基于NOD2/RIP2/NF-κB信号通路研究柚皮素对新生大鼠缺血缺氧性脑损伤的保护作用

目的探讨柚皮素对新生大鼠缺血缺氧性脑损伤的保护作用及其机制。方法 96只7日龄新生SD大鼠,随机分为4组,假手术组(Sham)、缺血缺氧性脑损伤组(HIBD)、柚皮素低剂量组(50 mg·kg^-1)、柚皮素高剂量组(100 mg·kg^-1)。术后48 h对各组新生大鼠进行神经功能缺陷评分,HE染色观察各组新生大鼠脑组织病理学改变,干湿重法检测各组新生大鼠脑含水量,免疫印迹法测定缺血缺氧侧脑组织NOD2、RIP2、NF-κB蛋白的表达,酶联免疫吸附法检测TNF-α、IL^-1β的水平。结果与模型组比较,柚皮素低、高剂量组神经行为学指标评分下降,病理学损伤减轻,新生大鼠脑含水量明显减少(P<0.05);Western blot检测显示,与模型组比较,柚皮素低、高剂量组新生大鼠脑组织NOD2、RIP2、NF-κB蛋白表达下调(P<0.05);ELISA检测显示,柚皮素低、高剂量组TNF-α和IL^-1β在脑组织中含量低于模型组(P<0.05)。结论柚皮素对新生大鼠缺血缺氧性脑损伤有保护作用,其机制可能与柚皮素下调NOD2、RIP2、NF-κB蛋白的表达,并减少TNF-α、IL^-1β的分泌有关。     

白介素-1受体拮抗剂对大鼠肠缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用

目的探究白介素^-1受体拮抗剂(interleukin^-1 receptor antagonist,IL^-1Ra)对大鼠肠缺血/再灌注损伤的保护作用。方法将35只♂SD大鼠随机分为假手术(S)组、模型(I/R)组、不同剂量给药组(C1、C2、C3)。采用夹闭肠系膜上动脉法制备肠缺血/再灌注模型,缺血1 h后松开动脉夹再灌注1 h,给药组于再灌注前15 min尾静脉注射10、20、50mg·kg^-1的IL^-1Ra。结果缺血/再灌注2 h后,与S组相比,I/R组肠黏膜严重损伤,髓过氧化物酶(myeloperoxidase,MPO)和丙二醛(malondialdehyde,MDA)含量增高,超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性降低,肿瘤坏死因子-α(tumor necrosis factor-α,TNF-α)、白介素^-1β(interleukin^-1β,IL^-1β)、白介素-6(interleukin-6,IL-6)大量释放,差异有显著性。给药组大鼠的肠黏膜病理损伤均明显改善,氧化应激和炎症反应指标有不同程度的改善。结论 IL^-1Ra通过缓解氧化应激反应和炎症反应,对肠缺血/再灌注损伤有明显的保护作用,有望用于临床上肠缺血/再灌注损伤的治疗。     

抑制PI3K/Akt/mTOR信号通路对MPP+处理的SH-SY5Y细胞自噬、凋亡及PD特征蛋白表达的影响

目的 探讨抑制磷脂酰肌醇3-激酶(PI3K)/蛋白激酶B(Akt)/哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白(mTOR)信号通路对1-甲基-4-苯基吡啶离子(MPP⁺)处理的SH-SY5Y细胞自噬、凋亡及帕金森病(PD)特征蛋白α-突触核蛋白(α-syn)、酪氨酸羟化酶(TH)表达的影响。方法 以MPP⁺、PI3K/Akt激活剂胰岛素样生长因子-1(IGF-1)、PI3K/Akt抑制剂LY294002作用于人神经母细胞瘤SH-SY5Y细胞,CCK-8检测细胞存活率;流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡率;吖啶橙(AO)染色检测自噬空泡;Western blot检测α-syn、TH、p62、微管相关蛋白1轻链3B(LC3B)、p-mTOR、mTOR、p-PI3K、PI3K、p-Akt、Akt蛋白水平。结果 MPP⁺干预显著降低SH-SY5Y细胞存活率,且呈现剂量依赖性(P<0.05)。MPP⁺和IGF-1处理后SH-SY5Y细胞存活率降低,凋亡率增高(P<0.05);细胞中自噬空泡减少,LC3BⅡ/Ⅰ降低,p62蛋白水平...     

