噬菌体展示技术构建寻常型天疱疮患者桥粒芯糖蛋白3抗体文库

目的：用噬菌体展示技术构建寻常型天疱疮患者桥粒芯糖蛋白3抗体文库。方法：收集寻常型天疱疮患者外周血,分离淋巴细胞抽提RNA,采和RT－PCR反应以人的抗体特异性HuVHBACK、HuJHFOR和HuVkBACK、HuJkFOR引物扩增抗体重链可变区（VH）和轻链可变区（VL）基因片段,并将其与接头拼接成ScFv片段克隆于大肠杆菌。结果：抗体基因ScFv片段与噬菌体基因III的产物以融合蛋白的形式在噬菌体表面表达,构建了天疱疮患者的重组噬菌体抗体库,ELISA检测证明ScFv基因产物具有抗体活性。结论：天疱疮噬菌体抗体库的构建为天疱疮发病机理、诊断和治疗研究打下了基础。     

ELISA技术检测寻常型天疱疮桥粒芯蛋白3抗体水平研究

目的:评价酶联免疫吸附试验(ELISA)检测抗桥粒芯蛋白(desmoglein,Dsg)3抗体在寻常型天疱疮(PV)诊断中的意义.方法:对来自不同中心的106例PV患者和106例对照人群血清标本编盲后,进行ELISA检测抗Dsg3自身抗体和间接免疫荧光(IIF)法检测血清天疱疮自身抗体.结果:ELISA法检测Dsg3抗体敏感度为77.4%,特异性为94.3%;IIF法检测抗体敏感度为79.2%,特异性为94.3%.两组间的差异无统计学意义.结论:ELISA方法检测Dsg3抗体对于寻常型天疱疮的诊断是一种较好的辅助方法.     

非桥粒芯糖蛋白抗体在寻常型天疱疮中的作用机制

既往发现寻常型天疱疮(pemphigus vulgaris,PV)发病机制与桥粒芯糖蛋白1(desmoglein,Dsg1)和Dsg3抗体有关,目前在PV患者中发现大量非Dsg自身免疫性抗体,包括桥粒胶蛋白1(desmocollin,Dsc1)和Dsc3、斑菲素蛋白1(plakophilin,PKP1)和PKP3、斑珠...     

寻常型天疱疮患者抗原特异性Th细胞的研究

【摘要】 目的 探讨寻常型天疱疮（pemphigus vulgaris,PV ）患者抗原特异性Th1和Th2细胞在不同疾病阶段的变化,进一步了解自身反应性T细胞在疾病中的作用。 方法 收集24例PV患者资料,合成桥粒芯糖蛋白抗原肽段DG3（96 ～ 112）。体外用该肽段分别刺激患者的外周血单一核细胞（PBMC）,用酶联免疫斑点（ELISPOT）方法检测干扰素（IFN）-γ+ Th1细胞和白介素（IL）-4+ Th2细胞的数量,以及记忆性B细胞的数量。用t检验或单因素方差分析（one-way ANOVA）对各组数值进行比较,用Pearson相关系数对Th细胞、记忆性B细胞及抗桥粒芯糖蛋白3（Dsg3）抗体滴度进行相关性分析。 结果 24例PV患者男女比例1.67 ∶ 1,平均年龄（56.59 ± 14.66）岁。5 × 105个PBMC中,PV患者特异性IFN-γ+ Th1细胞绝对数为420.18 ± 350.29,高于健康对照145.12 ± 86.56,差异有统计学意义（P < 0.05）。PV患者特异性IL-4+ Th2的细胞数（366.76 ± 192.44）与健康对照（335.88 ± 164.96）之间差异无统计学意义。PV患者外周血中特异性IL-4+ Th2占总Th2细胞的百分率为37.03% ± 23.44%,特异性IFN-γ+ Th1细胞为23.62% ± 16.77%;7例患者进行了治疗前后的自身对照比较。特异性IL-4+ Th2细胞的数量在治疗后（241.68 ± 160.60）较治疗前（452.82 ± 199.29）明显下降,差异有统计学意义（t = 2.48,P < 0.05）。特异性Th细胞、记忆性B细胞及抗Dsg3抗体滴度之间无统计学相关性（均P > 0.05）。结论 抗原肽段DG3（96 ～ 112）含有被PV患者特异性Th细胞识别的致病性抗原表位;特异性IFN-γ+ Th1细胞和IL-4+ Th2细胞均在疾病中发挥一定的作用;特异性IL-4+ Th2细胞在疾病活动中可能起到了更重要的致病作用。     

