彩色多普勒超声检测12～14孕周胎儿三尖瓣反流的应用价值

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声检测孕12—14周胎儿三尖瓣反流的临床价值。方法52例孕12-14周发现三尖瓣反流的胎儿为反流组,根据反流程度分为轻度反流和中重度反流;50例孕12-14周未见三尖瓣反流的胎儿为对照组。两组均于孕中晚期行彩色多普勒系统畸形筛查。结果反流组胎儿轻度反流46例,中重度反流6例;检出胎儿异常10例,检出率为19．2％。对照组检出胎儿异常2例,检出率为4．0％;反流组胎儿异常检出率高于对照组（P〈0．05）。结论孕12-14周三尖瓣反流的胎儿发生异常的风险高于正常胎儿,彩色多普勒超声检测孕早期胎儿三尖瓣反流有重要的临床价值。     

胎儿动脉导管收缩及早闭的超声心动图诊断价值

目的研究与分析动脉导管收缩及早闭胎儿的超声心动图特征。 方法2016年1月至2018年2月于保定市第一中心医院接受产前及产后超声心动图检查和随访确诊的7例胎儿为动脉导管收缩,2例胎儿为动脉导管早闭,分析并总结9例胎儿异常超声心动图的表现及预后结果。 结果9例动脉导管收缩及早闭胎儿的主要超声表现：右心扩大、主肺动脉内径增宽,动脉导管收缩期及舒张期血流速度增加或无血流通过,三尖瓣反流等。9例超声心动图诊断动脉导管收缩及早闭的胎儿中1例于出生5 h后因呼吸衰竭死亡,其余8例均顺利产出;产后1周复查时3例胎儿超声心动图已正常;其余5例超声心动图均明显好转。 结论产前超声心动图检查可有效诊断出胎儿动脉导管收缩及早闭,当胎儿右心系统功能紊乱或接近衰竭且胎儿各器官基本成熟时,早期分娩对提高分娩质量,改善预后有较高的临床意义。     

产前超声诊断胎儿三尖瓣下移畸形的应用价值

目的 探讨产前超声诊断胎儿三尖瓣下移畸形的临床价值。方法 回顾性分析6例经胎儿超声心动图诊断为三尖瓣下移畸形的超声诊断资料与随诊结果，总结其异常声像图特点。结果6例胎儿均经尸体解剖证实为三尖瓣下移畸形，其中三尖瓣隔叶下移2例，隔叶及后叶下移3例，隔叶、后叶及前叶下移1例。6例三尖瓣下移畸形中4例伴有功能右室缩小，合并房间隔缺损1例，肺动脉狭窄1例；4例伴有胸、腹腔及心包积液。胎儿三尖瓣下移畸形主要声像图表现为右心扩大，三尖瓣叶附着点下移，心尖到二尖瓣前叶附着点的距离与到三尖瓣隔叶附着点的距离比值≥1．8，形成典型房化右室特征；彩色血流显示三尖瓣重度反流，其反流起源点低，反流面积大，但反流速度低，平均反流速度217．0cm／s。结论 胎儿三尖瓣下移畸形具有特征性声像图表现，产前超声诊断胎儿三尖瓣下移畸形具有重要临床价值。     

胎儿脐尿管未闭合并尿囊囊肿超声诊断分析

目的探讨胎儿脐尿管未闭合并尿囊囊肿产前超声图像特点及预后。方法回顾我院超声科诊断的10例胎儿期脐尿管未闭合并尿囊囊肿的病例,分析其产前超声图像特点,并随访其孕期及出生后情况。结果胎儿脐尿管未闭合并尿囊囊肿产前具有典型的超声图像特点:(1)脐部囊肿凸向腹部前方;(2)脐部囊肿与胎儿膀胱相通;(3)脐动脉在膀胱和囊肿两侧分开绕行;(4)中孕早期膀胱较同孕周胎儿稍大;(5)脐部囊肿多于中孕期消失,同时膀胱也随之缩小,充盈较差;(6)囊肿消失后部分病例出现脐膨出。失访2例,随访8例。在随访的8例患者中1例合并多发严重畸形引产,1例因患者及家属要求引产,1例于孕8个月余宫内停止发育后引产。共出生5例,其中1例生后脐尿管闭合自愈,1例诊断脐尿管瘘,3例诊断脐尿管瘘并脐膨出。结论胎儿脐尿管未闭合并尿囊囊肿产前具有典型的超声图像特点,预后差别较大。     

