肠道菌群紊乱与围术期神经认知障碍的研究进展

正随着手术麻醉的普及和医学人文的发展,围术期神经认知障碍(perioperative neurocognitive disorders,PND)受到越来越多的关注。2018年11月麻醉学领域6大权威期刊同步刊发关于PND的最新定义,明确PND是指发生在术前和术后12个月内,且符合第五版神经障碍手册(diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders-fifth edition,DSM-5)中神经认知障碍诊断标准的围术期认知功能损害[1]。PND好发于老年患者,主要表现为注意力、记忆力、语言思维能力等减     

围术期神经认知障碍脑源性生物标志物的研究进展

围术期神经认知障碍（PND）是一种常见于老年患者的术后并发症，其特征是患者出现认知功能下降、记忆受损、注意力不能集中等改变。随着老年患者手术数量的持续增长，出现PND的患者数量也将随之上升。PND的危险因素及诱发因素十分复杂，具体机制尚不清楚，且无统一的诊断标准。本文总结近年来各类PND脑源性生物标志物的研究进展，以期为PND的预测和诊断提供参考。     

补体系统在围术期神经认知障碍中的研究进展

围术期神经认知障碍（PND）是一种常见的围术期神经系统并发症,表现为注意力不集中,学习能力下降和记忆受损,可影响患者术后短期功能恢复及预后,延长患者的住院时间。目前PND的发生机制仍存在争议。补体系统是一种生物级联反应体系,已被证实在多种神经退行性疾病的发生发展过程中起着重要作用。麻醉及手术刺激可激活中枢神经系统中的补体系统,影响神经炎症反应、突触功能、血脑屏障、血脑脊液屏障,引起或加重PND。本文章就补体系统对围术期神经认知功能的影响做一系统综述,以期为PND的潜在药物靶点和治疗提供参考。     

睡眠-觉醒节律与围术期神经认知障碍的研究进展

<正>随着社会老龄化的到来,老年手术患者日益增加,围术期神经认知障碍(perioperative neurocognitive disorders, PND)也逐渐被人们关注。PND是指患者术前、术后短时间和术后长时间的认知功能损害或改变,包括了以往临床上所说的术后认知功能障碍(postoperative cognitive dysfunction, POCD)~([1])。PND是老年患者围术期常见的问题之一,主要表现为定向力、注意力、记忆力、思     

神经炎症与围术期神经认知障碍关系的研究进展

围术期神经认知障碍(PND)是一种常见的术后并发症, 多见于老年患者, 随着人口老龄化进程以及老年患者手术量的增加, PND的发生率也逐步增加。近年来, 神经炎症与PND的关系受到了广泛关注, 其在PND的发生机制中起主要作用[1]。本文就神经炎症与PND关系的研究进展进行综述, 以了解现状、预测未来研究趋势及寻求新的研究突破点。     

围术期神经认知障碍的中枢机制：基于脑电图和磁共振成像的研究进展

围术期神经认知障碍(PND)是围术期常见疾病,给患者及社会带来沉重负担。由于PND的发病机制复杂且缺乏可靠的诊断及干预手段,而脑电图(EEG)及磁共振成像(MRI)具备提供客观指标的优势,因此两者应用于PND的研究逐渐成为热点。本文对PND患者术中量化脑电指标、EEG频谱分析、EEG功能连通性分析、EEG非线性动力学分析以及围术期MRI分析进行综述,旨在探索EEG和MRI对预测及诊断PND的临床价值。     

自噬在围术期神经认知障碍中作用的研究进展

围术期神经认知障碍常表现为患者记忆力受损及精神错乱,住院时间延长,预后不良以及死亡率上升等。自噬与围术期神经认知障碍的发病密切相关,药物、衰老、炎症等可通过调控mTOR、FOXO1等信号转导通路影响自噬水平,参与围术期神经认知障碍的发病过程。自噬通过调节神经炎症的发生,α-突触核蛋白、τ蛋白代谢等在改善术后认知障碍和学习记忆功能方面发挥重要作用。本文就调控自噬的主要通路及自噬在围术期神经认知障碍发生发展中的作用进行综述,以期为围术期神经认知障碍的发病机制寻求新的靶点和思路。     

