6种氟喹诺酮类药物对凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的防耐药变异浓度分析

目的 比较6种氟喹诺酮类药物对临床分离凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌耐药突变体的选择能力.方法 选择呼吸道标本,对苯唑西林、环丙沙星敏感的凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌34株,采用标准琼脂二倍稀释法、标准琼脂平板稀释法,测定6种氟喹诺酮类药物对凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)、防耐药变异浓度(MPC).结果 MPC值比较,莫西沙星最低(MPC90为1 mg/L),左氧氟沙星和环丙沙星最高(MPC90均为32 mg/L).莫西沙星、卡屈沙星和加替沙星的MPC90/MIC90较低,均为2.结论 莫西沙星、卡屈沙星和加替沙星对凝固酶阴性葡萄球菌的MPC值较低,突变选择窗范围相对较窄.     

氟喹诺酮类药物对粪肠球菌的防耐药突变浓度研究

目的通过测定4种氟喹诺酮类药物(FQ)对粪肠球菌ATCC29212及其同源耐药突变体、粪肠球菌临床分离株的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)、防耐药突变浓度(MPC)和突变选择窗(MSW),比较其抗菌活性及防耐药突变的能力。方法采用4种FQs(环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星、莫西沙星和加替沙星)筛选粪肠球菌ATCC29212同源的第一步耐药突变体,用加替沙星筛选第二步耐药突变体;采用琼脂二倍稀释法测定粪肠球菌ATCC29212及其同源耐药突变体、粪肠球菌临床分离株的MIC、暂定MPC(MPCpr)和MPC,并计算MIC90、MPCpr90、选择指数SI(MPCpr90/MIC90及MPC/MIC)。结果加替沙星、莫西沙星、左氧氟沙星和环丙沙星对粪肠球菌ATCC29212的MPC分别为1.2、1.2、5.6和6.4μg/m L,选择指数分别为3.4、6、8和8;对30株环丙沙星敏感的粪肠球菌临床分离株的MPCpr90分别为2、1、4和4μg/m L,选择指数分别为4、4、8和8;而加替沙星和莫西沙星对15株环丙沙星中介耐药株的MPCpr90分别为32和16μg/m L,选择指数均达到了32。4种FQs药物对ATCC29212第一步耐药突变体的MIC及MPC值均较其源菌株升高;加替沙星和莫西沙星对第二步耐药突变体的MPC已高达32μg/m L;加替沙星、莫西沙星和左氧氟沙星对第一步耐药突变体的MSW较源菌株增宽。结论对于粪肠球菌临床分离株、ATCC29212及其同源的耐药突变体,加替沙星和莫西沙星的抗菌活性均高于左氧氟沙星和环丙沙星,且加替沙星和莫西沙星限制粪肠球菌耐药突变体被选择出来的能力强于左氧氟沙星和环丙沙星,结合药动学参数,加替沙星和莫西沙星能限制下一步耐药突变株的产生,而环丙沙星和左氧氟沙星则很容易筛选出下一步耐药突变株。但对于第二步耐药突变株,加替沙星和莫西沙星则很容易筛选出对这两种药物也耐药的菌株。因此,临床上为延长加替沙星和莫西沙星的使用寿命,对于环丙沙星非敏感的菌株应避免应用加替沙星和莫西沙星单药治疗。     

2种氟喹诺酮类药物对临床分离金黄色葡萄球菌突变选择窗的影响

目的通过测定左氧氟沙星及莫西沙星对金黄色葡萄球菌临床分离菌株防突变浓度(MPC),比较氟喹诺酮类对金黄色葡萄球菌突变选择窗(MSW)的影响,为临床合理使用抗菌药物,防治细菌耐药产生提供依据。方法采用标准琼脂二倍稀释法测定2种氟喹诺酮药物对38株临床分离的金黄色葡萄球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌质控菌株ATCC25923的最低抑菌浓度(MIC),采用肉汤法富集3×1010CFU.mL-1的金黄色葡萄球菌测定2种氟喹诺酮药物MPC,计算MPC50、MPC90、MPC/MIC。结果左氧氟沙星对38株金黄色葡萄球菌的MPC90、MPC90/MIC90分别为16 mg.L-1、8,莫西沙星分别为2 mg.L-1、4;结合药物动力学参数莫西沙星400 mg.次-1,1次.d-1,其Cmax/MPC90、AUC/MPC90分别为2.3、18,左氧氟沙星500 mg.次-1的Cmax/MPC90、AUC/MPC90明显高于300 mg.d-1组,分别为0.5、2.4。结论对金黄色葡萄球菌的临床分离菌株莫西沙星比左氧氟沙星MPC90低,MSW窄,防突变能力更强。左氧氟沙星500 mg.次-1,1次.d-1,能够提高左氧氟沙星的防突变能力。     

