肝肺综合征非创伤性诊断及相关因素分析

目的　探讨肝肺综合征 (HPS)的临床相关因素和非创伤性诊断。方法　对 74例肝炎肝硬化患者进行B超检查、胸部X线摄片、同步检测血气分析和电解质及肺功能 ,然后计算肺泡气 动脉血氧分压差 [P(A a) O2 ]。结果　P(A a) O2 ≥ 2 .0kPa者发生低氧血症占 6 0 .0 % ( 36 /6 0 ) ,而P(A a) O2 <2 .0kPa者发生低氧血症仅占 7.1% ( 1/14 ) ,两者比较差异有非常显著性 ( χ2 =12 .96 ,P<0 .0 1)。同时低氧血症与患者年龄、病毒感染模式、肝功能Child分级、自发性细菌性腹膜炎、肝性脑病、胸部X线片表现及肺活量等均无明显相关。而P(A a) O2 异常多见于肝功能ChildB、C级和门脉高压患者。结论　仅凭低氧血症和动脉血氧饱和度诊断HPS不确切 ,P(A a) O2 增大≥ 2 .0kPa是非创伤性诊断HPS的有效指标     

印度肝硬化病人肝肺综合征的临床和血液动力学

肝肺综合征(HPS)是指在无原发性心肺疾病时,由肝功能障碍和/或门脉高压、肺内血管扩张及低氧血症组成的三联征。此研究检测印度肝硬化病人中HPS的发生率,并研究它的临床征象和肺血流动力学改变,以及与肝病严重程度的关系。 病人和方法:自1997年9月～1998年8月在SSKM医院门脉高压诊所内,45例经活检证实为肝硬化并排除原发性心肺疾病的患者。平均年龄(41±12.5)岁(17～69)岁,其中男性37例。所有病人均作气泡造影超声心动图检查。阳性患者均进行立位和仰卧位血气分析。有异常血气值者行肺功能试验。HPS的最后确认依靠阳性的气泡造影超声心动图检查和一次动脉血氧分压水平<70mmHg(在立位呼吸室内空气时)。3例HPS患者和24例非HPS患者通     

肝肺综合征

肝肺综合征 (ｈｅｐｔａｏｐｕｌｍｏｎａｒｙｓｙｎｄｒｏｍｅ ,ＨＰＳ)指慢性肝功能不全患者因肺内血管扩张而出现的严重低氧血症 ,是各种慢性肝脏疾病终末期的一种严重并发症 ,发病率为 5 %～ 2 9%,预后差 ,呈三联征的特点 ,即基础肝脏疾病 -肺血管扩张 -严重低氧血症 ,其中基础肝脏疾病主要包括各种原因的肝硬化和慢性肝功能不全以及非肝硬化性门脉高压和肝外门静脉阻塞等。Ｒｒｏｗｋａ[1] 指出 ,发生ＨＰＳ的决定因素是门静脉高压而不是广泛性肝细胞坏死。严重低氧血症是由于肺内血管扩张、通气血流比例 (Ｖ/Ｑ)失调所致动脉血氧合功…     

肝硬化失代偿期患者肝储备功能与动脉血氧相关性研究

[目的]探讨肝硬化失代偿期患者动脉血氧分压（PaO2）、氧饱和度（SaO2）和二氧化碳分压（PaCO2）的变化,评价动脉血氧在肝肺综合征（HPS）临床诊断中的价值,为诊断和预防HPS提供理论依据。[方法]应用血气分析仪测定60例肝硬化失代偿期患者（肝硬化组）及同期住院60例非肝硬化失代偿者（对照组）,比较2组的PaO2、SaO2、PaCO2。并比较肝硬化组Child-Pugh为A、B、C间的PaO2、SaO2、PaCO2。[结果]肝硬化组患者低氧血症发生率为48%。①肝硬化组PaO2与对照组PaO2比较P〈0.01,而肝硬化组和对照组SaO2、PaCO2值水平比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）;②肝硬化Child-Pugh A、B、C 3级间PaO2,SaO2值比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,而3级间PaCO2水平比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）,且PaO2、SaO2值随着Child-Pugh分级的增高呈下降趋势。[结论]肝硬化患者低氧血症发生率高,其发生率随着Child-Pugh分级的增高而呈梯形上升。血气分析对HPS有诊断价值。     

23例肝肺综合征临床分析

探讨肝肺综合征(HPS)的临床特点和预后。67例肝硬化患者均应用血气分析仪测定其动脉血氧分压(PaO2),其中Ch ild-Pugh分级A级30例,B级22例,C级15例。67例肝硬化患者中23例合并HPS,发病率为34.3%。其发病率与Ch ild-Pugh分级有关,与A级比较C级HPS,发病率显著增高(P<0.05);门静脉增宽与不宽者、胃底食管静脉曲张与未发现曲张者、有蜘蛛痣与无蜘蛛痣者分别合并有HPS,两者比较均差异有显著性(P<0.05)。23例HPS患者中7例死亡,HPS均不是直接死亡原因。有门脉高压、蜘蛛痣时提示HPS的存在。早期诊断和治疗有助于缓解低氧血症,改善预后。     