CD_4~+T淋巴细胞与寻常型天疱疮相关性研究进展

寻常型天疱疮(PV)是一种危及生命的自身免疫性大疱性皮肤黏膜病,以往认为PV的发生与体液免疫有关,目前认为,除了B细胞的功能异常产生致病性抗体外,T细胞所介导的细胞免疫异常介导了PV患者出现病理性免疫应答。现就CD4+T淋巴细胞在寻常型天疱疮发病中的研究进展作一综述。     

寻常型天疱疮患者的护理体会

寻常型天疱疮是以表皮内棘细胞松解为特点的大疱性皮肤病,好发于中青年,无性别年龄差异,发病机制与自身免疫有关。其病程长,易感染,性质严重,治疗中除早期足量的皮质类固醇激素、免疫抑制剂、支持疗法外,皮损的护理也十分重要,护理不当仍可危及生命。我科收治了1例重症寻常型天疱疮患者,经精心治疗和护理,住院17天,病情好转出院。     

寻常型天疱疮患者合并妊娠八例分析

目的 探讨寻常型天疱疮与妊娠、分娩及对新生儿的影响.方法 收集就诊并随访的8例寻常型天疱疮合并妊娠患者的临床资料.结果 1例妊娠晚期发病;7例为经过治疗的患者,妊娠前皮肤黏膜损害已完全消退,其中6例泼尼松用量＜ 10 mg/d,1例为22.5 mg/d.妊娠结果:1例失访;1例妊娠40余天时行人工流产,病情无波动;6例足月分娩正常体重新生儿,其中1例在妊娠中期病情波动,1例因自行停药分娩后2个月病情复发,其余4例患者病情稳定.新生儿情况:6例新生儿中4例体健,2例出生时有新生儿天疱疮,外用药后痊愈.结论 寻常型天疱疮患者在疾病完全控制、停用免疫抑制剂、糖皮质激素用量较小时可安全妊娠、分娩.新生儿虽然有发生天疱疮的风险,但预后好.     

73例寻常型天疱疮患者预后分析

目的:分析该院经治的寻常型天疱疮(PV)患者治愈用时及其影响因素。方法:回顾性分析该科2002年1月—2013年12月住院确诊且随访资料完整的73例PV患者,采用Kaplan-Meier生存曲线法分析患者治愈用时,Cox比例风险模型分析影响疾病治愈用时的独立危险因素。结果:60个月内获临床治愈的患者占61.9%,84个月内获完全治愈的患者占73.6%。Kaplan-Meier生存曲线法分析提示:按发病年龄、病情严重程度及依从性分组,组间完全治愈用时及临床治愈用时差异具有统计学意义。Cox比例风险模型分析提示:依从性是影响完全治愈用时及临床治愈用时的独立危险因素。结论:影响PV完全治愈及临床治愈的独立危险因素是患者依从性。     

