四氢吡咯二硫代氨基甲酯联合应用盐酸四环素对抗全氟异丁烯吸入性急性肺损伤

目的观察四氢吡咯二硫代氨基甲酯（pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate,PDTC）与盐酸四环素（tetracycline hydroehloride,Tet）联用和单用对抗全氟异丁烯（perfluoroisobutylene,PFIB）吸入性急性肺损伤的效果差异,为进一步提高疗效,尽可能从多环节干预策略上提供组方依据。方法采用小鼠动态吸入PFIB周身暴露染毒装置对实验小鼠进行染毒,观察了PDTC与Tet联用对PFIB染毒小鼠的存活率、肺系数以及支气管肺灌洗液中蛋白含量的变化情况。结果PDTC预防和Tet治疗单独应用以及二者联用均可以显著性降低各项肺系数、减少支气管肺灌洗液中蛋白质的含量以及PFIB染毒小鼠的死亡率,尤以二者联用效果为佳。结论对PFIB吸入性肺损伤PDTC具有预防性保护作用,盐酸四环素具有预防性保护和早期治疗作用,两者联用可以取得较好的疗效。     

盐酸四环素对全氟异丁烯吸入性肺损伤的防治效果研究

目的　通过观察盐酸四环素(tetracycline hydrochloride, TET)对抗小鼠全氟异丁烯(perfluoroisobutylene, PFIB)吸入性急性肺损伤(acute lung injury, ALI)的防治效果,为寻找防治PFIB中毒的有效药物提供理论根据。方法　采用小鼠动态吸入PFIB周身暴露染毒装置对实验小鼠进行染毒,观察了TET给药组与中毒对照组小鼠的存活率、病理组织学改变、肺系数以及支气管肺灌洗液(bronchoalveolar lavage fluid,BALF)中蛋白含量。结果　染毒前20 min和染毒后60 min腹腔注射TET(40 mg/kg)能显著提高PFIB中毒小鼠的存活率;明显减轻各项肺系数,显著减少BALF中蛋白含量;在组织病理学观察中发现,TET预防和治疗均可以减轻PFIB染毒小鼠的肺损伤,减少了肺泡腔内液体渗出,减轻了肺间质瘀血水肿的程度。结论　TET对小鼠PFIB吸入性肺损伤具有预防和早期治疗作用,其作用机制有待进一步深入研究。     

化学修饰的四环素对全氟异丁烯吸入性急性肺损伤的防治效果

目的观察化学修饰的四环素（米诺环素、多西环素）对全氟异丁烯（perfluoroisobutylene,PFIB）吸入性急性肺损伤的防治效果。方法采用小鼠动态吸入PFIB周身暴露染毒装置对实验小鼠进行染毒,观察了化学修饰的四环素（chemical modified tetracyclines,CMTs）给药组与中毒对照组小鼠的肺系数以及支气管肺灌洗液（bronchoalveo larlavage fluid,BALF）中蛋白质含量的变化情况。结果米诺环素预防可以显著性地降低各项肺系数以及减少BALF中蛋白质的含量;多西环素预防可以显著性地减少BALF中蛋白质的含量,多西环素治疗可以显著性地降低湿肺体比和干肺体比。结论CMTs药物米诺环素对PFIB吸入性急性肺损伤具有预防作用,而多西环素对PFIB吸入性急性肺损伤具有较弱的预防和治疗作用。     

