膳食碳水化合物和生糖负荷与成人血脂异常危险关系的研究

目的探讨膳食碳水化合物和生糖负荷与中国成人血脂水平及血脂异常患病危险的关系,为膳食防治提供科学依据。方法使用2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查数据,根据食物血糖生成指数(glycemic index,GI)和碳水化合物摄入量计算膳食生糖负荷(glycemic load,GL)。以膳食GL作为指标,采用单相关分析和多元回归分析探讨膳食碳水化合物与中国成人血脂水平的关系;采用趋势分析和Logistic回归分析探讨膳食碳水化合物与中国成人血脂异常患病危险的关系。结果膳食GL与人群血浆总胆固醇(TC)水平和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)水平呈负相关,高GL可降低高TC血症和高LDL-C血症患病危险;膳食GL与人群高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平呈负相关,高GL可增加低HDL-C血症患病危险;膳食GL与血浆甘油三酯(TG)水平呈负相关,但未见高GL对高TG血症患病风险有显著影响。结论以粮谷类食物为主,碳水化合物为主要能量来源的中国传统膳食模式有利于预防血脂异常的发生。     

中国慢性病控制中膳食关键因素的研究

目的分析膳食结构对健康的影响，探讨预防人群慢性病和促进健康的膳食关键因素。方法以“2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查”数据为基础，首先根据粮谷类食物供能比、碳水化合物供能比、脂肪供能比等膳食结构指标的人群分布及已有的推荐标准，将人群分为若干水平组，然后采用协方差分析方法分析不同组别在调整年龄、性别、地区等因素后常见慢性病指标的差异，并用logistic回归模型计算控制混杂因素（年龄、性别、地区、能量摄入、非睡眠静态牛活时间等）后，人群慢性病患病率随膳食结构变化的趋势及不同膳食结构下人群患各种慢性病的相对危险度（OR），进行趋势检验。结果随着粮谷类食物供能比的增加，人群体重指数（BMI）、血浆总胆固醇（TC）、低密度脂蛋白月日固醇（LDL—C）水平均显著下降，患超重、肥胖、高血压、高胆固醇血症、高甘油三酯血症、高低密度脂蛋白胆固醇血症的风险显著降低，人群低体重患病率则上升；随着碳水化合物供能比的增加，人群BMI、TC、LDL—C水平下降，相应人群超重及肥胖、高胆固醇血症、高低密度脂蛋白胆固醇血症的患病风险越低，但在粮谷类食物供能比〉75％时，人群低体重患病率则明显卜升；而脂肪供能比越高，人群BMI、TC、LDL—C水平均显著上升，相应人群超重及肥胖、高胆固醇血症、高低密度脂蛋白胆固醇血症的患病风险也增加，人群低体重率则降低。结论保持粮谷类食物占适宜比例的膳食结构，坚持按照中国居民膳食指南的建议，对于维护健康和预防慢性病具有重要意义；现有中国居民的膳食结构如能加以适当调整，是一种较好的膳食结构。     

厦门市城区居民膳食血糖负荷和膳食胰岛素负荷的 现况调查

摘要:目的　了解厦门市城区居民碳水化合物消费情况及膳食血糖负荷及膳食胰岛素负荷的现状,调查膳食血糖负荷及膳食胰岛素负荷与生化指标。方法　根据全国营养调查方案,2010年10-12月对厦门市城区的6个社区居委会成年居民进行调查,采用连续3 d 24 h回顾法对其中的291人进行膳食调查、身体测量及生化指标测量;根据膳食血糖生成指数（GI）和碳水化合物摄入量计算膳食血糖负荷（GL）;根据膳食胰岛素指数（II）和能量及食用频率计算膳食胰岛素负荷（IL）。结果　被调查的厦门市城区成年居民的平均膳食血糖指数为75.2;平均膳食血糖负荷为179.1;平均膳食胰岛素指数为30.4,平均膳食胰岛素负荷为247.2。粮谷类对膳食GL、IL的贡献达92.0%、83.1%。不同GL、IL水平的被调查人群的身体测量及生化指标间的差异无统计学意义;通过多元线性回归分析并未发现膳食GI、GL、II、IL与糖尿病的患病风险有明显的相关性。结论　粮谷类食物是厦门市城区居民膳食GL、IL的主要来源,低膳食GL的人群粮谷类消费低,脂肪消费高,膳食结构不合理;并未发现膳食GL、IL与身体测量及生化指标之间的联系。     