冬虫夏草提取物对肺炎小鼠肺泡上皮细胞的自噬作用及机制

目的 探讨冬虫夏草提取物(CSE)介导哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白复合物1(mTORC1)/转录因子EB(TFEB)通路对间质性肺炎小鼠肺泡上皮细胞自噬的作用。方法 75只C57BL/6雄性小鼠,随机选择15只作为正常组,另外60只用一次性鼻腔滴注博来霉素诱导间质性肺炎模型,后随机分为模型组、CSE低剂量组(20 mg·kg^-1·d^-1)、CSE中剂量组(40 mg·kg^-1·d^-1)和CSE高剂量组(80 mg·kg^-1·d^-1),每组各15只,正常组和模型组灌服等量生理盐水,连续28 d。检测肺组织湿干质量比(W/D);检测肺泡灌洗液中肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白介素6(IL-6)、白介素1β(IL-1β)水平;染色观察各组小鼠肺脏组织形态及纤维化情况;检测肺组织细胞凋亡水平;检测Ⅱ型肺泡上皮细胞中mTORC1、磷酸化哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白复合物1(p-mTORC1)、TFEB、p62、自噬微管相关蛋白轻链3Ⅱ(LC3Ⅱ)、自噬微管相关蛋白轻链3Ⅰ(L...     

雷帕霉素通过调控NLRP3炎症小体抑制成纤维样滑膜细胞增殖

目的 探讨自噬促进剂雷帕霉素(RAPA)通过调控含核苷酸寡聚化结构域样受体(NLR)家族PYRIN域蛋白3(NLRP3)炎症小体对肿瘤坏死因子ɑ(TNF-α)诱导成纤维样滑膜细胞(FLS)增殖的影响。方法 培养FLS并分为3组：对照组、TNF-α组、RAPA组。采用CCK-8法检测细胞活力。采用免疫荧光法和透射电镜(TEM)检测FLS细胞自噬情况。采用Western blotting法检测NLRP3炎症小体关键蛋白NLRP3、caspase-1及自噬标志性蛋白LC3-II/LC3-I、Beclin-1、P62的表达。结果 与对照组比较,TNF-α组FLS细胞明显增殖(P<0.05),并激活NLRP3炎症小体(P<0.01)。与TNF-α组比较,RAPA组FLS增殖明显抑制(P<0.05),LC3-II和Beclin1表达水平明显上调(P<0.01),P62、NLRP3和caspase-1的表达水平均降低(P<0.05)。结论 RAPA可以抑制TNF-α诱导的FLS增殖,其机制可能与提高自噬、抑制NLRP3炎症小体的激活有关。     

蓟黄素对心力衰竭大鼠自噬水平的影响

目的研究蓟黄素对心力衰竭(HF)大鼠心肌细胞自噬水平的影响及作用机制。方法将造模成功HF大鼠随机分为5组:模型组、对照组和低、中、高3个剂量组,每组15只。术后第5周开始给药,对照组灌胃给予10 mg·kg^-1普萘洛尔;3个剂量实验组灌胃给予蓟黄素溶液25,50,100 mg·kg^-1(药品均加0.9%NaCl配制成1 mg·mL^-1溶液),1次/天,连续给药4周。用高分辨率小动物超声系统检测左室射血分数(LVEF),用蛋白质印迹法检测各组微管相关蛋白1轻链3(LC3)表达情况。结果模型组、对照组和低、高2个剂量实验组的LVEF分别为(39.42±9.12)%,(62.43±7.23)%,(43.51±10.42)%和(64.31±8.42)%,对照组和高剂量实验组与模型组比较,差异均有统计学意义(均P<0.05)。模型组、对照组和低、高2个剂量实验组的双层膜自噬体数量(23.62±3.52),(8.16±1.62),(18.47±3.65)和(7.64±1.52)个;这4组的LC3水平分别为(87.69±10.5...     