氟喹诺酮药物对金黄色葡萄球菌同源耐药突变株的耐药突变选择窗研究

目的通过测定不同氟喹诺酮（FQ）药物对同源金黄色葡萄球菌耐药突变株的MIC和防耐药突变浓度（mutant prevention concentration。MPC），分析不同药物的抗菌活性及限制耐药突变株选择的能力。方法分别采用环丙沙星和加替沙星琼脂平板筛选金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC25923同源的第一步和第二步耐药突变株。采用琼脂平板稀释法测定各耐药突变株的MIC和MPC。计算选择指数（MPC／MIC）。结果加替沙星和莫西沙星对金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC25923第一步耐药突变的MPC值（1—2μg／ml）明显低于环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星和帕珠沙星（4—16μg／m1），以上5种FQ药物对第一步耐药突变的MPC值和选择指数分别为ATCC25923的2—8倍和1-4倍。加替沙星和莫西沙星对第二步耐药突变的MPC值为8—16μg／ml。结论对于金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC25923同源的第一步耐药突变株。加替沙星和莫西沙星限制下一步耐药突变株选择的能力强于环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星和帕珠沙星，结合药动学参数，环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星和帕珠沙星很容易选择出下一步耐药突变株；而加替沙星和莫西沙星则能够限制下一步耐药突变株的选择。对于第二步耐药突变株，加替沙星和莫西沙星则很容易筛选出对这两种药物也耐药的菌株。临床上为延长加替沙星和莫西沙星的应用时间，对于已对左氧氟沙星耐药的菌株应避免应用加替沙星和莫西沙星单药治疗。     

比较6种氟喹诺酮类药物对金黄色葡萄球菌的防耐药变异浓度

目的比较6种氟喹诺酮类药物对临床分离金黄色葡萄球菌耐药突变体的选择能力。方法用呼吸道标本,选择对苯唑西林、环丙沙星敏感的金黄色葡萄球菌36株,采用标准琼脂二倍稀释法、标准琼脂平板稀释法,测定6种氟喹诺酮类药物对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC、MPC。结果 MPC值比较,莫西沙星最低;而环丙沙星最高。选择指数(MPC90/MIC90)较低有如下4种:莫西沙星、卡屈沙星、加替沙星和帕珠沙星,均为2。6种药物MPC90值与其体内药动学参数比较,莫西沙星和卡屈沙星小于其Cmax。结论莫西沙星、卡屈沙星和加替沙星对金葡菌的MPC值较低,突变选择窗范围相对较窄。     

4种氟喹诺酮类药物对嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌防耐药变异浓度的测定

目的为了解4种氟喹诺酮类药物对嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌的防耐药变异能力,以指导临床合理用药。方法采用标准琼脂二倍稀释法测定莫西沙星、左氧氟沙星、洛美沙星、环丙沙星对嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌的最低抑菌浓度;将总量为1.2×1010CFU的细菌接种于含不同浓度药物的琼脂平皿上,无菌落生长的最低药物浓度即为该药的防耐药变异浓度(MPC)。结果莫西沙星和左氧氟沙星对嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌的敏感率为100%,洛美沙星敏感率为64.5%,环丙沙星敏感率为9.7%。莫西沙星和左氧氟沙星MPC90为64mg/L,洛美沙星和环丙沙星MPC90为256m g L/。4种药物的M PC90/MIC90均为64。结论莫西沙星和左氧氟沙星对嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌具有高度的抗菌活性,但结合药代动力学参数,4种药物血药浓度均位于MIC和MPC之间,提示单药治疗易导致耐药突变菌株的富集生长,应联合用药以限制细菌耐药的发生。     

