颞下颌关节盘前移位对髁状突软骨中纤溶酶原激活剂系统表达的影响

目的研究颞下颌关节盘前移位对关节软骨组织中尿激酶型纤溶酶原激活剂（uPA）系统的影响.方法24只日本大耳白兔在不打开关节囊的情况下建立右侧颞下颌关节盘前移位动物模型,分别于术后4、1、2、4、8d和12周各处死4只动物.常规HE染色观察髁突软骨的形态学变化,并以原位杂交法检测髁突软骨细胞中uPA和纤溶酶原激活剂抑制剂-1（PAI-1）的基因表达变化.结果术后髁突受力区出现一过性的软骨变薄、各层排列紊乱等病理变化.uPA和PAI-1基因转录水平在术后即开始上调,至2周时达到最高水平,至12周时基本恢复至正常水平,与髁突软骨的适应性改建相一致.结论颞下颌关节盘前移位后,关节软骨内uPA系统的变化与关节软骨的适应性改建密切相关.     

关节盘移位对颞下颌关节内应力分布的影响

目的 通过对不同关节盘移位的数值模拟,探究各种移位情况下颞下颌关节（temporomandibular joint,TMJ）内各结构的应力分布规律。方法 依据CT图像,建立包含下颌骨、全牙列、关节盘和关节软骨的正常TMJ三维有限元模型;参考关节盘前、后、外、内移位的临床特征,建立对应的4个模型。关节盘与关节软骨间考虑接触,用缆索元模拟下颌韧带和关节盘附着,施加正中咬合荷载。结果 前移位将导致关节盘中带产生过高的压应力,达到3.23 MPa;后、内、外移位时关节盘的整体应力水平比前移位和正常TMJ高;各种移位都使关节结节后斜面的应力值大幅度增加,但对髁突关节面的影响却不大。结论 各种移位都将导致关节盘和关节结节后斜面产生过高的应力,且后、内、外移位更为危险,更容易造成关节结构和功能的损伤。     

计算机辅助三维重建下的颞下颌关节形态发生

目的:观察颞下颌关节的形态发生,初探形态变化与组织分化的联系.方法:光镜下观察并描记胎儿期颞下颌关节窝、关节盘、髁状突及Meckel软骨组织学图像,PC机行三维重建.结果:颞骨关节面从中线向侧方逐渐沉积,覆盖原始髁突始基;软骨始基的下后缘改建迅速,稍后软骨中血管长入,并常与其上方颞骨软骨内成骨同时出现;骨化区初现于Meckel软骨下缘开始扭曲处.结论:胎儿期颞下颌关节各部分外形不断改变,与组织分化关系密切.     

颞下颌关节三维动态磁共振成像研究及生物力学分析

目的通过在多层面二维动态MR成像上获取颞下颌关节组织的运动数据,构建颞下颌关节的三维动态模型,并进行初步生物力学分析。方法 MRI检查采用GE Signa 1.5T TwinSpeed超导型磁共振扫描仪。选取2例无症状男性志愿者行颞下颌关节MRI检查,将图像数据导入Mimics软件,构建颞下颌关节的三维模型,动态分析张口幅度和关节盘横径的量化关系。结果建立的颞下颌关节三维动态模型清晰显示三维动态盘髁关系及关节盘在动态过程中的形态变化;志愿者1张口/关节盘横径拟合直线为:y=-0.03x+14.44,相关系数R2=0.591,志愿者2相关拟合直线为:y=-0.061x+13.48,相关系数R2=0.306,志愿者张口位置与关节盘横径变化具有直线趋势,关节盘横径随着张口幅度的加大而呈现减小的趋势,颞下颌关节盘对于髁突的包绕程度与张口幅度呈反比。颞下颌关节盘纵径厚度在张口活动中后带外份及中带内份的变化幅度最大。结论通过颞下颌关节二维动态MR成像数据可构建三维动态模型立体动态地观察颞下颌关节运动,可直观、准确显示颞下颌关节盘髁关系,可作为颞下颌关节二维静态MR成像的有益补充,弥补常规MRI检查的局限。     

无症状颞下颌关节盘前移位个体的动态磁共振及髁突运动轨迹特点

目的 颞下颌关节盘早期的前移位临床上可无弹响症状,了解无症状颞下颌关节盘的早期移位个体的髁突运动中心轨迹特点,将有助于早期发现隐匿性颞下颌关节结构内紊乱疾病。 方法 动态磁共振(Cine-MRI) 和ARCUSdigma系统检查30例无症状个体开闭口过程中髁状突-关节盘运动特点和下颌运动范围。 结果 Cine-MRI显示30例无症状人群中,20例健康颞下颌关节、10例单侧可复性关节盘前移位,闭口位关节盘本体部仍呈双凹形、盘后区均有轻度增厚和前移位,盘-突关系在小开口（<2 cm）期恢复正常;无症状可复性关节盘的运动中心轨迹出现弹跳切迹和偏摆,光滑性、重复性及双侧运动中心轨迹的对称性不及健康人,但是切点运动轨迹平滑,与健康人的切点运动轨迹基本一致;运动轴在髁突轨迹弹跳时出现偏斜,然后保持平行,呈现开闭口初、末时密度比开闭口中时大;髁突运动中心运动距离（13.6±3.7）mm,下颌切点运动距离（40.5±3.4）mm。 结论 髁突运动轨迹能间接反映髁突-关节盘复合体在开闭口运动中的位置变化,为下一步临床使用下颌运动轨迹仪作为早期关节盘移位的诊断提供一定的理论参考。     