姜黄素对糖尿病大鼠心肌自噬,凋亡及AMPK-mTOR信号通路的影响

目的:基于心脏组织AMPK/mTOR信号通路、自噬和凋亡来探讨姜黄素(curcumin,Cur)对糖尿病大鼠心脏损伤的保护作用。方法:50只雄性SD大鼠被随机分为3组:正常对照组(Con,n=10)给予正常饮食以及等量生理盐水腹腔注射;糖尿病模型组(DM,n=40)大鼠给予高糖高脂饮食联合连续5 d腹腔注射链脲佐菌素(streptozocin,STZ) (35 mg·kg^-1·d^-1),给药组(Cur+DM),部分糖尿病大鼠(n=20)在其饮用水中给予Cur(300 mg·kg^-1·d^-1)进行干预16周。HE染色观察大鼠心脏组织形态改变;透射电镜观察大鼠心脏组织粒体形态变化;TUNEL染色,免疫组织化学和蛋白印迹等方法检测心脏组织自噬、凋亡,AMPK/mTOR信号通路等相关蛋白的表达情况。结果:与正常对照组相比,糖尿病模型组大鼠心肌肥大,线粒体嵴稀疏、断裂,自噬及相关蛋白表达水平下降(P<0.05),细胞凋亡及相关蛋白表达水平显著增加(P<0.05),P-AMPK/AMPK蛋白表达水平降低(P<0.05)而P-mTOR/mTOR增加(P<0.05)。与糖尿病模型组比较,给药组大鼠心肌肥大水平和线粒体断裂程度减轻,自噬及相关蛋白表达水平增加(P<0.05),细胞凋亡及相关蛋白表达水平减轻(P<0.05),P-AMPK/AMPK蛋白表达水平增加(P<0.05),而P-mTOR/mTOR减少(P<0.05)。结论:姜黄素可能通过活化AMPK/mTOR信号通路增强糖尿病大鼠心脏组织自噬水平,减轻心脏组织细胞凋亡,从而改善糖尿病大鼠心脏损伤。     

达格列净激活自噬并抑制活性氧-核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体蛋白3通路发挥抗动脉粥样硬化的研究

目的 探究达格列净激活自噬并抑制活性氧(ROS)-核苷酸结合寡聚化结构域样受体蛋白3(NLRP3)通路发挥抗动脉粥样硬化(AS)的作用。方法 将30只SD雄性大鼠分为正常组、模型组和实验组。模型组与实验组喂养高脂饲料16周诱导AS。AS建模成功后，实验组予以达格列净(3 mg·kg^-1)灌胃干预4周，正常组及模型组则灌胃等量的0.9%NaCl干预4周。用酶联免疫吸附试验法检测大鼠血清氧化低密度脂蛋白(ox-LDL)、ROS和白细胞介素1β(IL-1β),用蛋白质印迹法检测腹主动脉的微管相关蛋白轻链3(LC3Ⅱ/Ⅰ)、选择性自噬接头蛋白(p62)和NLRP3蛋白的表达水平。结果 实验组、模型组和正常组的血清ox-LDL含量分别为(381.56±108.08)、(640.89±181.06)和(360.19±102.65)pg·mL^-1,血清ROS含量分别为(8.01±1.39)、(15.47±2.65)和(7.89±1.07)ng·mL^-1,血清IL-1β含量分别为(84.18±37.90)、(141.44±88.05)和...     

石胆草碳苷B改善阿尔茨海默病小鼠模型的研究

目的:探究石胆草碳苷B(CB)对淀粉样β蛋白片段25-35(Aβ_25-35)诱导阿尔茨海默病(AD)的干预作用及其作用机制,为临床治疗AD提供实验基础。方法:将40只雄性昆明小鼠随机分为正常组、模型组、多奈哌齐组(10 mg·kg^-1)、CB组(10 mg·kg^-1)。除正常组外,其余各组小鼠脑内注射Aβ_25-35(300μmol·L^-1)建立AD小鼠模型。Y迷宫、新物体识别实验检测小鼠学习记忆能力;HE染色、尼氏染色和电镜观察海马病理变化;酶联免疫吸附法检测脑内Aβ_1-42/Aβ_1-40、磷酸化Tau蛋白(p-Tau)水平;生化法检测血清中丙二醛(MDA)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的含量或活性;流式细胞术检测脑内活性氧(ROS)水平;蛋白免疫印迹法(WB)检测脑内LC₃B,Beclin-1和P62相关自噬蛋白水平。体外培养PC-12细胞,结合自噬抑制剂3-甲基腺嘌呤(3-MA...     