广谱高效的新喹诺酮类抗菌药莫西沙星

莫西沙星是一种广谱、高效、低毒性的新氟喹诺酮类抗菌药，对链球菌的MIC90为0．12－0．5mg/L，活性与曲伐沙星相当，是环丙沙星和左氧氟沙星的4－64倍；对喹诺酮敏感性金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌的MIC90为0．06mg/L，活性与曲伐沙星相当，是环丙沙星和左氧氟沙星的4－16倍。对需氧革兰氏阴性菌的活性总体讲相当于或稍逊于环丙沙星。对砂眼衣原体的MIC90为0．03－0．125mg／L,活性是环丙沙星的16－64倍。对侵肺军团菌的MIC90为0．015mg/L，活性是环丙沙星的8倍。临床研究表明，它对社区获得性肺炎、慢性支气管炎急性发作、急性窦炎和皮肤及软组织感染有很好的临床和细菌学疗效。     

氟喹诺酮类药物对金黄色葡萄球菌及其耐药突变体的耐药性研究

目的:研究5种氟喹诺酮类药物(FQ)对金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC29213及其同源耐药突变体的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)、防细菌耐药突变体选择浓度(MPC)和突变选择窗(MSW),比较其防耐药变异能力,了解细菌对FQ耐药的发生发展过程。方法:肉汤法富集1010CFU.ml-1金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC29213,采用平板稀释法测定莫西沙星、加替沙星、司帕沙星、左氧氟沙星和环丙沙星对金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC29213及筛选的耐药突变体的MIC、暂定MPC(MPCpr)和MPC。结果:莫西沙星、加替沙星、司帕沙星、左氧氟沙星和环丙沙星对金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC29213的MPC分别为0.2、0.3、0.3、1.4、3.2μg.ml-1。选择指数(MPC/MIC)分别为6.5、4.8、9.7、11.2、12.8。5种氟喹诺酮类药物筛选的第一步突变体对筛选药物的MIC较ATCC29213升高2~8倍。左氧氟沙星筛选的第二步突变体的MIC较第一步突变体又升高8~16倍。所有突变体的MSW边界都较其源菌株明显升高。结论:莫西沙星、加替沙星限制金黄色葡萄球菌耐药突变菌体选择的能力强于司帕沙星、左氧氟沙星和环丙沙星。金黄色葡萄球菌对FQ药物产生耐药是逐步发生的。第一步耐药突变体的产生,使筛选出下一步耐药突变体的几率明显增大,从而导致耐药菌的富集和扩散。     

莫西沙星的微生物学性质

莫西沙星最重要的微生物学性质之一是对需氧革兰氏阳性球菌显示出高体外活性 ,一般比环丙沙星强4～ 8倍 ,与其 C7-位的氮杂双环有关。对甲氧西林敏感的金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌对莫西沙星敏感(MIC≤ 2 mg/ L ) ,对甲氧西林耐药的金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌对莫西沙星的敏感性有一定程度的减弱 (MIC分别为 2～ 4和 0 .12～ 2 mg/ L)。莫西沙星对酿脓链球菌和肺炎链球菌有很强的活性 ,尚未有耐药菌出现的报道 ;对青霉素敏感性或耐药性肺炎链球菌的活性相同 (MIC90 =0 .2 5 mg/ L ) ;对酿脓链球菌和肺炎链球菌的活性不因其对大环…     