2007-2012年上海市杨浦区居民膳食结构变化分析

目的了解2007-2012年上海市杨浦区居民食物摄入状况并探讨居民膳食结构及其变化情况。方法收集整理杨浦区于2007、2011、2012年开展的三次"上海市居民营养与健康状况调查"资料数据,计算居民平均每标准人日各类食物摄入量及膳食结构并与《中国居民膳食指南》中各类食物推荐量进行比较分析。结果 2007-2012年杨浦区居民粮谷类、蔬菜、水果、畜禽肉类、蛋类、奶类的平均摄入量成增加趋势(P值均0.05),分别增加20.3%、56.7%、78.9%、30.4%、55.9%、32.1%;居民能量、蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物的平均摄入量成增加趋势(P值均0.05),分别增加24.5%、12.4%、16.7%,35.7%;但脂肪供能比成下降趋势(P值0.05),碳水化合物供能比成升高趋势(P值0.05)。结论杨浦区居民膳食状况逐步改善,但仍存在膳食结构不平衡现象,居民奶类、水果、大豆及坚果类消费仍处于较低水平,油、盐摄入量过多及脂肪供能过高。应鼓励居民多吃蔬菜、水果、奶类、大豆及其制品,减少油、盐及动物性食物摄入量,同时广泛开展健康教育,指导人群合理膳食,提高健康水平。     

我国中老年人群高胆固醇血症的膳食影响因素分析

目的 分析我国中老年人群高胆固醇(TC)血症的膳食影响因素.方法 利用2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查的资料,根据区域分布特点和饮食习惯,抽取东南沿海地区、西南内陆地区和中部内陆地区共23个省的45岁及以上人群17 545名,分析高TC血症和TC正常组的膳食模式差异,并采用logistic回归分析模型分析高TC血症的膳食影响因素.根据2007年<中国成人血脂异常防治指南>中推荐的标准,TC≥6.22 mmol/L为高TC血症.结果 中老年人群高TC血症组的肉类、蛋类摄入量分别为146.2 g/d和26.3 g/d,均为TC正常组的1.3倍.高TC血症组的粮谷类食物摄入量和碳水化合物供能比分别为352.9 g/d和52.9%,TC正常组的粮谷类食物摄入量和碳水化合物供能比分别为411.5 g/d和57.7%,均高于高TC血症组(粮谷类食物摄入量:t=6.51,P＜0.01;碳水化合物供能比:t=7.18,P＜0.01).肉类消费＜50 g、50～99 g、100 g～组高TC血症患病率分别为1.6%、2.2%和2.5%(组间趋势性检验,x2=14.4,P＜0.01);蛋类消费＜50 g、50～99 g、100 g～组高TC血症患病率分别为1.9%、2.8%和2.7%(x2=8.6,P=0.007);动、植物摄人量比＜0.2、0.2～0.39、0.4～组高TC血症患病率分别为1.5%、2.2%和3.6%(x2=59.4,P＜0.01);脂肪供能比＜20%、20%～、40%～组高TC血症患病率分别为1.3%、2.0%和3.1%(x2=26.7,P＜0.01).粮谷类消费＜300 g、300～499 g、500 g～组高TC血症患病率分别为3.4%、1.8%和1.3%(x2=58.3,P＜0.01);碳水化合物供能比＜40%、40%～、60%～组高TC血症患病率分别为3.5%、2.4%和1.4%(x2=37.3,P＜0.01).在控制年龄、性别、城乡、地区、热能摄入、看电视时间、BMI和吸烟后,肉类摄入量(β=0.16,P＜0.01)、动植物摄入量之比(β=0.11,P＜0.01)与高TC血症正相关,碳水化合物供能比与高TC血症负相关(β=-0.28,P＜0.01).结论 高脂、高胆同醇的动物性食物是高TC血症的重要危险因素,而粮谷类食物则具有保护性作用.高TC血症的高危人群和患者应尽量减少动物性食物摄入量,在控制总能量的前提下适当增加粮谷类食物摄入量.     