彩色多普勒超声诊断胎儿动脉导管早闭

目的 探讨彩色多普勒超声心动图对胎儿动脉导管早闭的诊断价值。方法 应用彩色多普勒超声对2例胎儿动脉导管早闭、1例导管收缩进行观察．并结合文献总结其胎儿超声心动图表现。结果 超声心动图显示胎儿右心房、右心室扩大以及严重的三尖瓣反流等．及时分娩后右心功能迅速恢复。结论 胎儿超声心动图在胎儿动脉导管早闭的诊断中具有重要作用。     

超声心动图检测胎儿单纯性三尖瓣反流

目的 探讨超声心动图对胎儿单纯性三尖瓣反流的诊断价值.方法 应用超声心动图对500胎胎龄18～41周的胎儿进行检测,将检出三尖瓣反流的胎儿分为单纯反流组、非先心病组及先心病组,并测定反流程度及反流速度.结果 共检出胎儿三尖瓣反流68胎,检出率为13.60％(68/500);其中单纯反流组29胎,非先心病组25胎,先心病组14胎.单纯反流组最大反流速度[(169.00±10.70)cm/s]低于非先心病组[(188.00±15.70) cm/s]和先心病组[(200.00±16.80) cm/s](P均＜0.05).单纯反流组及非先心病组胎儿出生后反流均消失.结论 超声心动图对“生理性”胎儿三尖瓣反流的检出率较高;反流程度不能作为终止妊娠的指标,即使程度重、速度快,如不合并严重心脏畸形及其他异常因素,胎儿均可发育良好.     

胎儿动脉导管收缩或早闭的早期诊断与治疗并文献分析

目的探讨胎儿动脉导管收缩或早闭的早期临床诊断及处理。方法报道胎儿动脉导管收缩导致右心功能衰竭1例,并收集近年文献进行复习,总结该疾病的临床表现、诊断、处理及患儿预后。结果收集近年来12篇胎儿动脉导管收缩或早闭的文献,共33例,其中5例母亲孕期有使用前列腺素合成酶抑制剂病史,胎儿心脏彩色超声均提示动脉导管不同程度的收缩或关闭,部分伴有右心室、右心房扩大,右心室肥大,三尖瓣或肺动脉瓣反流,肺动脉扩张及胎儿水肿。5例死亡,其余病例均存活,绝大部分病例预后良好,2例头颅MRI提示缺氧缺血性脑病（HIE）。结论母亲无使用前列腺素合成酶抑制剂史的胎儿亦可以发生动脉导管收缩或早闭,产前超声对该疾病的诊断具有重要意义,早期诊断并适时终止妊娠可以挽救患儿生命,大部分患儿预后良好。     

经食道超声心动图在瓣膜置换术中评价三尖瓣反流程度的应用

目的:探讨应用经食道超声心动图在风湿性心脏病瓣膜置换术中即刻评价三尖瓣反流的程度并指导手术方案确定的临床价值。材料与方法:对我院72例风湿性心脏病患者进行术前三尖瓣损害程度及反流情况评估,术中应用经食道超声心动图即刻评估左心瓣膜置换术后三尖瓣反流情况,指导调整手术方案。主要根据三尖瓣反流束面积将其程度分为:轻度(反流束面积4cm2)、中度(反流束面积4-8cm2)、重度(反流束面积8cm2)。结果:22例轻度暂不予处理,43例成功行Kays成形术、De Vega成形术、Carpentier成形环,5例进行三尖瓣置换;术后随访三尖瓣反流程度较术前明显减轻,右心房未见明显扩大。结论:经食道超声心动图可在左心瓣膜置换术中即刻评估三尖瓣反流程度,对手术方案的确定有重要的临床应用价值,值得推广应用。     