颞下颌关节的断层影像解剖学研究

目的：为颞下颌关节疾病的诊疗提供解剖学基础。方法：选用成人尸体头颈部标本15例，分别制成冠状、矢状、横断层标本。在经颞下颌关节层面上，观察颞下颌关节及其周围结构的解剖学关系，用游标卡尺测量关节盘的厚度。结果：冠状、矢状和横断层解剖可分别显示颞下颌关节的位置、毗邻关系及结构特点，冠状解剖可确定关节盘的位置，矢状解剖有利于关节脱位的诊断。关节盘最厚处4．02mm，最薄处1．32mm。结论：颞下颌关节的断层影像解剖对颞下颌关节疾病的影像诊断和内窥镜治疗具有重要的指导作用。     

医用臭氧可缓解颞下颌关节骨关节炎的疼痛

背景:颞下颌关节骨关节炎引起的疼痛严重影响了患者的生活质量及心理健康。研究发现医用臭氧能有效缓解颞下颌关节骨关节炎疼痛,但对其镇痛作用及机制尚不清楚。目的:探讨医用臭氧对颞下颌关节骨关节炎疼痛的作用及可能机制。方法:采用随机数字表法将24只SD大鼠分成4组,每组6只,除对照组外,模型组、空气组、医用臭氧组通过关节内注射碘乙酸钠的方法建立颞下颌关节骨关节炎模型,造模1周后,空气组、医用臭氧组大鼠颞下颌关节内分别注射洁净空气、医用臭氧,1次/周,共3次。造模前及造模后28 d内,采用Von Frey机械疼痛测量技术衡量大鼠颞下颌关节机械痛阈值;造模后28 d取材,应用ELISA法检测血清和颞下颌关节液中白细胞介素1β水平,苏木精-伊红染色观察颞下颌关节软骨组织病理学变化,免疫组化染色分析颞下颌关节内缺氧诱导因子1α、环氧合酶2表达水平。结果与结论:①与对照组相比,模型组大鼠造模后1,3,7,14,21,28 d的颞下颌关节机械痛阈值降低(P<0.01);与模型组、空气组相比,医用臭氧组大鼠造模后28 d的颞下颌关节机械痛阈值升高(P<0.01);②与对照组相比,模型组大鼠血清与关节液中的白细胞介素1β质量浓度升高(P<0.01);与模型组、空气组相比,医用臭氧组大鼠血清与关节液中的白细胞介素1β质量浓度降低(P<0.01);③苏木精-伊红染色显示模型组和空气组软骨结构紊乱,呈退行性改变;医用臭氧组软骨结构紊乱程度轻于模型组、空气组;④免疫组化染色显示,与对照组相比,模型组大鼠颞下颌关节内缺氧诱导因子1α、环氧合酶2表达升高(P<0.01);与模型组、空气组相比,医用臭氧组大鼠颞下颌关节内缺氧诱导因子1α、环氧合酶2表达降低(P<0.01,P<0.05)。结果表明,医用臭氧可通过减少关节内缺氧诱导因子1α、白细胞介素1β和环氧合酶2表达来缓解SD大鼠颞下颌关节骨关节炎引起的疼痛。     

正畸减数患者后牙前移对颞下颌关节应力影响的三维有限元分析

背景：颞下颌关节紊乱病与颞下颌关节内有高应力密切相关。减数拔牙后伴随着磨牙位置的改变,建立新的咬合关系往往会导致颞下颌关节内应力环境发生改变。目的：在牙尖交错位时,利用三维有限元模型分析正畸减数拔牙后不同程度磨牙前移下颞下颌关节的应力分布。方法：选择在山东青岛市市立医院口腔正畸科就诊的正常牙合患者1例,收集其锥形束CT和MRI数据,分别建立减数前、减数后上下磨牙前移1/3拔牙间隙(拔除4颗第二前磨牙)及减数后上下磨牙前移2/3拔牙间隙(拔除4颗第二前磨牙)的有限元模型,通过建模软件分析牙尖交错位时颞下颌关节各部位的应力分布。结果与结论：(1)减数前后模型中髁突、关节盘、骨关节窝的受力分布基本一致,髁突的应力主要分布于髁突的前部及顶部,关节盘的应力主要分布于关节盘的中带及外侧,颞骨关节窝的应力主要集中分布在关节窝的前部及顶部。与减数前相比,减数后模型中髁突、关节盘及关节窝的等效应力值减小;正畸减数拔牙后,上下磨牙前移1/3拔牙间隙模型中髁突及关节盘的等效应力值小于上下磨牙前移2/3拔牙间隙模型。(2)从生物力学角度上讲,正畸减数拔牙可以降低颞下颌关节的应力,进而提供良好的生物力学环境。     