四氢吡咯二硫代氨基甲酯对全氟异丁烯吸入性肺损伤的防治效果

目的通过观察四氢吡咯二硫代氨基甲酯(pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate,PDTC)对抗小鼠全氟异丁烯(perfluoroisobutylene,PFIB)吸入性急性肺损伤(acute lung injury,ALI)的防治效果,为寻找防治PFIB中毒的有效药物提供理论根据.方法采用小鼠动态吸入PFIB全身暴露染毒装置对实验小鼠进行染毒,观察了PDTC给药组与对照组小鼠的存活率、肺系数和支气管肺灌洗液(bronchoalveolar lavage fluid,BALF)中蛋白含量的变化情况.结果染毒前30 min给PDTC(120 mg/kg)能显著提高PFIB[(0.170±0.005)mg/L]中毒小鼠的存活率,明显降低肺系数;染毒前60min,30 min,15 min给PDTC(120mg/kg)均能显著地减少BALF中蛋白含量;染毒前30 min给PDTC对抑制BALF中蛋白漏出具有剂量依赖关系.染毒后10 h给药(120 mg/kg)能显著性地增加BALF中总蛋白含量.结论PDTC对小鼠PFIB吸入性肺损伤具有预防作用,但PDTC治疗时间延迟能加重肺损伤,其作用机理尚待进一步研究.     

NF-κB活化在四氢吡咯二硫代氨基甲酯对抗全氟异丁烯吸入性肺损伤中的预防作用

目的研究四氢吡咯二硫代氨基甲酯(pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate,PDTC)对抗小鼠全氟异丁烯(perfluoroisobutylene,PFIB)吸入性急性肺损伤(acute lung injury,ALI)的预防作用机制.方法采用小鼠动态吸入PFIB周身暴露染毒装置对实验小鼠进行染毒,应用电泳泳动分析法(electrophoretic mobility shift assays,EMSA)检测肺组织核因子-kappaB(nuclear factor-kappaB,NF-κB)的表达情况;采用RIA检测血清中IL-1β、IL-8的含量变化.结果 PFIB吸入染毒后,肺组织内NF-κB的表达明显高于正常组,染毒前30 min PDTC(120 mg/kg)预防可以显著抑制NF-κB的表达;小鼠血清中IL-1β、IL-8的含量在PFIB染毒后显著升高,染毒前30 min PDTC(120 mg/kg)预防可以显著地抑制这种升高.结论 PDTC对小鼠PFIB吸入性肺损伤具有预防作用可能是基于其对NF-κB的抑制,进而抑制前炎症细胞因子IL-1β、IL-8等的过度表达,从而抑制了过度炎症的进一步发展.     

NF-kB活化在四氢吡咯二硫代氨基甲酯对抗全氟异丁烯吸入性肺损伤中的预防作用

目的 研究四氢吡咯二硫代氨基甲酯(pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate，PDTC)对抗小鼠全氟异丁烯(pertluo-roisobutylene，PFIB)吸入性急性肺损伤(acute lung injury，ALI)的预防作用机制。方法 采用小鼠动态吸入PFIB周身暴露染毒装置对实验小鼠进行染毒，应用电泳泳动分析法(electrophoretic mobility shift assays，EMSA)检测肺组织核因子-kappaB(nuclear factor-kappa B，NF-kB)的表达情况；采用RIA检测血清中Ⅱ，1β、IL-8的含量变化。结果 PFIB吸入染毒后，肺组织内NF-kB的表达明显高于正常组，染毒前30min PDTC(120mg／kg)预防可以显著抑制NF-kB的表达；小鼠血清中IL-1β、IL-8的含量在PFIB染毒后显著升高，染毒前30min PDTC(120mg／kg)预防可以显著地抑制这种升高。结论 PDTC对小鼠PFIB吸入性肺损伤具有预防作用可能是基于其对NF-kB的抑制，进而抑制前炎症细胞因子IL-1β，IL-8等的过度表达，从而抑制了过度炎症的进一步发展。     