MRI在胎儿非免疫性水肿中的应用

目的探讨MRI在诊断胎儿非免疫性水肿的临床应用价值。材料与方法对8例非免疫性胎儿水肿的产前MRI影像进行回顾性分析。结果 8例胎儿经尸检和出生后诊断为典型非免疫性胎儿水肿。病因中,先天性肺囊腺瘤样畸形25%(2/8)、乳糜胸25%(2/8)、胎粪性腹膜炎25%(2/8)、心血管异常12.5%(1/8)、宫内缺氧12.5%(1/8)。4例出生后经治疗或手术预后良好,4例生后(包括引产)死亡。结论非免疫性胎儿水肿病因复杂,MRI检查能够较好评价胎儿水肿程度以及为分析病因提供可靠的影像学依据,是产前评价非免疫性胎儿水肿的重要检查手段。     

颈项透明层增厚及三尖瓣反流在胎儿早期心脏畸形筛查中的价值

目的：探讨胎儿颈项透明层（Nuchaltranslucensy,NT）增厚及三尖瓣反流在早期先天性心脏畸形（Congenital heart disease,CHD）筛查中的临床意义。方法：选取323例先天性心脏病高危孕妇,所有胎儿孕11～14周检测NT,应用脉冲多普勒超声获取三尖瓣血流频谱,进行相应的血流频谱分析;同时对NT增厚及三尖瓣反流的胎儿行超声心动图检查,对可疑CHD的胎儿于孕18～20周再次行超声心动图检查以确诊或除外CHD;对NT及三尖瓣频谱正常的胎儿于孕20～24周行超声心动图检查。所有活产儿于出生后1周内行超声心动图检查,引产的胎儿争取尸体解剖。结果：共检查早孕期胎儿323例,检出NT增厚胎儿123例,产前产后证实21例患有CHD;三尖瓣反流胎儿40例,产前产后证实16例患有CHD,其中3例为复杂型CHD。结论：胎儿NT增厚及三尖瓣反流可作为胎儿CHD早期筛查指标。     

Screening for trisomy 21 by fetal tricuspid regurgitation, nuchal translucency and maternal serum free beta-hCG and PAPP-A at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks.

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether in pregnancies with fetal trisomy 21 the level of maternal serum free beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG) and pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks' gestation is independent of the presence or absence of tricuspid regurgitation and to estimate the performance of a screening test that combines tricuspid regurgitation with fetal nuchal translucency (NT) thickness and serum free beta-hCG and PAPP-A. METHODS: The study population comprised 77 trisomy 21 and 232 chromosomally normal fetuses from singleton pregnancies at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks of gestation. In all cases the fetal karyotype was determined by chorionic villus sampling (CVS), which was carried out at the request of the parents after first-trimester screening for trisomy 21 by fetal NT and maternal serum free beta-hCG and PAPP-A. Immediately before chorionic villus sampling, fetal echocardiography was performed and the presence or absence of tricuspid regurgitation was determined by pulsed wave Doppler ultrasonography.The distribution of fetal NT, maternal serum free beta-hCG and PAPP-A in trisomy 21 fetuses with absent and present tricuspid regurgitation was examined. We examined two screening strategies: first, integrated first-trimester screening in all patients and second, first-stage screening of all patients using fetal NT and maternal serum free beta-hCG and PAPP-A followed by second-stage assessment of tricuspid regurgitation only in those with an intermediate risk of 1 in 101 to 1 in 1000 after the first stage. RESULTS: Tricuspid regurgitation was observed in 57 (74.0%) of the trisomy 21 fetuses and in 16 (6.9%) of the chromosomally normal fetuses. There were no significant differences in median maternal age, median gestational age, free beta-hCG multiples of the median (MoM) and PAPP-A MoM in trisomy 21 fetuses with and without tricuspid regurgitation. The modeled detection rates of trisomy 21 for fixed false positive rates of 1%, 2% and 5% in screening by maternal age, fetal NT thickness and maternal serum free beta-hCG and PAPP-A and assessment of tricuspid flow in all cases were 87%, 90% and 95%. In the two-stage approach, the estimated detection rate was 91% and the false positive rate was 2.6%. CONCLUSIONS: There is no relationship between tricuspid regurgitation and the levels of maternal serum free beta-hCG and PAPP-A in cases with trisomy 21. An integrated sonographic and biochemical test at 11 + 0 to 13 + 6 weeks can potentially identify about 90% of trisomy 21 fetuses for a false-positive rate of 2-3%.     