川芎嗪改善缺血再灌注诱导的大鼠急性肾损伤

目的探讨川芎嗪对缺血再灌注(I/R)诱导的大鼠急性肾损伤的保护作用及其与线粒体自噬的相关性。方法 48只Wistar大鼠分为正常对照组、模型组、模型+TMP(10,15和20 mg·kg^-1)组和正常+TMP(15 mg·kg^-1)组。通过夹闭双侧肾动脉45 min再灌注30 min制备大鼠急性肾损伤模型;模型+TMP(10,15和20 mg·kg^-1)组大鼠于夹闭双侧肾动脉45 min再灌注30 min后一次性ip给予不同剂量的TMP;正常+TMP(15 mg·kg^-1)组于开腹刺激75 min后一次性ip给予TMP 15 mg·kg^-1。给予TMP 24 h后,肌氨酸氧化酶法检测血清中肌酐(Cr)含量;尿素酶-谷氨酸脱氢酶法检测血清中尿素氮(BUN)含量;ELISA法检测血清中肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)含量;WST-1法检测肾组织匀浆中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性;TBA法检测肾组织匀浆中丙二醛(MDA)含量。HE染色检测肾组织病理变化,免疫组织化学法检测大鼠肾组织中磷酸...     

Inhibition of Autophagy Enhances Sunitinib-Induced Cytotoxicity in Rat Pheochromocytoma PC12 cells

Sunitinib is an oral multitargeted receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor with antiangiogenic and antitumor activity that mainly targets vascular endothelial growth factor receptors, and recently, it has been shown to be an active agent for the treatment of malignant pheochromocytomas. Previously, we demonstrated that sunitinib directly inhibited mTORC1 signaling in rat pheochromocytoma PC12 cells. Although autophagy is a highly regulated cellular process, its relevance to cancer seems to be complicated. It is of note that inhibition of mTORC1 is a prerequisite for autophagy induction. Indeed, direct mTORC1 inhibition initiates ULK1/2 autophosphorylation and subsequent Atg13 and FIP200 phosphorylation, inducing autophagy. Here, we demonstrated that sunitinib significantly increased the levels of LC3-II, concomitant with a decrease of p62 in PC12 cells. Following sunitinib treatment, immunofluorescent imaging revealed a marked increased punctate LC3-II distribution. Furthermore, Atg13 knockdown significantly reduced its protein level, which in turn abolished sunitinib-induced autophagy. Moreover, inhibition of autophagy by siRNAs targeting Atg13 or by pharmacological inhibition with ammonium chloride, enhanced both sunitinib-induced apoptosis and anti-proliferation. Thus, sunitinib-induced autophagy is dependent on the suppression of mTORC1 signaling and the formation of ULK1/2–Atg13–FIP200 complexes. Inhibition of autophagy may be a promising therapeutic option for improving the anti-tumor effect of sunitinib.     

Autophagy in drug-induced liver toxicity

Liver injury resulting from exposure to drugs and chemicals is a major health problem. Autophagy is an important factor in a wide range of diseases, such as cancer, liver disease, muscular disorder, neurodegeneration, pathogen infection, and aging, and emerging evidence indicates that autophagy makes a substantial contribution to the pathogenesis of drug- and chemical-induced liver toxicity. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on autophagy triggered by toxicants/toxins, the protective role of autophagy in liver toxicity, and the underlying molecular mechanisms. We also highlight experimental approaches for studying autophagy.     

Hinokitiol induces autophagy in murine breast and colorectal cancer cells

Hinokitiol is found in the heartwood of cupressaceous plants and possesses several biological activities. Hinokitiol may play an important role in anti‐inflammation and antioxidant processes, making it potentially useful in therapies for inflammatory‐mediated disease. Previously, the suppression of tumor growth by hinokitiol has been shown to occur through apoptosis. Programmed cell death can also occur through autophagy, but the mechanism of hinokitiol‐induced autophagy in tumor cells is poorly defined. We used an autophagy inhibitor (3‐methyladenine) to demonstrate that hinokitiol can induce cell death via an autophagic pathway. Further, we suggest that hinokitiol induces autophagy in a dose‐dependent manner. Markers of autophagy were increased after tumor cells were treated with hinokitiol. In addition, immunoblotting revealed that the levels of phosphoprotein kinase B (P‐AKT), phosphomammalian target of rapamycin (P‐mTOR), and phospho‐p70 ribosomal s6 kinase (P‐p70S6K) in tumor cells were decreased after hinokitiol treatment. In conclusion, our results indicate that hinokitiol induces the autophagic signaling pathway via downregulation of the AKT/mTOR pathway. Therefore, our findings show that hinokitiol may control tumor growth by inducing autophagic signaling. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 77–84, 2016.     