2015年中国十五省(区、市)18～64岁居民膳食脂肪摄入状况分析

目的分析2015中国十五省(区、市)18～64岁成年居民膳食脂肪摄入状况。方法本文数据来自2015年中国居民营养状况变迁的队列研究。将参加过此次调查并有完整的连续3d24h膳食回顾调查数据的18～64岁成年居民作为研究对象,分析调查对象膳食脂肪摄入量、供能比和食物来源,并与《中国居民膳食指南》(2016版)膳食脂肪推荐摄入量进行比较。结果结果显示,我国十五省(区、市)18～64岁成年居民2015年膳食脂肪摄入量为82.9g/d、膳食脂肪供能比为35.8%、膳食脂肪供能比超过30%的人群比例为67.9%;调查人群中来源于动物性食物、动物油、植物油和植物性食物的脂肪占膳食脂肪总量为35.9%、3.1%、40.8%和20.0%。结论我国十五省(区、市)18～64岁成年居民膳食脂肪摄入量较高,脂肪供能比已超过《中国居民膳食指南》(2016版)膳食脂肪推荐摄入量的要求,应控制含脂肪高的食物的摄入量。[营养学报,2019,41(2):118-121]     

1989-2009年中国九省区膳食营养素摄入状况及变化趋势(五)18-49岁成年居民膳食脂肪与胆固醇摄入状况及变化趋势

目的研究我国九省城乡居民1989~2009年膳食脂肪和胆固醇的摄入状况及变化趋势,为进行合理的膳食指导提供基础性资料。方法利用"中国居民健康与营养调查"的资料,选取1989、1991、1993、1997、2000、2004、2006、2009年八轮调查中18~49岁的健康成年居民作为研究对象,计算人群平均每日的脂肪摄入量、胆固醇摄入量、脂肪供能比和脂肪食物来源,并与中国居民膳食脂肪适宜摄入量进行比较。结果 1989~2009年,我国九省居民脂肪摄入量和胆固醇摄入量增加,脂肪供能比不断提高,至2009年成年男性已达到85.9g/d、291.1mg/d和31.1%,成年女性已达到72.4g/d、263.7mg/d和31.7%;脂肪供能比超过30%以及胆固醇平均摄入水平超过300mg/d的人群比例显著增加,至2009年成年男性已达到54.3%和40.5%,成年女性已达到55.6%和34.1%。结论我国九省城乡居民膳食结构发生了显著的变化,居民脂肪供能比以及胆固醇摄入量已超过或接近中国居民膳食脂肪参考摄入量的要求,应控制含脂肪和胆固醇高的食物的摄入量。     

1991～2009年中国九省区中老年居民膳食脂肪与胆固醇摄入状况及变化趋势

目的研究中国九省区中老年居民1991～2009年膳食脂肪和胆固醇的摄入状况及变化趋势。方法从"中国健康与营养调查"资料中选取1991、1993、1997、2000、2004、2006和2009年7轮调查50岁及以上的健康调查对象作为研究对象,计算人群平均每日的脂肪摄入量、胆固醇摄入量和脂肪供能比,并与中国居民膳食脂肪适宜摄入量进行比较。结果 1991～2009年,九省区中老年居民脂肪摄入量和胆固醇摄入量增加,脂肪供能比不断提高,至2009年男性中老年居民已达到81.9g/d、270.8mg/d和31.8%,女性中老年居民已达到70.4g/d、238.5mg/d和32.2%;脂肪供能比超过30%以及胆固醇平均摄入水平超过300mg/d的人群比例显著增加,至2009年男性中老年居民已达到54.7%和35.8%,女性中老年居民已达到56.9%和29.8%。结论 1991年以来中国九省区城乡中老年居民膳食结构发生了显著的变化,居民脂肪供能比以及胆固醇摄入量已超过或接近中国居民膳食脂肪参考摄入量的要求,应控制含脂肪和胆固醇高的食物的摄入量。     