抑制肺泡巨噬细胞对全氟异丁烯致急性肺损伤的影响

目的初步探讨肺泡巨噬细胞(AM)在全氟异丁烯(PFIB)急性吸入性肺损伤中的作用。方法248只雄性KM小鼠,随机分为对照、氯化钆(GdC l3)、PFIB和GdC l3/PFIB 4组。其中PFIB与GdC l3/PFIB组行全身暴露动态吸入PFIB染毒(染毒剂量为130 mg/m3×5 m in),对照与GdC l3组行过滤空气暴露;GdC l3与GdC l3/PFIB组在染毒前48 h及24 h各静脉注射(iv)1次GdC l3(10μg/g)以抑制AM功能,对照与PFIB组iv等剂量生理氯化钠。分别在染毒结束后8、12、24、48和72 h,测定支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中总蛋白含量及肺湿/干重比;染毒后24 h行组织及超微病理检查;并观察在190 mg/m3×5 m in染毒剂量下小鼠7 d内的死亡率。结果预先抑制AM功能可显著降低PFIB染毒小鼠死亡率,改善PFIB所致的肺组织及超微病理改变;在染毒后8、12和24 h,可显著降低BALF中总蛋白含量,明显降低肺湿/干重比。结论AM在介导PFIB所致急性肺损伤过程中发挥了重要作用,其内在机制有待进一步探讨。     

肺表面活性物质对全氟异丁烯吸入性肺损伤的预防效果

目的　通过观察外源性肺表面活性物质 (pulmonarysurfactant,PS)对小鼠全氟异丁烯 (perfluoroisobutylene ,PFIB)吸入性肺损伤的防护效果 ,以期寻找预防PFIB中毒的有效药物。方法　小鼠PFIB染毒前 2h经气管给予不同剂量的PS制剂 (含二棕榈酰磷脂酰胆碱 ,dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine ,DPPC)。采用静式全暴露法染毒PFIB 5min ,观察 48h内给药组与对照组小鼠的活存率、肺含水量和支气管肺泡灌洗液 (bronchoalveolarlavagefluid ,BALF)中蛋白含量。结果　预防给予 3个剂量的PS制剂 (DPPC 2 5mg/kg、 5 0mg/kg和 10 0mg/kg)均能显著提高PFIB中毒小鼠的存活率 (P <0 0 1) ;DPPC 5 0mg/kg剂量组 ,在中毒后 16h和 2 4h小鼠肺含水量明显低于生理盐水对照组 (P <0 0 5 ) ,在中毒后 16hBALF中总蛋白和白蛋白的含量显著低于生理盐水对照组 (P <0 0 1)。结论　外源性PS对小鼠PFIB吸入性肺损伤具有一定的预防作用     

氯磷定对小鼠全氟异丁烯中毒的防治作用

目的为了寻找全氟异丁烯(PFIB)致急性肺损伤的防治药物。方法用气相色谱测定PFIB染毒浓度及氯磷定与PFIB的化学反应转化率。小鼠吸入PFIB染毒24h后,观察小鼠用氯磷定治疗后肺重量系数的变化,测定小鼠肺灌洗液(BALF)中总蛋白含量。结果用氯磷定预防给药组动物的肺重量系数及BALF中总蛋白含量显著降低,同时,中毒动物的存活率也明显提高。用气相色谱测定的氯磷定与PFIB的化学反应转化率为64·8%,说明PFIB比较容易与肟基离子结合。以上结果说明,氯磷定可降低PFIB的毒性,氯磷定对PFIB致急性肺损伤的防治作用很可能与它的化学亲核反应有关。结论氯磷定抑制了PFIB中毒小鼠肺组织的蛋白漏出,降低了中毒动物的肺重量系数和提高了存活率。氯磷定对PFIB中毒具有一定预防抗毒效果。     