miRNA对自噬的调控及其在肿瘤中的作用研究进展

自噬是细胞内受严格调控的分解代谢过程,它与肿瘤的发生发展密切相关。miRNA是细胞内一类重要的调控分子,它也参与对肿瘤的调节过程。目前miRNA与自噬的关系受到广泛关注。该文旨在介绍miRNA对自噬各环节的调控作用,及其对肿瘤细胞生长和药物敏感性的作用。     

蛋白降解途径在帕金森病发病中的作用

帕金森病重要的病理特征是Lewy bodies的出现,α-sy-nuclein蛋白是Lewy bodies的主要成分。近年来研究表明,帕金森病等神经退行性疾病的发病机制与神经细胞内蛋白积聚有密切的联系,而蛋白的降解是细胞防御蛋白过度积聚的重要手段。泛素-蛋白酶体系统和溶酶体自吞噬途径是细胞内两种重要的蛋白降解途径,在细胞内可溶性蛋白的降解过程中扮演重要角色。该文对细胞内两种重要的蛋白降解途径和帕金森病的发生发展机制以及植物雌激素等对帕金森病的保护策略进行综述。     

Autophagy as a target for development of anti-diabetes drugs derived from natural compounds

Patients with diabetes have a high level of blood glucose because their body cannot produce enough insulin or properly respond to this hormone. In both situations, it has become evident that persistent high concentrations of glucose, insulin, insulin-like growth factor, and insulin resistance lead to dysfunction and destruction of autophagic activity in the cells of islet and other organs involved in complications of diabetes, including the liver, cardiovascular, and nervous systems. Accumulating evidences have revealed that autophagy is a novel therapeutic target with a wide range of beneficial effects on diabetes and that plenty of drugs and natural products are involved in autophagy modulation, either inducing or inhibiting autophagy, through multiple signaling pathways. In this review, we summarize the roles of several clinical drugs and compounds derived from natural products in diabetes and its complications through regulation of autophagy, expecting to inspire further investigation of the underlying mechanisms of these compounds and to facilitate their better clinical application.     

肿瘤多药耐药与自噬的研究进展

肿瘤多药耐药（multidrug resistance,MDR）对肿瘤的药物治疗的疗效有严重的影响。多药耐药拥有十分复杂的发生发展的机制。通过讨论自噬与药物抗肿瘤时的相互影响,旨在阐明自噬与肿瘤细胞多药耐药的关系,为今后抗肿瘤药物治疗的临床应用提供新的思路。     

Autophagy: a target for therapeutic interventions in myocardial pathophysiology

Background: Autophagy is a major degradative and highly conserved process in eukaryotic cells that is activated by stress signals. This self-cannibalisation is activated as a response to changing environmental conditions, cellular remodelling during development and differentiation, and maintenance of homeostasis. Objective: To review autophagy regarding its process, molecular mechanisms and regulation in mammalian cells, and its role in myocardial pathophysiology. Results/conclusion: Autophagy is a multistep process regulated by diverse, intracellular and/or extracellular signalling complexes and pathways. In the heart, normally, autophagy occurs at low basal levels, where it represents a homeostatic mechanism for the maintenance of cardiac function and morphology. However, in the diseased heart the functional role of the enhanced autophagy is unclear and studies have yielded conflicting results. Recently, it was shown that during myocardial ischemia autophagy promotes survival by maintaining energy homeostasis. Also, rapamycin was demonstrated to prevent cardiac hypertrophy. In heart failure, upregulation of autophagy acts as an adaptive response that protects cells from hemodynamic stress. In addition, sirolimus-eluting stents have been shown to lower re-stenosis rates in patients with coronary artery disease after angioplasty. Thus, this mechanism can become a major target for therapeutic intervention in heart pathophysiology.     

自噬激活与抗肿瘤药物的作用

自噬是一种在正常细胞和病态细胞中普遍存在的生理机制。某些肿瘤细胞中自噬活动低下与肿瘤的发生有一定的关系。抗肿瘤药物可以诱导细胞产生自噬,并参与了自噬的分子调控,同时它也可能导致细胞凋亡。自噬在抗肿瘤药物中作用与给药浓度及细胞的类型等因素有关。抗肿瘤药物引起的细胞自噬对肿瘤细胞产生正负两方面的影响,将自噬途径作为抗肿瘤药物的靶点有着广阔的前景。