青岛市居民膳食结构和营养状况调查

  目的  分析2010 — 2012年中国不同地区居民膳食结构状况。  方法  2010年8月 — 2012年12月,采用多阶段分层与人口成比例整群随机抽样方法,在全国31个省份150个监测点开展中国居民营养与健康状况监测调查,采用连续3 d 24 h膳食回顾法和调味品称重法进行膳食调查,依据中国食物成分表计算标准人日的能量、三大营养素的摄入量和膳食结构比例。  结果  2010 — 2012年中国居民平均每标准人日膳食能量摄入量为2 172.1 kal（9 079.4 KJ）, 碳水化合物为300.8 g,蛋白质为64.5 g, 脂肪为79.9 g。膳食能量的53.1 %来源于谷类,17.3 %和15.0 %来源于食用油和动物性食物。碳水化合物供能比例为55.0 %,脂肪供能比例为32.9 %,蛋白质供能比例为12.1%。蛋白质的食物来源中谷类食物占47.3 %,动物性食物和大豆类食物占36.1 %。脂肪的食物来源中植物性食物占64.1 %,动物性食物占35.9 %。大城市居民的谷类和碳水化合物的供能比均不足50 %,中小城市居民的谷类食物供能比不足50 %,大城市、中小城市和普通农村居民的脂肪供能比均超过了30 %,2010 — 2012年中国居民的动物性食物、食用油和糖的供能比上升。  结论  2010 — 2012年中国居民的膳食构成是以谷类和植物性食物为主,但不同地区居民有高热能、高脂肪和高糖摄入而接近西方膳食模式的趋势,建议在中国传统膳食结构基础上优化膳食结构,对于不同地区制定分类指导策略。     

2009—2018年深圳居民膳食结构变化趋势

目的 通过比较2009年和2018年深圳市居民的膳食结构,了解深圳居民的膳食结构变化,为提出合理膳食建议提供参考依据。方法 分别于2009年和2018年,采用整群随机抽样法抽取8 487名和10 043名深圳常住居民进行相关营养与健康状况调查,比较深圳居民不同年度各类食物及营养素摄入量的差异。膳食调查采用食物频率调查法。结果 与2009年相比,2018年深圳居民平均每标准人日粮谷类、水果类、水产品、蛋类、烹调油的摄入量分别增加了39.35 g、33.66 g、14.51 g、8.82 g、7.54 g; 水果类、奶类及其制品的摄入低于推荐摄入量,而畜禽肉类、烹调油及盐的摄入依然高于推荐摄入量; 蛋白质、维生素B₁、维生素E、钙、镁摄入量呈上升趋势,其余营养素摄入量呈下降趋势; 膳食能量的47.50%来源于粮谷类,其次是纯热能食物(21.80%)和动物性食(19.60%); 与十年前相比,碳水化合物和蛋白质供能比有所上升,而脂肪供能比下降; 居民主要摄取动物性蛋白和动物脂肪。结论 2018年深圳居民的膳食结构较2009年有所改善,但仍存在膳食摄入不均衡,营养素摄入不足与摄入过量并存的现象,且膳食结构具有明显“西化”趋势。深圳市今后应根据人群的不同特征开展针对性、多方面的营养健康宣教工作,促进居民合理膳食习惯的形成,降低营养相关疾病发生率。     

Association between dietary carbohydrate,glycemic index,glycemic load,and the prevalence of obesity in Korean men and women

Intake of high–glycemic index (GI) food has been postulated to reduce satiety, resulting in an increased total energy intake and reduced access to body fat as fuel. Thus, we hypothesize that high dietary GI and glycemic load (GL) are associated with an increased prevalence of obesity in the Korean population. Dietary GI and GL were calculated for 933 Korean men and women based on dietary intake assessed by food frequency questionnaires and using a GI table developed from published GI databases in a cross-sectional design. Mean differences in dietary GL and carbohydrate intake between obese and nonobese men were statistically significant after adjusting for covariates (P = .027 and .021, respectively). High dietary GL and carbohydrate intake were negatively associated with the prevalence of obesity among men in a multivariate-adjusted logistic regression model (P for trend = .026 and .036, respectively). Statistically significant effects of dietary GI and GL on the prevalence of obesity among women were observed in a generalized linear model (P = .002 and .042, respectively) and a logistic regression model (P for trend < .001 and = .007, respectively), after adjusting for covariates. Women with higher dietary GI and GL were more likely to be obese, a result consistent with our hypothesis. However, an inverse association for dietary GL and carbohydrate and prevalence of obesity was found in men, suggesting that mechanisms contributing to the prevalence of obesity between sexes may be different.     

