鼻内镜手术相关的骨性翼腭窝临床应用解剖

目的:为鼻内镜颅底外科提供翼腭窝解剖学基础。方法:15例30侧成人干颅骨标本,观察翼腭窝的形态、组成以及与周围结构的关系;测量翼上颌裂缘翼突根部至颧弓下缘中点的距离;翼上颌裂宽度与长度,蝶腭孔形态、其前缘到前鼻棘的距离,在鼻内镜下观察蝶腭孔与翼管前口形态。结果:翼腭窝通过7个孔道与周围相通。翼上颌裂翼突根部至颧弓下缘中点的距离为(33.6±6.0)mm。蝶腭孔70.0%(21侧)位于中鼻甲后端的上方,30.0%(9侧)被中鼻甲分为上下两部分,未见蝶腭孔在中鼻甲水平以下者。经鼻内镜下咬除上颌窦骨性开口后份腭骨垂直部以及上颌窦后壁内侧骨质,可窥见翼腭窝全貌。结论:翼腭窝解剖结构复杂,鼻内镜下可以显露完整翼腭窝,有助于对翼腭窝立体结构的认识。     

经鼻内窥镜翼腭窝手术的应用解剖学基础

目的通过对翼腭窝骨性标志的测量和尸体解剖为经鼻内窥镜翼腭窝手术提供形态学资料。方法对40例干性颅骨进行了骨性标志的观察,同时对10例20侧成人尸头标本按中线锯开后进行解剖,观察翼腭窝周围组织结构及毗邻关系,并测量了有关的数据。结果蝶腭孔、圆孔、翼腭裂距离前鼻嵴的距离分别为(62.3±2.7)、(64.2±4.8)、(51.5±0.6)mm,翼腭窝内的结构可以分为在后内的神经层和在前外的血管层,颈内动脉与蝶腭孔之间的距离为(16.4±3.3)mm。结论经鼻内窥镜翼腭窝手术可以获得相对安全的范围,圆孔可以作为手术中重要的标志结构。     

模拟内镜下经双鼻孔至Meckel腔的解剖

目的 通过模拟内镜下经双鼻孔至Meckel腔手术入路,对Meckel腔及入路的相关结构进行解剖学研究,为临床内镜下Meckel腔手术提供解剖学及形态学资料。
方法 对10具(20侧)动静脉灌注乳胶的成人尸头标本,完全模拟经双鼻孔至Meckel腔的手术入路逐层显微解剖,对入路相关解剖标志进行观察、分析、拍摄和测量。 结果 该入路可分4步,即寻找上颌窦口,进入上颌窦,进入翼腭窝和进入Meckel腔。鼻小柱距上颌窦口的距离为（45.07±2.01）mm,与蝶腭孔的距离为(64.84±3.00)mm,距翼管前孔距离为(71.34±2.99)mm。以鼻小柱至鼻后棘的连线为底边,其与鼻小柱与上颌窦口连线的夹角为(38.81±1.72)。其与鼻小柱与蝶腭孔连线的夹角为(25.92±2.05) °。蝶腭动脉及翼管动脉平均外径分别为(2.21±0.24)mm和(1.07±0.27)mm。翼腭窝区结构复杂,其内上颌动脉及其终支蝶腭动脉和腭降动脉变异较大,沿蝶腭动脉逆行解剖有助于寻找上颌动脉及其分支结构。解剖分离翼腭窝内神经、血管等结构,追踪翼管神经血管束,依据翼管后端正对颈内动脉破裂孔段的特点,解剖分离四方形空间可较直接进入Meckel腔。结论 侵犯Meckel腔肿瘤的入路选择应该个体化,应依据肿瘤主体在Meckel腔的位置及范围等决定选1种或联合入路;内镜下经双鼻孔至Meckel腔入路可较直接地暴露Meckel腔的前下内面及翼腭窝区域的解剖结构;手术中重要的解剖标志为蝶腭孔、翼管神经、翼管和上颌神经;翼腭窝中浅部血管结构的解剖有助于深部神经结构的保护,深部神经结构（如翼管神经和上颌神经）和其穿行的骨孔有助于在颅底辨别和控制颈内动脉。     

