术中干预对老年脊柱骨折患者术后住院期间发生下肢深静脉血栓的预防作用

目的 探讨术中干预对老年脊柱骨折患者术后住院期间下肢深静脉血栓（DVT）的预防作用。方法 收集2019年6月至2022年5月于南通大学附属海安市人民医院进行手术的136例老年脊柱骨折患者的临床资料,并根据术中干预方式的不同将患者分为干预组（n=65,采取术中干预）和常规组（n=71,采取常规干预）。比较两组患者的基本信息、入院时临床指标、手术相关指标、术后住院期间相关指标以及术后住院期间下肢DVT的发生情况。结果 两组患者的基本信息、入院时各项临床指标比较,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。干预组患者采用全身麻醉的比例、术中低体温的比例均低于对照组患者,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。干预组患者术后下肢DVT的发生率低于常规组患者,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。术后复查结果显示,干预组患者术后D-二聚体水平、大腿周径差、小腿周径差均明显低于常规组患者,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.01）。结论 术中干预可以降低老年脊柱骨折患者术后住院期间发生下肢DVT的风险,值得临床推广。     

老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病急性加重期患者下肢深静脉血栓形成的危险因素分析

目的 分析老年慢性阻塞性肺疾病（COPD）急性加重期患者下肢深静脉血栓（DVT）形成的危险因素。方法 收集2020年2月至2022年6月于首都医科大学附属北京友谊医院住院治疗的116例老年COPD急性加重期患者的临床资料,根据是否发生下肢DVT将患者分为血栓组（n=24）和对照组（n=92）。收集并比较两组患者入院时临床信息,包括一般信息、查体结果、合并症、血液检测指标、病史信息。比较两组患者的临床特征、COPD病程、肺功能及使用糖皮质激素的比例,分析老年COPD急性加重期患者发生下肢DVT的危险因素。结果 血栓组患者的年龄、D-二聚体水平、C反应蛋白水平均高于对照组患者,差异均有统计学意义（P﹤0.05）。多因素分析结果显示,年龄>70岁、D-二聚体水平>0.5 mg/L及C反应蛋白水平>5 mg/L均是老年COPD急性加重期患者下肢DVT形成的独立危险因素（P﹤0.05）。结论 年龄>70岁、D-二聚体水平升高及C反应蛋白水平升高均会增加老年COPD急性加重期患者发生下肢DVT的风险。     

股骨干骨折并发下肢深静脉血栓的危险因素分析北大核心CSCD

目的 探讨股骨干骨折后并发下肢深静脉血栓形成（DVT）的危险因素,以制定防治策略.方法 回顾性分析自2011年1月至2014年2月收治的67例股骨干骨折患者的临床资料,男45例,女22例;年龄18 ～55岁.以静脉造影阳性结果为诊断DVT的“金标准”,其中血栓组18例（26.9％）,非血栓组49例（73.1％）.收集患者的基本信息、骨折分型、内科合并症、血管神经损伤、D-二聚体水平、下肢深静脉超声、造影检查的结果、麻醉方法、手术方式、手术时间等.采用logistic回归分析确定股骨干骨折后并发下肢DVT的危险因素. 结果 复杂骨折（OR=3.773,P=0.038）、合并血管神经损伤（OR=2.603,P=0.002）、D-二聚体水平升高（OR=1.697,P=0.002）、下肢深静脉超声阳性（OR=3.068,P＜0.001）是导致股骨干骨折后新发下肢DVT风险增高的独立危险因素. 结论 骨折类型复杂和合并血管神经损伤是股骨干骨折后并发下肢DVT的主要危险因素,D-二聚体水平检测和下肢深静脉超声检查是主要筛查方法.     

股骨骨折术后住院期间下肢深静脉血栓形成的影响因素

目的 探讨股骨骨折术后住院期间发生下肢深静脉血栓（DVT）的危险因素。方法 收集2020年1月至2022年3月于安徽医科大学第一附属医院东城院区接受手术治疗的193例股骨骨折患者的临床资料,根据住院期间下肢深静脉超声检查结果将患者分为DVT组（n=27）和对照组（n=166）。收集所有患者的临床资料,分析股骨骨折术后住院期间发生下肢DVT的危险因素。结果 DVT组年龄≥65岁的患者比例、高血压患者比例、白细胞计数及其升高的患者比例、D-二聚体水平及其升高的患者比例、大腿周径差均高于对照组患者,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。两组患者骨折至首次D-二聚体检测和下肢深静脉超声检查时间、手术结束至复查D-二聚体和下肢深静脉超声的时间比较,差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。多因素分析结果显示,年龄≥65岁、大腿周径差≥1.0 cm、D-二聚体水平升高均是股骨骨折术后住院期间发生下肢DVT的独立危险因素（P<0.05）。结论 年龄≥65岁、大腿周径差≥1.0 cm、D-二聚体水平升高均与股骨骨折术后住院期间发生下肢DVT密切相关。     