Dietary glycaemic load and intakes of carbohydrates, fats and proteins in 1040 hospitalised adult Chinese subjects

Metabolic diseases in China have been on the rise during recent decades. To investigate dietary glycaemic load (GL) and its correlation with the prevalence of metabolic diseases in hospitalised Chinese adults, we analysed the total energy and macronutrient intakes in 1040 patients. Dietary GL was calculated based upon glycaemic index (GI), carbohydrate content and daily intake of individual foods. Dietary patterns at different dietary GL levels and the distribution of dietary GL were analysed in patients from the internal medical departments v. those from surgical departments. Height and weight were measured using a standardised protocol. The present study results demonstrated that in hospitalised adults, 95·5?% of dietary GL came from cereals. Average GL was higher in male patients than in female patients, and was higher in patients from surgical departments than in patients from medical departments. Patients with lower dietary GL consumed inadequate carbohydrates and excessive fats, and therefore had a higher prevalence of overweight and obesity. Dietary GL analysis may be helpful to nutrition assessment and rational diet intervention in hospitalised Chinese patients.     

天津市居民超重（肥胖）控制中膳食关键因素分析

目的了解天津市居民超重（肥胖）患者的膳食结构和营养状况,分析天津居民超重（肥胖）与膳食因素的关系。方法采用多阶段分层整群随机抽样的方法,在已经建立的天津市慢性非传染病综合示范社区中随机抽取1542户,共2886人,分别测量身高、体重,计算体重指数（BMI）,并采用称重法和24h回顾法对调查对象进行膳食调查。结果能量、蛋白质、脂肪摄入越高,人群超重（肥胖）的患病风险越高。随着膳食碳水化合物供能比的增加,人群患超重（肥胖）风险降低。膳食纤维是超重（肥胖）的保护因素。膳食纤维日摄入量不低于20g,可以降低患超重（肥胖）的风险。每天摄入蔬菜、水果≥500g可以预防超重（肥胖）。热能和16种营养素摄人量中,热能、蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、钙、锌、铁、膳食纤维、维生素A、维生素E、维生素B1、维生素B2、维生素C与每人每天营养素标准供给量（RDA）比较,差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。与膳食宝塔相比,超重肥胖患者膳食中蔬菜水果、奶类、豆类摄入不足,鱼虾类、畜肉类摄人过多,食盐和油脂的摄入量严重超标。结论天津市居民膳食结构与肥胖率升高有内在联系,所以要针对性地改进膳食结构。     

Comparison of Quality of Carbohydrate Metrics Related to Fasting Insulin,Glycosylated Hemoglobin and HOMA-IR in Brazilian Adolescents

Low glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) diets are effective for glycemic control (GC) associated with a carbohydrate-controlled meal plan. However, whether GI and GL peaks are related to GC is unknown. Objective: To compare the daily GI (DGI)/GL (DGL) and average GI (AvGI)/GL (AvGL) of meals (accounting for peaks) related to GC markers (GCM) in Brazilian adolescents. Methods: A representative national school-based (public/private) sample of students without diabetes, 12–17 years of age, was evaluated. Food intake was based on a 24 h recall. The models for complex cluster sampling were adjusted (sex, sexual maturation, age, and physical activity). Results: Of 35,737 students, 74% were from public schools, 60% girls, 17% overweight, and 8% obese. The minimum DGI and DGL were observed at lunch, with higher values at night. Fasting insulin was 1.5 times higher in overweight/obese (OW) girls, and 1.7 times higher in OW boys than in normal-weight (NW) girls. The same trend was observed for the homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (OW = 2.82 vs. NW = 1.84 in girls; OW = 2.66 vs. NW = 1.54 in boys; p < 0.05). The daily and average metrics were greater for NW adolescents. Glycosylated hemoglobin was not associated with these metrics, except for AvGL. Insulin and HOMA-IR were associated with all metrics in NW adolescents, with greater coefficients associated with AvGL. Among overweight/obese adolescents, only GI metrics were associated (β = 0.23; AvGI and insulin) and appeared to have the best association with GCM. Conclusions: Among NW adolescents, GL is a better measure of carbohydrate quality, but for those with overweight/obesity, carbohydrate consumption is more associated with GC, probably because they eat/report small amounts of carbohydrates.     