山楂果胶寡糖联用氟喹诺酮类药物对葡萄球菌防耐药浓度的影响分析

目的 探讨山楂果胶寡糖与氟喹诺酮联合用药对金黄色葡萄球菌防耐药浓度的影响,为临床合理使用现有抗生素、防治细菌耐药产生提供理论依据.方法 采用标准琼脂二倍稀释法测定左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星对30株临床分离的金黄色葡萄球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌质控菌株ATCC25923的最低抑菌浓度(MIC),采用标准琼脂平板稀释法测定2种FQ药物对临床分离金黄色葡萄球菌的防突变浓度,计算单药和联合山楂果胶寡糖用药后该药的MPC50、MPC90.结果 左氧氟沙星单药对30株金黄色葡萄球菌的MPC范围在2～64mg/L,MPC90为32mg/L;联合山楂果胶寡糖后MPC范围为0.5～16 mg/L,MPC90降至8 mg/L.环丙沙星单药对30株金黄色葡萄球菌的MPC范围1～32mg/L,MPC90为16mg/L;联合山楂果胶寡糖后MPC范围0.25～8mg/L,MPC90降至4 mg/L,两组各项指标比较差异有显著性(P<0.05).结论 联合山楂果胶寡糖用药能降低环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星MPC,减少细菌耐药突变体的选择性富集扩增,防止抗菌药物耐药的产生.     

山楂果胶寡糖联用氟喹诺酮类药物对葡萄球菌防耐药浓度的影响分析

目的 探讨山楂果胶寡糖与氟喹诺酮联合用药对金黄色葡萄球菌防耐药浓度的影响,为临床合理使用现有抗生素、防治细菌耐药产生提供理论依据.方法 采用标准琼脂二倍稀释法测定左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星对30株临床分离的金黄色葡萄球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌质控菌株ATCC25923的最低抑菌浓度(MIC),采用标准琼脂平板稀释法测定2种FQ药物对临床分离金黄色葡萄球菌的防突变浓度,计算单药和联合山楂果胶寡糖用药后该药的MPC50、MPC90.结果 左氧氟沙星单药对30株金黄色葡萄球菌的MPC范围在2～64mg/L,MPC90为32mg/L;联合山楂果胶寡糖后MPC范围为0.5～16 mg/L,MPC90降至8 mg/L.环丙沙星单药对30株金黄色葡萄球菌的MPC范围1～32mg/L,MPC90为16mg/L;联合山楂果胶寡糖后MPC范围0.25～8mg/L,MPC90降至4 mg/L,两组各项指标比较差异有显著性(P<0.05).结论 联合山楂果胶寡糖用药能降低环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星MPC,减少细菌耐药突变体的选择性富集扩增,防止抗菌药物耐药的产生.     

山楂果胶寡糖联用氟喹诺酮类药物对葡萄球菌防耐药浓度的影响分析

目的探讨山楂果胶寡糖与氟喹诺酮联合用药对金黄色葡萄球菌防耐药浓度的影响,为临床合理使用现有抗生素、防治细菌耐药产生提供理论依据。方法采用标准琼脂二倍稀释法测定左氧氟沙星、环丙沙星对30株临床分离的金黄色葡萄球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌质控菌株ATCC25923的最低抑菌浓度（MIC）,采用标准琼脂平板稀释法测定2种FQ药物对临床分离金黄色葡萄球菌的防突变浓度,计算单药和联合山楂果胶寡糖用药后该药的MPC50、MPC90。结果左氧氟沙星单药对30株金黄色葡萄球菌的MPC范同在2～64mg／L,MPC90为32mg／L;联合山楂果胶寡糖后MPC范围为0．5～16mg／L,MPC90降至8mg／L。环丙沙星单药对30株金黄色葡萄球菌的MPC范围1～32mg／L,MPC90为16mg／L;联合山楂果胶寡糖后MPC范围0．25～8mg／L,MPC90降至4mg／L,两组各项指标比较差异有显著性伊〈0．05）。结论联合山楂果胶寡糖用药能降低环丙沙星、左氧氟沙星MPC,减少细菌耐药突变体的选择性富集扩增,防止抗菌药物耐药的产生。     

Comparison of minimal inhibitory and mutant prevention drug concentrations of 4 fluoroquinolones against clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus

Staphylococcus aureus remains an important human pathogen affecting both outpatients and those hospitalized. Increasing antimicrobial resistance is global but prevalence rates are variable for different geographical areas. Fluoroquinolones have been used to treat S. aureus infections and the newer quinolones have enhanced in vitro activity against this organism. The mutant prevention concentration (MPC) defines the antimicrobial drug concentration threshold that would require an organism to simultaneously possess two mutations for growth in the presence of the drug. We tested clinical isolates of methicillin-susceptible (MSSA) and methicillin-resistant (MRSA) S. aureus by minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and MPC against gatifloxacin, gemifloxacin, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin. For MSSA strains, the rank order of potency based on MIC(90) values were gemifloxacin (0.063 mg/l) = moxifloxacin (0.063 mg/l) > gatifloxacin (0.05 mg/l) = levofloxacin (0.25 mg/l) and by MPC values moxifloxacin (0.25 mg/l) > gemifloxacin (0.5 mg/l) > gatifloxacin (1 mg/l) = levofloxacin (1mg/l). For 87% of the isolates the MPC value was 0.5 mg/l for gatifloxacin. The rank order of potency based on the time the serum drug concentration exceeded the MPC(90), was as follows: moxifloxacin (>24 h) > levofloxacin (>18 h) > gatifloxacin (12 h) > gemifloxacin (9 h). Serum drug concentration remained in excess of the MPC(87) for 24 h for gatifloxacin. Both MIC(90) and MPC(90) values were higher against MRSA strains and the time above the MPC(90) was significantly shorter for all agents.     

Usefulness of various antibiotics against Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare, measured by their mutant prevention concentration

This study looked the selection of resistant mutants in Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare during antibiotic treatment. The mutant prevention concentration (MPC) of 20 Mycobacterium avium and 12 Mycobacterium intracellulare isolates was determined. Fifty percent of Mycobacterium avium strains had MPC (MPC50) values lower than 16, 64, 40, 55 and 60 mg/L for rifabutin, rifampicin, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin, respectively. In the case of Mycobacterium intracellulare, 50% had MPC (MPC50) values below 60, 30, 35, 16, 2.5 and 14 mg/L for linezolid, rifabutin, levofloxacin, gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin and clarithromycin, respectively. The high capacity for selecting resistant mutants of all the antibiotics studied emphasises the need to restore the immune system if necessary and to administer combined treatments in order to cure patients.     

Mutant prevention concentrations of garenoxacin against Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from otorhinolaryngological infections

The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) and the mutant prevention concentrations (MPCs) of garenoxacin (GRNX), were compared to those of levofloxacin (LVFX), and moxifloxacin (MFLX) against 78 Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from otorhinolaryngological infections in Japan during the period January 2007 to June 2007. The MIC and MPC for 90% of the isolates (MIC90 and MPC90) of GRNX were 0.06 and 0.12 microg/mL, respectively, and were the lower values than LVFX and MFLX MIC90s and MPC90s. The ratios of MPC/MIC of GRNX were the lower values than those of LVFX and MFLX.     

Microbiological rationale for the utilisation of prulifloxacin, a new fluoroquinolone, in the eradication of serious infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of prulifloxacin were evaluated in comparison with ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin against a large collection (N = 300) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains characterised according to the CLSI/NCCLS microdilution method. Additional in vitro tests (time-kill curves and mutant prevention concentration (MPC) determinations) were carried out. Assuming a susceptibility breakpoint for prulifloxacin identical to that of ciprofloxacin, the new fluoroquinolone emerged as the most potent antibiotic (72% of susceptible strains versus 65%, 61% and 23% for ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin, respectively). Time-kill tests at 4x MIC confirmed the pronounced bactericidal potency of the drug against P. aeruginosa. Amongst the members of the fluoroquinolone class assessed, prulifloxacin produced the lowest MPC values (< or = 4 mg/L). Our in vitro results indicate that prulifloxacin represents the most powerful antipseudomonal drug available today.     

In vitro activities of fourteen antimicrobial agents against obligately anaerobic bacteria

The in vitro activities of fourteen antimicrobial agents were tested against 292 clinical isolates of obligately anaerobic bacteria using the broth microdilution technique. Taking all strains as a group the MIC(50/90) (mg/l) values were metronidazole and imipenem 0.25/1, meropenem 0.25/0.5, trovafloxacin 0.25/1, gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin 0.5/2, levofloxacin 2/16, ciprofloxacin 4/32, clindamycin 0.5/8, amoxycillin/clavulanate 1/4, doxycycline and chloramphenicol 2/4, erythromycin 4/>32 and penicillin G 16/>32.