髋部骨折围手术期下肢深静脉血栓的相关因素

[目的]分析老年髋部骨折围手术期下肢深静脉血栓（deep vein thrombosis, DVT）的危险因素,建立预测模型,指导临床预判DVT发生风险。[方法]回顾性分析本院2015年8月—2021年9月收治的老年髋部骨折共384例患者临床资料。按是否发生血栓,分为DVT组和非DVT组,采用单因素和多因素分析得出下肢DVT的危险因素。建立预测模型,对模型效能进行评定。[结果] 384例患者中,围术期共发生下肢DVT 67例（17.5%）。单项因素比较,两组年龄、性别构成、骨折类型、骨折侧别、ASA分级、受伤至入院时间、是否口服抗凝、抗栓药物、合并内科疾病、手术方式、麻醉方式以及入院时Hb、HCT、WBC、PLT、Alb、纤维蛋白原、D-D、PT、PO2的差异均无统计学意义（P<0.05）。与非DVT组相比,DVT组患者术前等待时间更长、合并症数量≥3种、输血比例及合并骨折占比更高、手术时间更长、术中出血量更多、APTT更长,差异均有统计学意义（P<0.05）。多因素二元逻辑回归分析显示：围术期输血（OR=2.565,P<0.001）、合并症数量≥3种（OR=1.88...     

老年粗隆间骨折后发生下肢深静脉血栓的多因素分析

目的下肢深静脉血栓是老年创伤患者最常见并发症之一,本研究目的在于探究老年粗隆间骨折后下肢深静脉血栓的发生率、血栓位置及相关因素。 方法回顾性分析天津南开医院和河北省人民医院于2015年1月至2019年6月收治的老年粗隆间骨折患者。患者入院后经常规超声多普勒扫描以诊断双下肢深静脉血栓（DVT）,将有DVT的患者归为病例组,无DVT者归为对照组。患者的资料由住院病历获得,包括人口学资料、合并症、受伤相关数据和入院实验室检验结果。采用单因素χ²或Student-t检验评估两组患者的差异性,并采用二元logistic回归分析确定发生DVT的相关危险因素。 结果共673例患者纳入本研究,125（18.6%）例患者诊断含有DVT;其中75（60.0%）例为远端型,37（29.6%）例为近端型,13（10.4%）例为混合型DVT。74.4%（93/125）的患者DVT发生在骨折侧肢体,16.8%（11/125）发生于双侧肢体,8.8%（21/125）发生于未骨折侧。多因素logistic回归分析显示,受伤至入院时间、D-二聚体升高（>1.73 mg/L）、红细胞（RBC）减少（男,<4*10¹²/L;女,<3.5*10¹²/L）、周围血管病史、超重和肥胖（以正常BMI为参考）是DVT发生的独立相关因素。 结论本研究结果提示老年粗隆间骨折患者入院时DVT发生率较高,近端DVT达到7.4%。多个相关危险因素与DVT独立相关,这些流行病学数据有助于预测血栓发生、危险评估及针对性术前筛查。     

下肢骨折术后深静脉血检形成的影响因素分析

目的 探讨下肢骨折术后深静脉血栓（DVT）形成的影响因素。方法 收集2020年1月至2023年1月于马鞍山十七冶医院进行手术治疗的168例下肢骨折患者的临床资料,将术后发生下肢DVT的56例患者作为DVT组,根据DVT组患者1:2的性别比例采用倾向评分匹配法将112例术后未发生DVT的患者作为对照组。分析下肢骨折患者术后DVT形成的影响因素。结果 多因素分析结果显示,高血压、术中出血量多、术后D-二聚体（D-D）水平偏高、术后纤维蛋白原（FIB）水平偏高、术后卧床时间较长均是下肢骨折患者术后DVT形成的危险因素（P﹤0.05）,术后血红蛋白水平偏高是下肢骨折患者术后DVT形成的保护因素（P﹤0.05）。受试者工作特征（ROC）曲线分析结果显示,术中出血量≥241.145 ml、术后D-D水平≥495.370μg/L、术后FIB水平≥4.580 g/L、术后卧床时间≥3.175 d、术后血红蛋白水平≤135.495 g/L的下肢骨折术后患者DVT形成的风险较高（P﹤0.05）。结论 高血压、术中出血量多、术后D-D水平偏高、术后FIB水平偏高、术后卧床时间较长均与下肢骨折患者术后DVT形...     