翼腭窝骨性结构及其毗邻关系的应用解剖

目的 研究翼腭窝及其毗邻结构的显微外科解剖关系,为临床开展相关手术提供解剖学依据。方法 成人干性颅骨标本20个（40侧）,在手术显微镜及鼻内镜下观测蝶腭孔、筛骨嵴、圆孔、翼腭管、翼管的形态、大小及相关解剖学参数。结果 翼上颌裂高度为（15.30±0.43）mm,蝶腭孔的前后径和上下径分别为（5.10±1.84）mm和（5.09±1.53）mm,蝶腭孔到中线的距离为（12.49±1.51）mm,前鼻棘至蝶腭孔前缘的距离为（51.32±3.28）mm,圆孔的直径为（3.14±1.26）mm,圆孔至中线的距离为（19.95±2.79） mm,前鼻棘至圆孔的距离为（61.86±3.67）mm,翼管至中线的距离为（10.82±2.98）mm,前鼻棘至翼管的距离为（59.47±3.42）mm。结论 熟悉翼腭窝、蝶腭孔、圆孔和翼管等解剖关系,有助于有效安全地开展鼻内镜下翼腭窝手术。     

上颌动脉翼腭部的应用解剖

目的:为血管造影下上颌动脉翼腭部栓塞手术及鼻内窥镜翼腭窝区域手术提供解剖学资料。方法:对固定的成人尸体上颌动脉翼腭部进行显微外科解剖,观察上颌动脉翼腭部的走行,上颌动脉、腭降动脉及蝶腭动脉的毗邻关系变化。结果:上颌动脉翼腭部总长为(14.23±2.11)mm,外径为(2.64±0.52)mm,上颌动脉翼腭部分为4种类型“:Y”型23.3%、中间型33.3%“、T”型26.7%“、M”型16.7%。结论:新分型法对临床开展血管造影下上颌动脉翼腭部栓塞手术,鼻内窥镜翼腭窝区域手术及预防手术并发症的发生具有一定的指导意义。     

三种鼻内镜手术径路暴露翼腭窝的解剖研究及其临床意义

目的：研究三种鼻内镜手术径路暴露翼腭窝的解剖方法。方法：通过解剖成人尸体头部标本15例（30侧）,采用手术显微镜及鼻内镜观察暴露翼腭窝的三种径路。结果：①中鼻道经腭术式可以暴露翼腭窝内侧的蝶腭动脉、腭神经、翼管神经,沿腭神经可确认翼腭神经节;②中鼻道经上颌窦术式能很好地暴露翼腭窝内、外侧壁,眶下神经是手术的重要标志;③下鼻甲切除经上颌窦术式比鼻内镜下中鼻道经上颌窦术式更广泛地暴露翼腭窝的内、外侧,提供宽阔的视野和较大的手术操作空间。结论：三种手术径路均能暴露翼腭窝的结构,具体术式需根据病变范围及手术要求而决定。     

蝶腭动脉区的显微外科解剖学

目的 :为鼻内镜下经鼻蝶腭动脉结扎术提供解剖学资料。方法 :对固定的成人尸头蝶腭动脉区进行显微外科解剖及干性颅骨的骨性标志进行观察 ,并测量筛骨嵴与前鼻棘、下鼻甲上端、中鼻甲后端的距离。结果 :筛骨嵴位于蝶腭孔的前下方 ,蝶腭动脉分出的鼻后外侧动脉的前方。筛骨嵴与前鼻棘间距为 ( 5 0 .5 4± 3 .2 8)mm ,与下鼻甲上端垂直间距为 ( 9.99± 1 .79)mm ,与中鼻甲后端间距为 ( 9.5 1± 1 .88)mm。结论 :筛骨嵴是经鼻内镜下定位蝶腭动脉及蝶腭孔的重要解剖标志     