类淋巴系统与围术期神经认知障碍相关性的研究进展

围术期神经认知障碍(PND)是患者在术后出现的人格、社交及认知功能改变,以学习记忆能力下降为主要特征,严重影响患者术后健康状况及生存质量,但目前临床尚缺乏有效防治措施。类淋巴系统是由水通道蛋白4(AQP4)介导的脑脊液转运系统,可清除神经毒性物质,维持大脑内环境稳定。类淋巴系统损伤机制可从大脑废物清除角度综合解释PND的诸多病理生理改变,有望成为干预PND发生发展的集束化靶点。本文对类淋巴系统的研究进展及类淋巴系统与PND相关诱发因素间的潜在联系进行综述,以期为PND的防治提供新思路。     

围术期诱发中枢胆碱能系统功能减退的相关因素

围术期神经认知紊乱(perioperative neurocognitive disorders,PND)是指在围术期发生的神经认知功能的减退,主要表现为学习记忆等认知能力的下降[1]。大脑多个脑区广泛分布中枢胆碱能系统,不同脑区的胆碱能系统功能与学习和记忆等认知功能存在着密切联系[2]。中枢胆碱能系统功能受到围术期多种因素的损害,可能导致PND的发生。本文对围术期诱发中枢胆碱能系统功能减退的相关因素研究进展作一综述,为临床预防PND的发生提供参考。     

围术期神经认知障碍患者远期认知功能下降的研究进展

围术期神经认知障碍（PND）是老年患者围术期常见的并发症之一，表现为围术期注意力不集中、思维逻辑能力下降、学习记忆能力减退，严重影响患者术后康复。近年来，大量研究表明术前已存在或术后早期出现的认知功能损害与术后远期认知功能下降相关，而干预术后早期认知功能改变或可影响术后远期认知发展轨迹，因此探索术后早期认知功能改变的干预方法和相关机制至关重要。本文对PND患者术后12个月后患者认知功能的发展轨迹及影响因素进行综述，以提供干预术后早期认知功能改变的思路或方法。     

Perianal Paget's disease-Report of a rare case

INTRODUCTIONPerianal extra-mammary Paget's disease is a rare skin disorder of unknown aetiology, which is frequently associated with malignancy. This case report draws attention to this rare condition and comments upon its diagnosis and treatment.PRESENTATION OF CASEA 64-year-old otherwise fit man, presented to us in 2006 with one-year-long history of perianal irritation. On examination there was an erythematous discoid skin lesion in the right perianal area. The lesion was excised with wide margins and the defect closed with a local transposition flap. Histology confirmed extra-mammary Paget's disease (EMPD) with a focus of invasion showing a well-differentiated mucinous adenocarcinoma. Adjuvant therapy was not advised. On follow-up in 2011, a small irregular skin lesion, well away from the previous excision site was noted on the left perianal area. Biopsies from this lesion confirmed EMPD with no focus of invasion. Once again wide local excision with closure using local transposition flap was undertaken. Long term follow up has been advised.DISCUSSIONThe optimal treatment for Perianal Paget's disease (PPD) remains controversial. Surgery is the commonest modality used with wide local excision being the treatment of choice for resectable disease. We report herein a short review of various therapies reported so far in the management of this rare disorder.CONCLUSIONA thorough initial evaluation and long-term follow-up is essential to identify recurrence and the development of other related malignancies.     

A large incarcerated Meckel's diverticulum in an inguinal hernia

INTRODUCTION

Littre''s hernia is a rare finding consisting of a Meckel''s diverticulum inside of a hernia sac. Clinically, it is indistinguishable from a hernia involving small bowel and therefore may be difficult to diagnose pre-operatively.

PRESENTATION OF CASE

We report a case of an inguinal hernia involving an unusually large Meckel''s diverticulum measuring 15 cm in length. The diverticulum was resected using a linear GI stapler and the hernia was repaired without complication.

DISCUSSION

Meckel''s diverticulum is an embryologic remnant of the vitelline duct occurring in 1–3% of the adult population with an estimated 4% becoming complicated and presenting with intestinal obstruction, infection, bleeding or herniation. Surgical resection is the recommended treatment for any Meckel''s diverticulum causing symptoms. In the case of a Littre''s hernia, resection of the diverticulum should be followed by repair of the fascial defect in a standard fashion.

CONCLUSION

Littre''s hernia, although rare, should be a consideration at the time of repair for any abdominal hernia involving small bowel as resection of the Meckel''s diverticulum is critical in avoiding recurrent complications.     