寻常型天疱疮抗原EC1-2表位的致病性

目的：通过寻常型天疱疮新生鼠模型的建立研究寻常型天疱疮抗原（PVA）致病性表位及其相应抗体的致病作用。方法：构建重组PVA细胞外区（EC）1－2片段分子，经亲和层析纯化后，免疫家兔，得到兔抗PVA EC1－2融合蛋白的抗血清，将提纯IgG抗体成分，被动转移到BALB／c新生鼠，15－18h后对新生鼠皮肤，血清进行组织病理，电镜和免疫荧光检查。结果：在对实验组新生鼠的评价中，其组织病理示表皮内水疱形成，棘细胞间棘突消失，棘 层松解；电镜示棘细胞间距离增宽，桥粒分离，溶解，消失，DIF和IIF均示棘细胞间免疫荧光沉积，面对照组小鼠除了IIF示棘细胞间微弱的荧光沉积外，其余检查均正常。结论：通过寻常型天疱疮新生鼠模型的建立，证明PVA分子中EC1－2表位为致病性表位，其相应的抗体为致病性抗体，另外，PVA重组分子的构建，新生鼠模型的建立为天疱疮以及其它自身免疫性疾病的诊断和治疗提供了一个模型 。     

天疱疮患者皮损局部B淋巴细胞及其产生特异性抗体的功能研究

目的 检测寻常型天疱疮患者皮损局部B淋巴细胞及其产生特异性抗体的功能。方法 寻常型天疱疮患者35例,健康对照22例。取健康对照皮肤和寻常型天疱疮患者初发水疱或糜烂皮损组织,分离获得单个核细胞。流式细胞仪检测患者皮损局部淋巴细胞、CD19+ B细胞比例,以及特异性识别桥粒芯糖蛋白1（Dsg1）和Dsg3的CD19+ B淋巴细胞比例。体外培养寻常型天疱疮患者皮损局部淋巴细胞,ELISA法检测培养上清液中抗Dsg1和Dsg3抗体滴度,采用受试者工作特征曲线（ROC）分析阳性率。结果 寻常型天疱疮患者皮损局部淋巴细胞、CD19+ B细胞比例分别为17.95% ± 3.85%、4.27% ± 1.13%,高于健康对照组（7.83% ± 1.29%、0.61% ± 0.31%）,差异有统计学意义（t = 2.49,U = 13.00,均P < 0.05）。天疱疮患者皮损局部CD19+ B淋巴细胞中,表达IgG的细胞比例为（38.33 ± 5.56）%,表面识别Dsg1与Dsg3的细胞比例分别为12.87% ± 1.267%、10.42% ± 1.243%。局部淋巴细胞体外培养6 d后,培养上清液中抗Dsg1与Dsg3抗体滴度分别为（4.89 ± 1.56） U/ml、（35.45 ± 13.03） U/ml,阳性率分别为85%（17/20）和95%（19/20）。 结论 寻常型天疱疮患者皮损局部有可与Dsg1及Dsg3特异性结合的B淋巴细胞聚集,体外培养后可产生特异性抗Dsg1与抗Dsg3自身抗体。     

Mapping of B cell epitopes on desmoglein 3 in pemphigus vulgaris patients by the use of overlapping peptides

Background

Pemphigus vulgaris (PV) is a severe autoimmune blistering disease associated with autoantibodies to desmoglein 3 (Dsg 3), a transmembrane glycoprotein of the cadherin family. Previous studies mainly focused on the mapping of conformational epitopes of Dsg 3 using recombinant fragments of Dsg 3 and competition ELISA.

Objective

Here, we performed a mapping of linear B cell epitopes on Dsg 3 in PV patients by the use of overlapping synthetic peptides.

Methods

A set of 254 overlapping synthetic peptides of 14 amino acids length covering the entire Dsg 3 extracellular domain was generated. Sera of patients with active PV (n = 10) and healthy volunteers (n = 10) were tested for IgG reactivity with the 254 peptides by ELISA. Testing each peptide separately, 7 major antigenic sites were identified. In order to validate these reactivities, 7 corresponding peptides of 13-33 amino acids in length were generated and employed by ELISA. Additional sera of active PV patients (n = 17) and healthy volunteers (n = 20) were tested and the most reactive peptide was used to specifically purify anti-Dsg 3 antibodies from PV sera (n = 3).

Results

The major autoantibody reactivity in PV sera was mapped to amino acids 333-356 within the EC3 domain. Purifying patients IgG using the identified peptide, however, failed to induce acantholysis in keratinocyte dissociation assay.

Conclusion

We conclude that linear epitopes do not play a major pathogenic role in human PV.     