基质金属蛋白酶-2和基质金属蛋白酶-9在全氟异丁烯吸入性肺损伤中的作用

目的阐明全氟异丁烯(perfluoroisobutylene,PFIB)吸入暴露致大鼠急性肺损伤形成过程中肺组织内基质金属蛋白酶-2(matrix metalloproteinase 2,MMP-2)和基质金属蛋白酶-9(MMP-9)的变化规律,评价分析盐酸四环素(tetracycline hydrochloride,TET)对大鼠PFIB吸入性急性肺损伤(acute lung injury,ALI)的治疗作用及其作用机制,为临床防治化学源性肺损伤提供参考。方法自制大鼠全身暴露动态吸入染毒系统构建大鼠PFIB吸入性ALI模型。在PFIB暴露前后不同时间采集支气管肺泡灌洗液(bronchoalveolar lavage fluid,BALF)和组织样品,测定肺系数、BALF中蛋白质和磷脂,并采用酶谱分析检测BALF和肺组织中MMP-2和MMP-9活性。结果亚致死剂量PFIB吸入暴露可诱导形成典型的ALI。在正常大鼠肺组织中MMP-2和MMP-9活性极低,在BALF中几乎检测不到MMP-9。在亚致死剂量PFIB染毒组大鼠肺组织和BALF中,MMP-2活性显著性升高,而且其前体pro-MMP-2活性亦出现显著性升高;MMP-9仅观察到升高的趋势性变化,但差异无统计学意义。TET治疗能够显著改善PFIB吸入性急性肺损伤,而且能剂量依赖性的抑制肺组织和BALF中MMP-2活性,高剂量TET治疗可使肺组织中MMP-2活性降低至正常水平;其对pro-MMP-2的结果也相似。结论 pro-MMP-2与MMP-2在PFIB吸入性急性肺损伤大鼠肺组织和BALF中表达水平显著升高,且与ALI的进程高度一致;TET治疗能够显著下调pro-MMP-2与MMP-2的表达,从而减轻肺组织的损伤。提示这些MMPs在吸入PFIB所致ALI的发生过程中可能起着重要作用。     

The prophylactic and therapeutic effects of cholinolytics on perfluoroisobutylene inhalation induced acute lung injury

Perfluoroisobutylene (PFIB) is a kind of fluoro-olefin that is ten times more toxic than phosgene. The mechanisms of the acute lung injury (ALI) induced by PFIB inhalation remain unclear. To find possible pharmacological interventions, mice and rats were exposed to PFIB, and the prophylactic or therapeutic effects of 3-quinuclidinyl benzilate (QNB) and anisodamine were studied and confirmed. It was observed that the wet lung/body weight and the dry lung/body weight ratios at 24 h after PFIB exposure (130 mg/m(3) for 5 min) were significantly decreased when a single dose of QNB (5 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally either 30 min before exposure or 10 h after exposure. Anisodamine was without any prophylactic or therapeutic effects at single doses below 30 mg/kg. The effects of QNB against PFIB inhalation induced ALI were well evidenced by the significantly decreased mice mortality at 72 h, the total protein concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid at 24 h after the PFIB exposure, as well as the ultrastructural observations. The analysis of the time courses of lung sulfhydryl concentration, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and hemorheology assay showed that the toxicity of PFIB may be due to consumption of lung protein sulfhydryl, influx of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) into the lung, and increased peripheral blood viscosity at a low shear rate, all of which were partially blocked by QNB intervention except for PMN influx. The results suggest that cholinolytics might have prophylactic and therapeutic roles in PFIB inhalation induced ALI.     

Suppression of perfluoroisobutylene induced acute lung injury by pretreatment with pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate

Perfluoroisobutylene (PFIB) is produced as a main by-product in large quantities by the fluoropolymer industry. As a highly toxic compound, even the case of brief inhalation of PFIB can result in acute lung injury (ALI), pulmonary edema and even death. To test for any preventive or therapeutic effects of pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), a NF-kappaB activation inhibitor, against PFIB inhalation-induced ALI, mice were exposed in a flow-past exposure system to PFIB and the prophylactic and therapeutic effects of PDTC were studied. The inhibitory effects of PDTC on ALI, the activation of NF-kappaB, as well as the expression of cytokines (IL-1beta and IL-8) after PFIB exposure were evaluated. The results demonstrated that pretreatment with PDTC (120 mg/kg, 30 min before PFIB exposure) could significantly lower the lung coefficient (wet lung-to-body weight ratio, dry lung-to-body weight ratio, water content in the lung, and lung wet-to-dry weight ratio) and protein content in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), but no effects of PDTC were found when PDTC was treated after PFIB inhalation, suggesting a preventative effect rather than a therapeutic effect of PDTC. Furthermore, the above preventative effects of PDTC (when given at 30 min before PFIB exposure) on PFIB-induced lung injury were achieved in a dose-dependent manner. In support of these preventive effects of PDTC, our toxicological studies demonstrated that PFIB-inhalation induced a quick activation of NF-kappaB (0.5 h post PFIB exposure) and expression of IL-1beta and IL-8 (0.5 h and 1 h post PFIB exposure, respectively). Pretreatment with PDTC (120 mg/kg, 30 min before PFIB exposure) resulted in a significant inhibitive effect on the activation of NF-kappaB (0.5 h post PFIB exposure) and expression of IL-1beta and IL-8 (1 h post PFIB exposure). The mortality, the extent of lung injury of the mice indexed by lung coefficients, the content of total protein and albumin in BALF, as well as the lung histopathologic changes, were dramatically alleviated in PFIB exposure after pretreatment with PDTC, clearly suggesting that PDTC has a prophylactic role against PFIB inhalation-induced ALI, and that NF-kappaB activation might play a central role in initiating an acute inflammatory response and in causing injury to the lungs after PFIB inhalation.     