Minimally invasive management of achalasia cardia: results from a single center study.

BACKGROUND: Since the performance of the first laparoscopic cardiomyotomy for achalasia cardia in 1991, the popularity of the minimally invasive approach for this troublesome disease has been growing. We present our experience of 226 patients who underwent laparoscopic cardiomyotomy and discuss the relevant issues. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was carried out of 226 patients who have undergone laparoscopic cardiomyotomy since 1993. The preoperative workup, surgical technique, and postoperative management are described. RESULTS: Patients included 146 males and 80 females; average age was 36.4 years (range, 6 to 85). Mean duration of symptoms was 1.4 years. Nearly half of the patients (112) had undergone prior pneumatic dilatation. In 20 patients, myotomy alone was done, 44 patients had a Dor's fundoplication, and 162 had Toupet's fundoplication. The average operating time was 96 minutes. Mean postoperative hospital stay was 2.2 days. Dysphagia was eliminated in 88.9% of the patients with an overall morbidity of 4.4% and nil mortality over a mean follow-up of 4.3 years. CONCLUSION: Laparoscopic cardiomyotomy with Toupet's fundoplication is a safe and effective treatment of achalasia cardia. Dor's fundoplication is done selectively, especially when suspicion is present of mucosal injury.     

Laparoscopy for treating a small bowel obstruction due to a Meckel's diverticulum.

A Meckel's diverticulum is one cause of small bowel obstruction in the virgin abdomen. A 17-year-old female presented with a 24-hour history of lower abdominal pain and emesis. Radiological imaging studies revealed a high-grade partial small bowel obstruction. A diagnostic laparoscopy was performed revealing a bowel obstruction secondary to a Meckel's diverticulum. The diverticulum was resected using an endovascular GIA stapler. The patient was discharged on postoperative day 3, tolerating a regular diet. Laparoscopy is a useful diagnostic and therapeutic tool for a patient with a small bowel obstruction with an unclear etiology.     

Cullen's sign - Case report with a review of the literature

IntroductionCullen's sign is described as superficial oedema with bruising in the subcutaneous fatty tissue around the peri-umbilical region. It is also known as peri-umbilical ecchymosis.Presentation of caseWe report a case of a fifty-three year old gentleman who presented with non-specific abdominal pain. Significant bruising was present within the subcutaneous fatty tissue on the anterior abdominal wall in keeping with ‘Cullen's sign.’ Of note he denied any alcohol intake and his amylase was normal. A diagnosis of pancreatitis was made following a CT scan of his abdomen.DiscussionA search of the entire English literature using PubMed with the phrase ‘Cullen's sign’ has been performed. Papers were reviewed in relation to recognition of this clinical sign, differential diagnosis, and management.ConclusionOur case and review of the literature highlights the rarity of this clinical sign which a clinician may encounter. In addition we draw to attention the importance of having knowledge of the underlying possible conditions which may lead to this sign, and can be vital in successful acute management.     

Corticosteroid Injection for Morton's Interdigital Neuroma: A Systematic Review

BackgroudThis review aimed to evaluate the effects of corticosteroid injections on Morton''s neuroma using an algorithmic approach to assess the methodological quality of reported studies using a structured critical framework.MethodsSeveral electronic databases were searched for articles published until April 2020 that evaluated the outcomes of corticosteroid injections in patients diagnosed with Morton''s neuroma. Data search, extraction, analysis, and quality assessments were performed according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). guidelines, and clinical outcomes were evaluated using various outcome measures.ResultsWith 3–12 months of follow-up, corticosteroid injections provided satisfactory outcomes according to Johnson satisfaction scores except in two studies. Visual analog scale scores showed maximal pain reduction between 1 week and 3 months after injection. We found that 140 subjects out of 469 (29.85%) eventually underwent surgery after receiving corticosteroid injections due to persistent pain.ConclusionsCorticosteroid injections showed a satisfactory clinical outcome in patients with Morton''s interdigital neuroma although almost 30% of the included subjects eventually underwent operative treatment. Our recommendation for future research includes using more objective outcome parameters, such as foot and ankle outcome scores or foot and ankle ability measures. Moreover, studies on the safety and effectiveness of multiple injections at the same site are highly necessary.