for delirium after cardiac surgery: a historical cohort study outlining the influence of cardiopulmonary bypass

Purpose

Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) induces a significant inflammatory response that may increase the risk for delirium. We hypothesized that exposure to CPB during coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) surgery would correlate with an increased risk of delirium.

Methods

We reviewed clinical data from two databases at our medical centre - the Cardiac Surgery Perioperative Outcomes Database and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons Database. Patients undergoing elective CABG surgery (on-pump and off-pump) from November 1, 2009 to September 30, 2015 were included in the study. Delirium was defined as any postoperative positive Confusion Assessment Method for the Intensive Care Unit exam during the intensive care unit stay. We performed logistic regression to isolate the association between CPB exposure and delirium adjusted for predetermined risk factors and potential confounders.

Results

During the study period, 2,280 patients underwent elective CABG surgery, with 384 patients (16.9%) exposed to CPB. Delirium was diagnosed in 451 patients (19.8%). Exposure to CPB showed a significant independent association with delirium. Patients exposed to CPB for 142 min (90^th percentile of CPB duration) vs those exposed for 54 min (10^th percentile) had an adjusted relative risk (RR) of delirium of 2.18 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.39 to 3.07; P = 0.002) vs a RR of 1.51 (95% CI, 0.92 to 2.29; P = 0.10), respectively.

Conclusions

The use and duration of cardiopulmonary bypass were associated with an increased risk of delirium in patients undergoing CABG surgery.

Trial registration

www.clinicaltrials.gov, NCT02548975. Registered 4 September 2015.

     

Cognitive changes with coronary artery disease: a prospective study of coronary artery bypass graft patients and nonsurgical controls

BACKGROUND: Cognitive impairment after coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) is well recognized, but previous investigations have been limited by lack of an appropriate control group. We compared changes in cognitive performance at 3 and 12 months after CABG with those in a control group of patients with comparable risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD) who had not undergone surgery. METHODS: Patients undergoing CABG (n = 140) and demographically similar nonsurgical control subjects with CAD (n = 92) completed baseline neuropsychological assessment and were followed prospectively at 3 and 12 months. Cognitive function was evaluated with a battery of neuropsychological tests assessing the cognitive domains of attention, language, verbal and visual memory, visuoconstruction, executive function, and psychomotor and motor speed. RESULTS: The CABG patients who were tested in their hospital rooms before surgery had lower scores for timed tests; however, after adjustment for demographic variables and testing location there were no statistically significant differences between the CABG and nonsurgical control subjects in baseline neuropsychological test performance. Both groups improved from baseline to 3 months; the only statistically significant group difference was a greater improvement in the CABG group with regard to verbal memory. At 12 months there were no statistically significant differences between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: The prospective longitudinal neuropsychological performance of patients with CABG did not differ from that of comparable nonsurgical control subjects with CAD at 3 months or 1 year after base line examination. This suggests that the previously reported cognitive decline during the early postoperative period after CABG is transient and reversible. Continued follow-up will determine whether a specific "late decline" occurs in CABG patients but not in nonsurgical control subjects with similar risk factors for cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease.     

Efficacy of risperidone for prevention of postoperative delirium in cardiac surgery

This randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study was primarily aimed to evaluate the potential of risperidone to prevent postoperative delirium following cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass and the secondary objective was to explore clinical factors associated with postoperative delirium. One-hundred-and-twenty-six adult patients undergoing elective cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass were randomly assigned to receive either 1 mg of risperidone or placebo sublingually when they regained consciousness. Delirium and other outcomes were assessed. The confusion assessment method for intensive care unit was used to assess postoperative delirium. The incidence of postoperative delirium in the risperidone group was lower than the placebo group (11.1% vs. 31.7% respectively, P=0.009, relative risk = 0.35, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.16-0.77). Other postoperative outcomes were not statistically different between the groups. In exploring the factors associated with delirium, univariate analysis showed many factors were associated with postoperative delirium. However multiple logistic regression analysis showed a lapse of 70 minutes from the time of opening eyes to following commands and postoperative respiratory failure were independent risk factors (P=0.003, odds ratio [OR] = 4.57, 95% CI = 1.66-12.59 and P=0.038, OR = 13.78, 95% CI = 1.15-165.18 respectively). A single dose of risperidone administered soon after cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass reduces the incidence of postoperative delirium. Multiple factors tended to be associated with postoperative delirium, but only the time from opening eyes to following commands and postoperative respiratory failure were independent risk factors in this study.     