Diagnosis and clinical features of pemphigus vulgaris

Autoimmune bullous diseases are associated with autoimmunity against structural components that maintain cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion in the skin and mucous membranes. They include those where the skin blisters at the basement membrane zone and those where the skin blisters within the epidermis (pemphigus vulgaris, pemphigus foliaceus, and other subtypes of pemphigus). The variants of pemphigus are determined according to the level of intraepidermal split formation. There are 5 main variants of pemphigus: pemphigus vulgaris, pemphigus foliaceus, pemphigus erythematosus, drug-induced pemphigus, and paraneoplastic pemphigus. This review focuses only on pemphigus vulgaris.     

Autoantibodies against desmoglein 2 are not pathogenic in pemphigus

BackgroundAnti-desmoglein 1 and 3 autoantibodies justify acantholysis in pemphigus; however, the pathogenesis of anti-desmoglein 2 is hypothetical.ObjectiveTo compare the participation of desmogleins 1, 2 and 3 through the production of serum autoantibodies, and protein and gene expression in the skin/mucosa of patients with pemphigus foliaceus and pemphigus vulgaris.MethodsThe autoantibodies were titrated by ELISA in 202 samples of pemphigus foliaceus, 131 pemphigus vulgaris, 50 and 57 relatives of patients with pemphigus foliaceus and pemphigus vulgaris, respectively, and 114 controls. Protein and gene expressions were determined by immunohistochemistry and qPCR in the skin/mucosa of 3 patients with pemphigus foliaceus and 3 patients with pemphigus vulgaris.ResultsHigher titers of anti-desmoglein 2 (optical density) resulted in pemphigus foliaceus and pemphigus vulgaris, when compared to controls (0.166; 0.180; 0.102; respectively; p < 0.0001). There was a correlation between anti-desmoglein 2 and anti-desmoglein 1 titers in pemphigus foliaceus (r = 0.1680; p = 0.0206). There was no cross-reaction of anti-desmoglein 2 with desmoglein 1 and 3. Protein overexpression of desmoglein 2 was observed in intact and lesional skin of patients with pemphigus compared to the skin of controls. Internalization granules of desmoglein 1 and 3, but not of desmoglein 2, were observed in lesions of pemphigus foliaceus and pemphigus vulgaris, respectively. Gene overexpression of desmoglein 2 was observed in the mucosa.Study limitationsSmall sample size for the statistical analysis of protein and gene expression.ConclusionAutoantibodies against desmoglein 2 are not pathogenic in pemphigus; protein and gene overexpression of desmoglein 2 in the skin and mucosa may be involved in acantholysis repair.     

寻常型天疱疮抗原Dsg3基因的真核表达

目的 探讨寻常型天疱疮自身抗原Dsg3EC1-EC5在哺乳动物细胞的克隆、表达及纯化,并以重组的Dsg抗原检测寻常型天疱疮患者及正常人血清中的天疱疮抗体.方法 根据基因库中的Dsg3基因序列分析,采用RT-PCR法扩增自身抗原Dsg3EC1-EC5多肽片段的cDNA,定向插入真核表达质粒pcDNA3.1TM/myc-His(-)B中,稳定转染人宫颈癌细胞系表达重组融合蛋白,并经Ni+亲和层析柱纯化.采用蛋白质印迹法鉴定蛋白表达产物.以重组Dsg3EC1-EC5蛋白为抗原用ELISA检测40份寻常型天疱疮患者及40份正常人对照组血清.结果 成功构建真核表达重组体pcDNA3.1TM/myc-His(-)B-Dsg3.纯化的Dsg3EC1-EC5蛋白能够与寻常型天疱疮患者血清中的天疱疮抗体发生反应.ELISA方法检测寻常型天疱疮患者血清,结果显示,天疱疮抗体的阳性率为95%.结论 真核表达的Dsg3EC1-EC5蛋白与寻常型天疱疮患者血清中的抗体发生特异性反应.     