大鼠吸入全氟异丁烯致急性肺损伤形态学改变

目的探讨大鼠吸入PFIB所致急性肺损伤的早期肺脏形态学改变的特点。方法 动态观察大鼠吸入PFIB后24 h、72 h时肺脏在光镜、电镜下的改变。结果在24 h点,肺脏表面充血、淤血明显,触感变硬;光镜（10×10）下可看到肺泡萎陷、水肿、出血、红细胞淤滞;透射电镜下看到Ⅰ、Ⅱ型上皮细胞内细胞器（板层体、线粒体、内质网）及细胞核均出现不同程度的损伤改变;在72 h点,肺表面淤血、肿胀减轻。光镜（10×10）下肺泡萎陷、水肿等较24 h点明显减轻;透射电镜下看到Ⅰ、Ⅱ型上皮细胞内细胞器的损伤程度减轻。结论 在急性肺损伤早期,肺内炎性细胞（中性粒细胞及巨噬细胞）聚集,Ⅰ、Ⅱ型上皮细胞内重要细胞器发生损伤性改变。在肺内存在微循环紊乱。在72 h点巨噬细胞比例明显增加,Ⅰ、Ⅱ型肺泡上皮细胞损伤出现恢复迹象。     

犬全氟异丁烯吸入性急性肺损伤模型的建立

目的 建立全氟异丁烯(perfluoroisobutylene,PFIB)致犬吸入性急性肺损伤(acute lung injury,ALI)模型.方法对麻醉犬进行气管插管、颈动脉插管, 采用气管联接方式吸入中毒,毒气室PFIB浓度0.3 mg/L,吸入30 min.检测中毒犬动脉血气、肺泡灌洗液中总蛋白含量和肺湿/干比的变化.结果中毒犬染毒后12 h动脉血氧分压(PaO2)明显降低;24 h降至52 mmHg;尸检肺部大量渗出、充血、水肿,支气管肺泡灌洗液中总蛋白含量高达1 620 mg/L,湿肺体比、肺湿干比和肺含水量明显升高.结论本模型符合ALI诊断标准,建立了可行的犬PFIB吸入性ALI模型.     

清开灵注射液对小鼠全氟异丁烯吸入性急性肺水肿的治疗作用

目的探讨清开灵注射液对全氟异丁烯(PFIB)吸入性急性肺水肿的治疗作用。方法小鼠以全身暴露动态吸入PFIB方式染毒,剂量为130 mg/m3染毒5 m in。在小鼠PFIB染毒后1 h腹腔注射清开灵注射液,剂量分别为1.75、3.50、7.00、14.00 m l/kg。以染毒小鼠存活率、肺系数、支气管肺泡灌洗液(BALF)中蛋白含量及弹性蛋白酶活力、组织病理学检查等为观测指标,观察清开灵注射液抗PFIB吸入性急性肺水肿作用的量效关系。结果清开灵注射液可显著降低PFIB染毒小鼠的湿(干)肺体比、肺含水量及肺湿/干比,明显降低BALF中的蛋白含量,显著提高PFIB染毒小鼠的存活率,改善染毒小鼠的肺组织病变,且量效关系良好。结论清开灵注射液对PFIB所致肺水肿与炎性渗出具有肯定的抑制作用,并能有效对抗PFIB所致动物死亡。     