Predicting readmission risk shortly after admission for CABG surgery

Background

Reducing preventable hospital readmissions after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery has become a national priority. Predictive models can be used to identify patients at high risk for readmission. However, the majority of the existing models are based on data available at discharge. We sought to develop a model to predict hospital readmission using data available soon after admission for isolated CABG surgery.

Methods

Fifty risk factors were included in a bivariate analysis, 16 of which were significantly associated (P < 0.05) with readmissions and were entered into a multivariate logistic regression and removed stepwise, using backward elimination procedures. The derived model was then validated on 896 prospective isolated CABG cases.

Results

Of 2589 isolated CABG patients identified between December 1, 2010, and June 30, 2014, 237(9.15%) were readmitted within 30 days. Five risk factors were predictive of 30‐day all‐cause readmission: age (odds ratio [OR] = 1.03; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01‐1.05; P = 0.004), prior heart failure (OR = 1.55; 95%CI: 1.07‐2.24; P = 0.020), total albumin prior to surgery (OR = 0.68; 95%CI: 0.05‐0.94; P = 0.021), previous myocardial infarction (OR = 1.44; 95%CI: 1.00‐2.08; P = 0.50), and history of diabetes (OR = 1.54; 95%CI: 1.09‐2.19; P = 0.015). The area under the curve c‐statistic was 0.63 in the derivation sample and 0.65 in the validation sample showing good discrimination.

Conclusions

A 30‐day all‐cause readmission among isolated CABG patients can be predicted soon after admission with a small number of risk factors.     

Delirium in neurosurgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Delirium is a frequent occurring complication in surgical patients. Nevertheless, a scientific work-up of the clinical relevance of delirium after intracranial surgery is lacking. We conducted a systematic review (CRD42020166656) to evaluate the current diagnostic work-up, incidence, risk factors and health outcomes of delirium in this population. Five databases (Embase, Medline, Web of Science, PsycINFO, Cochrane Central) were searched from inception through March 31st, 2021. Twenty-four studies (5589 patients) were included for qualitative analysis and twenty-one studies for quantitative analysis (5083 patients). Validated delirium screening tools were used in 70% of the studies, consisting of the Confusion Assessment Method (intensive care unit) (45%), Delirium Observation Screening Scale (5%), Intensive Care Delirium Screening Checklist (10%), Neelon and Champagne Confusion Scale (5%) and Nursing Delirium Screening Scale (5%). Incidence of post-operative delirium after intracranial surgery was 19%, ranging from 12 to 26% caused by variation in clinical features and delirium assessment methods. Meta-regression for age and gender did not show a correlation with delirium. We present an overview of risk factors and health outcomes associated with the onset of delirium. Our review highlights the need of future research on delirium in neurosurgery, which should focus on optimizing diagnosis and assessing prognostic significance and management.

     

冠状动脉旁路移植术后长期随访

目的 总结１９８２年至１９９１年间３８例冠状动脉旁路移植术（ＣＡＢＧ）者的长期随访结果,以探讨术前危险因子对ＣＡＢＧ疗效的影响。方法 ３８例中男３６例,女２例。年龄４１－７３岁,平均５５．４岁,７３．７％病人年龄大于５０岁。有心肌梗死发作史者１５例,有心衰史者２例。ＰＴＣＡ失败后急症手术２例,３支,３支以上冠状动脉病变者１９例。心功能Ⅲ级及以上者３０例。应用Ｓｔａｔｉｓｔｉｃａ软件包中的Ｌｏｇｉｓ     

Postoperative delirium and health related quality of life after coronary artery bypass grafting

Objectives. We wanted to identify determinants for postoperative delirium and its influence on health related quality of life (HRQoL) during 36-month follow-up of coronary artery bypass (CABG) patients. Design. A total of 302 patients were retrospectively analyzed. HRQoL was assessed prospectively by the15D instrument. Delirium was diagnosed clinically. Results. The incidence of delirium was 6.0%. The cumulative survival (all-cause death) in 36 months was 96.1% in patients without delirium and 77.8% in patients with delirium. Age, cerebral disease, chronic heart failure, male gender, postoperative pneumonia and low output syndrome were predictors for delirium. Delirium patients needed more resources i.e. intensive care or total duration of hospitalization and experienced no positive change in HRQoL. Moreover patients with high preoperative 15D score tended to suffer fairly severe but reversible impairment during the first 6 months after the operation. Conclusions. Preoperatively older and sicker patients with complicated postoperative course are at higher risk of developing delirium after CABG. Preoperative status and operative complications together with delirium may exert negative influence on forthcoming HRQoL, which is seen especially in patients with a relatively high preoperative level of HRQoL.