眶上裂区的显微外科解剖学研究

目的:为眶上裂(superior orbital fissure,SOF)区手术提供显微解剖学基础。方法:①观测30例(60侧)成人头颅干标本SOF骨性结构;②在手术显微镜下观测15例(30侧)成人头颅湿标本SOF区穿行神经、血管位置及毗邻关系。结果:①sOF外侧壁上、下半边夹角144.27°±20.03°;②泪腺神经距SOF外侧端(4.17±1.70)mm;③动眼神经上支至SOF内侧壁(1.83±0.62)mm;④滑车神经紧贴Zinn腱环外侧人SOF;⑤眼上静脉海绵窦段具有静脉窦结构。结论:SOF区穿行神经、血管位置的观测,对临床开展SOF区手术有参考意义。     

内镜经鼻、上颌窦、翼突入路至Meckel囊区的解剖

目的通过解剖学研究,探讨内镜经鼻、上颌窦、翼突入路至Meckel囊区的解剖特点和方法,寻找手术入路中的重要解剖标志点,测量相关解剖数据,为内镜经鼻入路处理Meckel囊区病变提供解剖学依据。方法 5例共10侧新鲜成人头颅标本,采用内镜经鼻、上颌窦、翼突入路解剖和暴露Meckel囊区,寻找该手术入路中重要的解剖标志,研究具体的解剖方法,测量相关的解剖数据,解剖过程中使用导航。结果鼻小柱下缘至后鼻孔上缘为(66.5±3.3)mm,至蝶窦口下缘为(61.2±1.6)mm,至腭蝶管前口下缘为(64.6±1.4)mm,至蝶腭孔下缘为(62.8±2.3)mm,至翼管前口下缘的距离为(75.4±3.3)mm,翼管前口下缘与腭蝶管前口上缘距离为(2.1±0.7)mm,与圆孔下缘距离为(7.5±0.7)mm,腭蝶管长度为(6.4±0.5)mm,翼管长度为(13.3±1.2)mm。以腭蝶管为解剖标志可以寻找到翼管前口;以翼管为解剖标志可以寻找到岩骨段颈内动脉前膝部,以斜坡旁颈内动脉隆突可以寻找到斜坡旁颈内动脉,以圆孔可以寻找到上颌神经。导航能够准确定位上述解剖标志。结论运用内镜经鼻、上颌窦、翼突入路可以解剖和暴露Meckel囊区。此入路是由Meckel囊前方四边形区域暴露该区域,此四边形内侧为斜坡旁段颈内动脉,下方为岩骨段颈内动脉,上方为展神经,外侧方为上、下颌神经;实验数据和导航可以辅助定位重要的解剖结构和标志。     

翼腭窝及其毗邻区域肿瘤的手术入路及临床研究

目的　探讨如何选择最佳手术入路切除翼腭窝及其毗邻区域肿瘤,以提高疗效,减少并发症和后遗症。 方法　回顾性分析108例翼腭窝及其毗邻区域肿瘤患者的临床表现、组织学诊断、影像学检查及各种手术入路。 结果　85例良性肿瘤患者随访0.5～5年,无一例复发;23例恶性肿瘤患者术后均行放化疗,随访0.5～5年,生存期不足1年6例,0.5～4年8例,5年及以上11例。 结论　⑴鼻侧切开术行上颌骨部分切除术适合于原发于筛上颌窦侵及翼腭窝及其毗邻区域病变;⑵扩大上颌骨切除术适合于原发上颌窦恶性肿瘤累及翼腭窝及其毗邻区域;⑶面正中揭翻术或鼻内镜辅助下面正中揭翻术适合于鼻腔、鼻窦、鼻咽、翼腭窝的良性肿瘤及生长缓慢的恶性肿瘤侵犯翼腭窝及其毗邻区域;⑷颞-颧-颌联合入路适合于翼腭窝及其毗邻区域肿瘤累及颞下窝及蝶鞍旁;⑸颈颌入路适合于咽旁间隙良、恶性肿瘤侵犯翼腭窝及其毗邻区域;⑹正中下颌骨裂开入路适合于翼腭窝及其毗邻区域肿瘤累及颞下窝、椎前间隙及颅底;⑺经口腔腭部入路适合于鼻咽、翼腭窝的良性肿瘤及生长缓慢的恶性肿瘤侵犯翼腭窝及其毗邻区域。⑻鼻内镜下入路适合于鼻咽、翼腭窝的良性肿瘤及生长缓慢的恶性肿瘤侵犯翼腭窝及其毗邻区域。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.