低强度脉冲超声对兔下颌骨骨折愈合中OPG/OPGL及COX-2表达的影响

目的通过观察低强度脉冲超声（low intensity pulsed ultrasound,LIPUS）治疗新西兰大白兔下颌骨骨折后骨保护素（osteoprotegerin,OPG）、骨保护素配体（osteoprotegerin ligand,OPGL）、环氧合酶-2（cyclooxygenase-2,COX-2）蛋白及mRNA的动态变化,探讨LIPUS促进骨折愈合的作用机制。结论健康雄性新西兰大白兔84只,随机分为对照组（42只）和实验组（42只）,建立下颌骨骨折模型,用LIPUS治疗,分别于术后1、3、14、21、28、56d各取相同例数动物（n=6）处死取样。采用免疫组织化学、RT-PCR技术检测OPG、OPGL、COX-2蛋白及mRNA动态变化。结果 LIPUS治疗兔下颌骨骨折后,OPG、OPGL、COX-2蛋白浓度和mRNA及OPGL/OPG比值在不同时间点均有不同程度上调（P〈0.05）,但各指标上调幅度最大（P〈0.01）的时间点不同,且上调幅度无相关性,只有OPG的上调幅度与OPGL比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论 LIPUS能促进兔下颌骨骨折部位OPG、OPGL、COX-2的表达,从而促进骨折愈合。     

代谢型谷氨酸受体5拮抗剂(MPEP)在大鼠颞下颌关节疼痛中的作用和可能机制

目的探讨应用代谢型谷氨酸受体5拮抗剂(MPEP)后,福尔马林致颞下颌关节疼痛大鼠三叉神经节内降钙素基因相关肽(CGRP)的表达变化,为临床颞下颌关节疼痛治疗提供实验依据。方法 SD大鼠36只,随机均分为4组,正常对照组(不做任何处理),阴性对照组(右侧颞下颌关节内注射50μl生理盐水),甲醛组(右侧颞下颌关节内注射50μl5%formalin),MPEP(2-甲基-6苯基乙炔嘧啶)组[25μlMPEP(5mmol/L)+50μl5%formalin]。将5%甲醛注入右侧颞下颌关节腔内,诱导大鼠颞下颌关节疼痛。计数各组大鼠60min内伤害性行为反应(包括刮擦头面部及缩头)。并利用免疫组织化学方法检测三叉神经节内CGRP的蛋白定位与表达。结果甲醛组大鼠搔刮头面部及缩头反应持续时间明显高于正常对照组及阴性对照组(P<0.05),MPEP组搔刮头面部及缩头等伤害性行为反应明显低于甲醛组(P<0.05)。免疫组化结果显示甲醛组、MPEP组三叉神经节内CGRP免疫反应阳性物质与正常对照组比较显著增加(P<0.05),生理盐水组与正常组比较无统计学差异(P>0.05),MPEP组与甲醛组比较CGRP免疫反应阳性物质明显降低(P<0.05)。结论代谢型谷氨酸受体5拮抗剂减轻福尔马林引起的大鼠颞下颌关节疼痛可能与其下调三叉神经节内CGRP的表达水平相关。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.     

Der Einfluß von Nahrungsmitteln und Rauchen auf die klinisch-chemische Diagnostik von Phäochromozytom,Neuroblastom und Karzinoid-Syndrom

Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von verschiedenen Nahrungsmitteln auf Methoden zur Bestimmung von Adrenalin (AD), Noradrenalin (NA), Vanillinmandelsäure (VMS), Metanephrinen (MN), Homovanillinsäure (HVS) und 5-Hydroxyindolessigsäure (5-HIE) im 24 h-Harn zur Diagnose des Phäochromozytoms bzw. Karzinoid-Syndroms wurde untersucht. Die in die Untersuchung einbezogenen Nahrungsmittel waren: Tee, Kaffee, Mandeln, Ananas, Käse, Walnüsse, Vanillepudding, Bananen, Tomaten und Milchschokolade. Außerdem wurde der Einfluß des Zigarettenrauchens auf die Bestimmung von AD, NA, VMS und MN untersucht.Walnüsse führten zu einer starken Erhöhung der 5-HIE-Ausscheidung. Bananen erhöhten die Ausscheidung von AD, NA, VMS, MN und 5-HIE. Kaffee und Ananas bewirkten eine geringe Zunahme der MN-Werte. Rauchen von 20–30 Zigaretten/Tag beeinflußte keine der vier Variablen.Wenn die beschriebenen Methoden benutzt werden, sollte lediglich auf den Verzehr von Bananen und Walnüssen vor und während der Harnsammelperioden verzichtet werden, da die oberen Normgrenzen im Harn überschritten werden könnten. Ein Verzicht auf Kaffee und Ananas in normalen Mengen ist nicht erforderlich. Es besteht kein Anlaß, weiterhin die bisherigen umfangreichen Restriktionen der übrigen Nahrungsmittel beizubehalten.