Time-related variation of non-protein sulfhydryl concentrations in rat tissues and human blood

Summary The concentration of non-protein sulfhydryl compounds (NPSH) were measured at various times of the day in rat blood, liver, lung, and kidney as well as in human blood. In each of these cases, there was a significant (p < 0.05) 24 h concentration variation. The variation in rat liver non-protein sulfhydryl concentration, with a maximum around the noon-time period and a minimum around midnight, appeared to be related to food intake. Blood, lung, and kidney concentrations were not similarly related to food intake. No simple, linear correlation could be shown between tissue non-protein sulfhydryl concentration among the four rat tissues. Thus, rat blood NPSH does not predict rat tissue NPSH concentrations. In seven normal human volunteers, four males and three females, significant 24 h variations in blood NPSH concentrations were observed.     

犬吸入全氟异丁烯致急性呼吸窘迫综合征模型的建立及损伤机制的初探

目的　建立犬吸入全氟异丁烯 (PFIB)致急性呼吸窘迫综合征 (ARDS)模型 ,动态观察演变过程 ,初步探究其损伤机制。方法　自行设计犬染毒装置 ,控制PFIB浓度在 0 .30～ 0 .32mg L ,摸索合适的染毒时间 ,并动态采集血清标本 ,检测白细胞介素 (IL) 6、IL 8含量 ;观察临床表现和器官病理变化。结果　 (1)染毒过程中PFIB的浓度稳定 ;(2 )染毒后动物血氧分压逐步下降 ,直至ARDS水平 ;(3)犬血清IL 8水平 [(0 .2 3± 0 .0 11)ng ml]较染毒前 [(0 .12± 0 .0 0 2 )ng ml]明显升高 ,差异有显著性 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,而IL 6水平 [(0 .2 3± 0 .0 4 5 )ng ml]未发现明显改变 ,较染毒前 [(0 .2 2± 0 .0 0 6 )ng ml]的差异无显著性 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;(4 )染毒后 6h内犬无异常表现 ,其后症状逐渐出现 ,后期表现为典型的ARDS频速浅快呼吸症状 ;(5 )病理观察发现犬双肺绝大部分有严重充血、水肿和不张 ,其他脏器改变为器官缺氧的表现。结论　 (1)所设计的犬染毒装置实现了染毒可控性 ;(2 )染毒 30min ,犬 2 2h后均达ARDS临床诊断标准 ,模型建立方法成功 ;(3)PFIB特异性损伤肺 ,可引起肺的过度炎症反应。     

DHA对脂多糖致小鼠急性肺损伤保护作用

目的观察二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)预防脂多糖(LPS)性小鼠急性肺损伤(ALI)的效果,探讨其抗氧化作用机制。方法雄性昆明种小鼠经灌胃给予DHA 250、500 mg/kg,连续10 d,然后经腹腔注射6 mg/kg脂多糖建立ALI模型;染毒16 h后,分别对各组动物肺组织进行病理学观察,支气管-肺泡灌洗液(BALF)和肺脏中氧化、抗氧化指标检测。结果脂多糖明显损伤肺组织氧化和抗氧化系统,DHA能明显改善脂多糖导致的肺脏病理学改变;给予250、500 mg/kg的DHA可分别使肺脏髓过氧化酶活性比脂多糖组降低12.2%和27.6%(P<0.05或P<0.01),丙二醛降低12.5%和25.5%(P<0.05或P<0.01);BALF和肺脏中超氧化物歧化酶活性分别升高13.2%和23.0%(P<0.05或P<0.01),19.9%和36.1%(P<0.01);谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性升高20.2%和33.1%(P<0.01);总抗氧化能力升高48.5%和102.4%(P<0.01)。结论 DHA对脂多糖导致的肺组织损伤具有预防作用,可能与其抗氧化功能相关。