Carbohydrate intake, glycemic index, glycemic load, and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer in a prospective study of French women

BACKGROUND: Diets high in carbohydrates may result in chronically elevated insulin concentrations and may affect breast cancer risk by stimulation of insulin receptors or through insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I)-mediated mitogenesis. Insulin response to carbohydrate intake is increased in insulin-resistant states such as obesity. OBJECTIVE: We sought to evaluate carbohydrate intake, glycemic index (GI), and glycemic load (GL) and subsequent overall and hormone-receptor-defined breast cancer risk among postmenopausal women. DESIGN: A prospective cohort analysis of dietary carbohydrate and fiber intakes was conducted among 62 739 postmenopausal women from the E3N French study who had completed a validated dietary history questionnaire in 1993. During a 9-y period, 1812 cases of pathology-confirmed breast cancer were documented through follow-up questionnaires. Nutrients were categorized into quartiles and energy-adjusted with the regression-residual method. Cox model-derived relative risks (RRs) were adjusted for known determinants in breast cancer. RESULTS: Dietary carbohydrate and fiber intakes were not associated with overall breast cancer risk. Among overweight women, we observed an association between GI and breast cancer (RR(Q1-Q4): 1.35; 95% CI: 1.00, 1.82; P for trend = 0.04). For women in the highest category of waist circumference, the RR(Q1-Q4) was 1.28 (95% CI: 0.98, 1.67; P for trend = 0.10) for carbohydrates, 1.35 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.75; P for trend = 0.01) for GI, and 1.37 (95% CI: 1.05, 1.77; P for trend = 0.003) for GL. We also observed a direct association between carbohydrate intake, GL, and estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer risk. CONCLUSIONS: Rapidly absorbed carbohydrates are associated with postmenopausal breast cancer risk among overweight women and women with large waist circumference. Carbohydrate intake may also be associated with estrogen receptor-negative breast cancer.     

Higher glycemic load diet is associated with poorer nutrient intake in women with gestational diabetes mellitus

Changes in the quality and quantity of carbohydrate foods may compromise nutrient intake in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We hypothesized that glycemic index, glycemic load (GL), carbohydrate intake, grains, and cereal product consumption would be associated with nutrient adequacy. Eighty-two women with GDM (61% of Asian background, 34% whites) completed a 3-day food record following their routine group nutrition education session. Nutrient intakes were compared to Nutrient Reference Values (NRV) for Australia and New Zealand. Nutrient intake across energy-adjusted tertiles of glycemic index, GL, carbohydrate intake, and intake of grains and cereal products were assessed. The majority of women (66%-99%) did not meet the NRV for fiber, folate, vitamin D, iodine, and iron, and exceeded NRV for saturated fat and sodium. Higher dietary GL was associated with lower intakes of total, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fat; vitamin E; and potassium (all P < .001). Higher grain intake was not significantly associated with intake of any micronutrients. In Australian women with GDM, high dietary GL predicts greater risk of poor nutrition.     

Dietary glycemic index is associated with decreased premenstrual symptoms in young Japanese women

OBJECTIVES: High glycemic index (GI) carbohydrates may increase brain serotonin, which in turn acts to alleviate premenstrual symptoms, because, although the main determinant of brain serotonin concentration is a high plasma ratio of tryptophan to other large neutral amino acids, a high-GI diet has been shown to increase this ratio. In this observational cross-sectional study, we investigated associations between dietary GI and other dietary carbohydrates and premenstrual symptoms. METHODS: Subjects were 640 female Japanese dietetic students 18-22 y of age. Dietary carbohydrates were assessed using a validated, self-administered, comprehensive diet history questionnaire. Menstrual cycle symptoms were assessed using the retrospective version of the Moos Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MDQ). Independent associations of dietary GI and glycemic load and intake of available carbohydrate and dietary fiber with the MDQ total score and subscale scores (pain, concentration, behavioral change, autonomic reactions, water retention, and negative affect) in the premenstrual phase (expressed as percentages relative to those in the intermenstrual phase) were examined. RESULTS: Dietary GI was independently inversely associated with total MDQ score in the premenstrual phase (P for trend = 0.02). Dietary GI also showed independent and inverse associations with several MDQ subscale scores in the premenstrual phase, including concentration, autonomic reactions, and water retention (P for trend < 0.05). Conversely, dietary glycemic load and intake of available carbohydrate and dietary fiber were not associated with any of the MDQ scores in the premenstrual phase. CONCLUSION: Dietary GI was independently associated with decreased premenstrual symptoms in a group of young Japanese women.