Likelihood ratio for trisomy 21 in fetuses with tricuspid regurgitation at the 11 to 13 + 6-week scan.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the likelihood ratio for trisomy 21 in fetuses with tricuspid regurgitation at the 11 to 13 + 6-week scan. METHODS: Fetal echocardiography was carried out by specialist pediatric cardiologists in 742 singleton pregnancies at 11 to 13 + 6 weeks' gestation and pulsed wave Doppler was used to ascertain the presence or absence of tricuspid regurgitation. To avoid confusion with other adjacent signals, a strict definition of tricuspid regurgitation was used, in that it had to occupy at least half of systole and reach a velocity of over 80 cm/s. The fetal crown-rump length (CRL) and the nuchal translucency (NT) thickness were measured and the presence of any congenital heart abnormality noted. Follow-up of the pregnancy was carried out to determine the presence of chromosomal abnormalities. The likelihood ratio for trisomy 21 in fetuses with and without tricuspid regurgitation was determined. RESULTS: The tricuspid valve was successfully examined in 718 (96.8%) cases. Tricuspid regurgitation was present in 39 (8.5%) of the 458 chromosomally normal fetuses, in 82 (65.1%) of the 126 with trisomy 21, in 44 (53.0%) of the 83 with trisomy 18 or 13, and in 11 (21.6%) of the 51 with other chromosomal defects. The prevalence of tricuspid regurgitation was also associated with fetal CRL, delta NT and the presence of cardiac defects. Logistic regression analysis, irrespective of cardiac defects, demonstrated that in the chromosomally normal fetuses significant independent prediction of the likelihood of tricuspid regurgitation was provided by fetal delta NT (odds ratio (OR), 1.26; 95% CI, 1.34-1.41; P < 0.0001), while in trisomy 21 fetuses prediction was provided by CRL (OR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.89-0.99; P = 0.021). The likelihood ratio for trisomy 21 for tricuspid regurgitation was derived by dividing the likelihood in trisomy 21 by that in normal fetuses. In the chromosomally normal fetuses, the prevalence of tricuspid regurgitation in those with cardiac defects was 46.9% and 5.6% in those without cardiac defects, and the likelihood ratio of tricuspid regurgitation for cardiac defects was 8.4. CONCLUSION: At 11 to 13 + 6 weeks' gestation, there is a high association between tricuspid regurgitation and trisomy 21, as well as other chromosomal defects. The prevalence of tricuspid regurgitation increases with fetal NT thickness and is substantially higher in those with, than those without, a cardiac defect.     

胎儿超声心动图在评估室间隔完整型肺动脉闭锁中的应用价值

目的探讨胎儿超声心动图在评估室间隔完整型肺动脉闭锁（PA/IVS）中的应用价值。 方法回顾性选取2017年10月至2020年12月在河北生殖妇产医院诊断为PA/IVS的胎儿29例。超声心动图测量右心室与左心室上下径比值（RV/LV）、三尖瓣流入时间与心动周期时间比值（TVID/CCL）、三尖瓣环与二尖瓣环内径比值（TV/MV）、三尖瓣Z值（TV-Z）等参数，观测静脉导管频谱形态、房室瓣反流量、动脉导管内径和血流方向、有无心包积液、有无合并冠状动脉异常及右心室依赖性冠状动脉循环（RVDCC）。依据右心室流入部、小梁部、漏斗部结构是否存在，对29例胎儿进行分型，并分析其超声心动图特征。 结果29例PA/IVS产前超声心动图均可见动脉导管逆向血流供应肺动脉。24例可见三尖瓣大量反流；5例三尖瓣反流不明显或为少-中量反流。18例静脉导管A波缺失或反向，11例静脉导管频谱正常。29例PA/IVS胎儿Ⅰ型12例、Ⅱ型9例、Ⅲ型3例、Ⅳ型5例，不同分型PA/IVS的RV/LV、TVID/CCL、TV/MV、TV-Z等参数存在明显差别。3例合并冠状动脉异常，其中1例右心室心肌内异常血流信号穿行（Ⅳ型），2例合并冠状动脉-右心室交通（Ⅲ型1例，Ⅳ型1例），这3例考虑合并RVDCC。 结论超声心动图对胎儿PA/IVS的产前诊断、分型及预后评估具有重要价值；产前超声心动图多指标联合应用有助于PA/IVS的准确评估，可为产后治疗提供可靠依据。     