The value of trichoscopy in the differential diagnosis of scalp lesions in pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus

BACKGROUND

Trichoscopy is becoming increasingly popular in diagnosing hair and scalp diseases. Scalp involvement in pemphigus is common. The scalp may be the first or only site of clinical manifestation of the disease.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to analyze whether trichoscopy may be useful in aiding differential diagnosis of scalp lesions in patients with pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus.

METHODS

Trichoscopy was performed in 19 patients with scalp lesions in the course of pemphigus (9 patients with pemphigus vulgaris and 10 with pemphigus foliaceus). In all patients, the diagnosis of scalp pemphigus was confirmed by histopathology. The working magnification was 20-fold and 70-fold.

RESULTS

The most frequently observed trichoscopy features of pemphigus lesions were: extravasations (18/19; 94.7%) and yellow hemorrhagic crusts (11/19; 57.9%). Yellow dots with whitish halo were observed in 6/19 (31.6%) patients with pemphigus. White polygonal structures were observed in pemphigus foliaceus (6/10; 60%), but not in pemphigus vulgaris. Vascular abnormalities were more frequent in pemphigus vulgaris, when compared to pemphigus foliaceus, and were associated with a severe course of disease. Linear serpentine vessels were the most frequent vascular abnormality in patients with pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus (77.8% and 30%, respectively).

CONCLUSION

Trichoscopy may serve as a useful supplementary method in the differential diagnosis of pemphigus, especially in cases of desquamative or exudative lesions limited to the scalp. Extravasations, yellow hemorrhagic crusts, yellow dots with whitish halo, white polygonal structures and linear serpentine vessels are trichoscopy features which may suggest the diagnosis of pemphigus.     

Intraperitoneal injection of pemphigus vulgaris-IgG into mouse depletes epidermal keratinocytes of desmoglein 3 associated with generation of acantholysis

Pemphigus vulgaris is an autoimmune blistering disease caused by antibodies against desmoglein (Dsg) 3. We previously reported that pemphigus vulgaris (PV)-IgG caused the formation of Dsg3-depleted desmosomes in normal human cultured keratinocytes and DJM-1, a human squamous cell carcinoma cell line. In the present study, we injected PV-IgG and normal human IgG into neonatal mice and examined the quantities of Dsg3 in the mouse skin. We showed that injection of PV-IgG into neonatal mice caused suprabasal blister formation and approximately 30% reduction of Dsg3 in mouse epidermal keratinocytes, compared to mice injected with normal human IgG. In addition, we showed that the quantity of Dsg3 in the skin of patients with PV did decrease, as compared to that in healthy volunteers. Our data suggests the reduction of Dsg3 might be relevant to blister formation. These results also suggest that even a partial depletion of Dsg3 may contribute to blistering in PV patients.     

桥粒芯蛋白1酶联免疫吸附试验检测落叶型天疱疮血清抗体的评价

目的 探讨桥粒芯蛋白1（Dsg1）酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）检测落叶型天疱疮（PF）血清学抗体的意义。方法 将80例PF患者和132例对照人群的血清标本进行编盲,用ELISA法检测所有标本中抗Dsg1自身抗体,同时应用间接免疫荧光（IIF）法检测所有标本的抗体滴度,操作过程为随机检测,最后将两方法的结果进行比较。结果 75例PF患者和5例对照人群（包括1例不确定值,大疱性类天疱疮、SLE、皮肌炎、湿疹及健康者各1例）Dsg1 ELISA为阳性,71例PF患者和0例对照人群IIF为阳性。Dsg1 ELISA的敏感性为93.8%（95%可信区间0.85 ~ 0.98）,特异性为96.2%（95%可信区间0.91 ~ 0.99）。IIF的敏感性为88.8%（95%可信区间0.82 ~ 0.96）,特异性为100%（95%可信区间0.96 ~ 1.00）。两者相比,敏感性（P = 0.289）和特异性（P = 1.000）差异均无统计学意义。结论 Dsg1 ELISA是一种简便、敏感、特异的血清学检测方法,可作为诊断PF的一种辅助手段。