脊柱转移瘤术后下肢深静脉血栓危险因素及预防

目的 探讨脊柱转移瘤术后下肢深静脉血栓(deep venous thrombosis, DVT)的危险因素及预防措施。方法 本研究对象为2017年12月～2020年12月沧州中西医结合医院188例脊柱转移瘤患者，所有患者均采用手术治疗，将术后发生下肢DVT的患者设为DVT组，其余设为正常组。比较两组患者手术方式、病灶数量等病历资料，通过单因素分析、多因素分析调查脊柱转移瘤术后下肢DVT的危险因素。结果 188例脊柱转移瘤术后发生DVT 30例；DVT组与正常组手术方式、合并脊髓和神经损伤、术后卧床时间、病灶数量、年龄、合并病理学骨折、手术时间、术中出血量差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),两组性别、体质量指数差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);Logistic回归分析显示，全椎体切除、合并脊髓和神经损伤、术后卧床时间>5 d、多发病灶是脊柱转移瘤术后DVT的危险因素。结论 脊柱转移瘤术后容易发生下肢DVT,危险因素包括全椎体切除、合并脊髓和神经损伤等，应根据相关危险因素开展合理有效的预防措施，以降低术后下肢DVT的发生风险。     

髋部骨折围手术期定量检测纤维蛋白原和D二聚体的临床意义

目的探讨髋部骨折围手术期定量检测纤维蛋白原（FIB）和D二聚体（D-D）在下肢深静脉血栓形成（DVT）早期诊断价值。方法 123例因髋部骨折行髋部手术患者,于手术前1天,手术后1、4、7天检测血FIB和D-D,术后5~7天行彩色多普勒超声检查,彩色多普勒超声检查DVT阳性者作为DVT组,阴性者作为非DVT组,采用t检验分析各指标变化。结果 123例有18例发生了DVT。髋部骨折围手术期FIB值均高于正常值（P〉0.05）,DVT组与非DVT组比较FIB值无显著差异（P〉0.1）。术后4天和术后7天D-D值和D-D/FIB比值两组比较有显著差异（P〈0.05）。结论 FIB升高能预示DVT发生的高风险,但不具有DVT的诊断价值;D-D及D-D与FIB比值具有较高阴性预测价值,可作为DVT的筛查指标。     

术前筛查下肢血栓对防止肺栓塞的意义

目的：探讨术前彩色多普勒超声（CDFI）筛查骨折患者下肢静脉血栓对防止肺栓塞的意义。方法：回顾性分析2010年1月至12月,因创伤致下肢骨折入院,拟行切开复位术的2000例患者,男1140例,女860例;年龄18～94岁,平均（54.78±21.45）岁。所有患者入院时伤肢肿胀明显,均经外敷和口服中药治疗,伤肢肿胀好转后（3～14d）,行骨折复位术,手术前1d筛查骨折患者下肢血栓,并对其临床资料（性别、年龄、骨折部位、病程）进行回顾性分析。结果：①2000例创伤骨折患者术前经CDFI筛查,证实并发深静脉血栓（deepveinthrombosis,DVT）共128例（6.4%）。血栓类型：髂-股静脉血栓52例,腘-胫静脉血栓20例,小腿肌肉静脉血栓56例。对胫静脉以上DVT72例采取溶栓治疗或放置下腔静脉滤网,溶栓有效20例,放置下腔静脉滤网17例,溶栓失败和未放置腔静脉滤网患者28例,这65例均实施了骨折复位术,另外7例采取保守治疗。1例术中发生肺栓塞,经及时溶栓治疗获得成功。小腿肌肉静脉血栓56例中51例未行特殊处理,实施了复位术;另5例行保守治疗。②DVT发生与性别无关;血栓发生最小年龄22岁,41岁以上组血栓发生率高于40岁以下年龄组;多发骨折、股骨骨折高于胫骨、腓骨骨折;血栓发生病程最短3d,病程越长,血栓发生率越高。结论：创伤骨折患者无论是否存在形成DVT的高危因素,骨折复位手术前均应常规行CDFI筛查DVT,对降低麻醉、手术风险,防止致命性肺栓塞有重要意义。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.