超声心动图在微创外科室间隔缺损封堵治疗中的应用价值

目的 探讨超声心动图在微创外科室间隔缺损（VSD）封堵治疗中的应用价值.方法 经胸超声心动图（TTE）筛选拟行微创外科VSD封堵治疗患者169例,术中经食管超声心动图（TEE）再次评估,对具备封堵条件者进行实时引导和监控.术后3～5 d及3、6、12个月 TTE随访.结果 术中TEE评估对15例不适宜封堵者直接改行VSD修补术.行微创封堵术154例,成功137例,成功率88.9%;封堵失败改行VSD修补术17例.术中即刻观察10例有微量残余分流,3例主动脉瓣有微量反流,7例三尖瓣反流较术前减轻或消失,11例三尖瓣出现少量反流.术后TTE随访封堵器无移位,4例残余分流消失,1例三尖瓣反流较术前略有加重,左心室重构改善.结论 超声心动图在微创外科VSD封堵的术前诊断、术中监控及术后效果评价中均发挥了重要作用.     

孕11～14周胎儿三尖瓣频谱测量与分析

目的 探讨胎儿早孕期检测三尖瓣频谱的临床价值和方法.方法 对孕11～14周胎儿进行超声检查,测量头臀长、颈部透明层、三尖瓣频谱等,并观察胎儿头颅、躯干、四肢等结构以发现严重胎儿畸形.对所有胎儿进行孕期超声检查、唐氏综合征筛查,可疑者进一步行染色体检查,并随访至出生后6个月.结果 共检查早孕期胎儿262例,其中249例成功获得三尖瓣频谱,检查成功率95%.发现三尖瓣反流胎儿9例,其中2例为21-三体,3例为严重心脏结构异常,1例合并脐疝,2例胎死宫内,1例染色体正常者随访至生后8个月未发现异常.结论 早孕期胎儿三尖瓣频谱测量简易可行,三尖瓣反流是胎儿染色体异常、严重心脏结构异常及不良预后的有效预测指标.

Abstract：

Objective To investigate the clinical value and method of fetal tricuspid regurgitation in the first trimester.Methods Fetuses were performed ultrasonography at 11 to 14 gestational weeks,measuring crown rump length,nuchal translucency and acquiring tricuspid waveform.All the fetuses were followed up until 6 months after birth,including prenatal ultrasound examination,maternal serum biochemistry and karyotype test.Results A total of 262 fetuses were performed ultrasonography in the first trimester,the tricuspid waveform were acquired successfully in 249 (95%).Nine cases with tricuspid regurgitation were detected,including 3 cases of trisomy 21,3 cases with complex heart defects,one case with omphalocele,two resulted in intrauterine death and one case of normal chromosome and phenotype.Conclusions Tricuspid waveform is relatively easier to examine and assessment.Tricuspid regurgitation is a useful first-trimester ultrasound marker for the detection of chromosomal abnormalities,cardiac defects,and adverse pregnancy outcome.     