肝肺综合征23例临床分析

目的提高对肝肺综合征(HPS)的临床认识,减少漏诊、误诊。方法回顾我院确诊的23例肝肺综合征病例,分析肝肺综合征的临床特点。结果肝肺综合征男、女发病比例为1.3∶1,平均年龄(42±21)岁,除1例急性重症肝炎外,其余22例均为肝硬化,门静脉高压发生率为82.6%。根据Child-Pugh分级标准,肝功能B、C级为78.2%。主要临床表现:呼吸困难发生率为91.3%,发绀为91.3%,肝掌为69.5%,杵状指(趾)为65.1%,面部血管扩张为56.5%,蜘蛛痣为56.5%。动脉血氧分压(PaO2)平均值为(50.8±14.1)mmHg(1mmHg=0.133kPa),直立性低氧血症发生率为85.7%(12/14),肺一氧化碳弥散量百分比(DLCO%)平均值为43.1%。39.1%(9/23)患者胸部X线检查表现为HPS而出现双下肺斑点状、小结节影或网状结节影。23例HPS均进行了99m锝-大颗粒聚合白蛋白(99mTc-MAA)核素首次通过肺灌注显像,平均分流率为36.3%。结论HPS主要发生于肝硬化Child-Pugh分级较重和(或)门静脉高压的患者。临床上对不能解释的低氧血症,同时有门静脉高压、蜘蛛痣(面部血管扩张)和(或)杵状指(趾)表现者应高度怀疑肝肺综合征。直立性低氧血症是HPS较特异性表现。HPS可有肺弥散功能降低、胸部影像学异常改变,但不具有特异性。99mTc-MAA核素首次通过肺灌注显像有助于确定肺血管扩张,明确HPS的诊断。     

肝肺综合征

1概念肝肺综合征(HPS)是在排除原发性心肺疾病,慢性肝病基础上出现的一种严重并发症,主要表现3个方面:基础肝脏病;肺血管扩张;低氧血症。HPS实际上是基础肝脏病、肺血管扩张、低氧血症构成的三联体[1]。临床上以进行性呼吸困难、胸闷、憋气为突出表现的一系列病变,严重缺氧还会导致气促、胸痛、紫绀、杵状指(趾)[2],检查胸部无明显阳性体征,为慢性肝病的严重并发症。2病因及发病机制2.1病因HPS最常见于各种病因所致的肝硬化,也可发生于非硬化的门脉高压症[3],甚至是无肝硬化,无门脉高压的急、慢性病毒性肝炎[4,5]。2.2发病机制HPS的发…     

布-加综合征并发肝肺综合征的发生率和静脉减压术的治疗作用

肝肺综合征(HPS)是指在肝功能不全和/或门脉高压而无原发性心肺疾病情况下,出现肺内血管扩张和氧合功能受损。HPS主要见于肝硬化患者,在无肝硬化的门脉高压者罕见。此研究观察了布-加综合征(BCS)病人中HPS的发生率,有利其发展的临床背景,并评价减压术在改变HPS自然进程中的作用。 病人与方法:1999年1月至2001年3月相继31例BCS     

肝肺综合征诊治进展

肝肺综合征（ hepatopulmonary syndrome, HPS）是指发生在严重肝病基础上的低氧血症,与肺内血管扩张相关而既往无心肺疾病基础。 Krowka和Fallon提出HPS三联征,即基础肝脏病、肺血管异常扩张、动脉血氧合功能障碍所致的低氧血症［1,2］。 HPS发展缓慢,早期多无明显自觉症状,80％HPS患者因肝病就诊,而无肺部症状,随着肝病进展逐渐出现低氧血症、肺功能改变、肺性骨关节病及神经系统损害［3］。1884年Flckiger 首次报道肝硬化患者伴有紫绀和杵状指（趾）［4］。1956年Rydell和Hoffbauer首次尸检发现肝硬化患者肺内血管扩张和肺动-静脉交通,并认为血管改变与肝病有关［5］。1977年由Eugene R.Schiff报道1例酒精性肝硬化患者,于门体静脉分流术后出现劳力性呼吸困难,正式提出肝肺综合征的概念［6］。 HPS发病机制复杂,起病隐匿,无特异性症状,诊断及治疗难度大。而5％～29％的肝硬化患者均伴肝肺综合征,其死亡率高达41％［7］。因此, HPS越来越受到重视。笔者就肝肺综合征的发病机制、诊断及治疗进展作一综述。     

肝肺综合征的临床诊断与治疗研究现状

肝肺综合征（hepatopulmonary syndrome,HPS）是指在慢性肝病门脉高压的基础上肺内血管异常扩张诱导产生的动脉血氧合缺陷（oxygenation defect）.气体交换障碍、低氧血症等一系列病理生理变化和临床表现,HPS临床特征在排除原发性心肺疾病后的三大症侯群：慢性肝病、肺内血管扩张和动脉血氧合功能异常.肺气体交换障碍导致动脉血氧合作用异常,肺泡-动脉血氧分压差（alveolar-arterial oxygen partial pressure difference,AaDO2）增大,低氧血症是HPS的重要生理基础.HPS是终末期慢性肝病的严重肺部并发症,临床上主要表现为呼吸困难和发绀.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.