彩色多普勒超声心动图评价胎儿肿瘤与充血性心衰

目的应用多普勒超声心动图探讨胎儿肿瘤与充血性心衰（CHF）的病变机制及其相关性。方法对我院诊断的21例胎儿肿瘤行胎儿产科常规和胎儿超声心动图检查及心功能检测。结果21例胎儿肿瘤中心脏肿瘤12例;颈部水囊瘤4例;肺囊腺瘤2例;骶尾部畸胎瘤2例;肝脏肿瘤1例。其中8例出现胎儿水肿,同时出现心脏肥厚扩大,表现为心胸面积比增大,以及心房、心室的不对称增大或心肌肥厚,心室缩短率（FS）及心输出量（CCO）降低（P〈0．001）,伴中至重度二、三尖瓣反流;其中3例出现肺动脉瓣反流;3例出现脐静脉搏动性血流,腔静脉内径增宽及血流频谱改变。结论应用彩色多普勒超声心动图诊断胎儿肿瘤,可探讨与CHF的相关因素。通过主动脉和肺动脉输出量（CO）的总和CCO可无创获得心输出量的指标及计算聆以达到量化胎儿心功能的目的,并可评价心内及外周血流动力学变化。     

自体心包重建隔瓣在三尖瓣下移瓣膜成形术中的应用

目的 报告在三尖瓣下移瓣膜成形术中应用自体心包重建隔瓣的方法和疗效。方法 对15例超声心动图示三尖瓣中～重反流合并隔瓣发育不良的三尖瓣下移畸形的患者，应用自体心包重建发育不良的瓣叶，同时环缩扩大的瓣环及折叠房化心室，并修补合并的房间隔缺损或卵圆孔未闭。结果 15例患者无手术死亡，出院前超声检查显示三尖瓣无或少量反流。随访2个月至50个月，复查超声显示无反流9例，少量反流5例，中－重度反流1例, 心功能I级6例，心功能II级8例，心功能III级1例。结论 在三尖瓣下移瓣膜成形术中应用自体心包重建隔瓣可以获得满意的早期和中期疗效。     

Structural and functional cardiac abnormalities identified prior to 16 weeks' gestation in fetuses with increased nuchal translucency.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the accuracy and practicality of fetal echocardiography in the identification of structural and functional cardiac abnormalities prior to 16 weeks' gestation in fetuses with increased nuchal translucency thickness (NT). METHODS: Between January 1996 and June 2002 early fetal echocardiography using the transvaginal route was performed at 12-16 weeks' gestation on 275 fetuses with increased NT. The abnormal cardiac findings were classified as either structural (congenital heart defects) or functional, defined as transient phenomena which might later disappear, such as isolated tricuspid regurgitation and an enlarged ascending aorta. The abnormal findings were related to pregnancy outcome, including autopsy results, karyotyping results, and late fetal and neonatal echocardiography. RESULTS: Cardiac abnormalities were present in 61 fetuses overall (22.2%); including structural cardiac defects in 37 fetuses (13.5%) and functional abnormalities in 24 fetuses (8.7%). Structural cardiac abnormalities were associated with abnormal karyotype in 24 fetuses and normal karyotype in 13 fetuses. Of the 24 fetuses with functional cardiac abnormalities, 2 (8.3%) had isolated tricuspid regurgitation and 22 (91.7%) had enlarged ascending aorta. Abnormal karyotype was present in this group in 4 cases (16.7%). CONCLUSION: Increased NT can be used to define a high-risk group that should receive specialized early fetal echocardiography. This is a reliable technique with great potential for the diagnosis of both structural and functional cardiac abnormalities.     

胎儿超声心动图诊断埃布斯坦综合征

目的 探讨胎儿超声心动图诊断埃布斯坦综合征及其并发症的价值。方法 2450胎接受胎儿超声心动图检查;对其中的14胎埃布斯坦综合征胎儿的超声心动图进行分析,并与大体病理结果进行对照分析。结果 14胎埃布斯坦综合征胎儿中,超声均显示三尖瓣反流,其中重度11胎(11/14,78.57%);7胎(7/14,50.00%)合并肺动脉瓣狭窄;3胎(3/14,21.43%)肺动脉内径与主动脉内径比>1.1;1胎合并心脏其他畸形;7胎伴胸腔、腹腔及心包积液共。结论 埃布斯坦综合征胎儿易并发重度三尖瓣反流、肺动脉瓣狭窄、肺动脉与主动脉比例变小、胸腔/腹腔/心包积液;胎儿超声心动图对埃布斯坦综合征胎儿的细化诊断是判断预后的重要依据。