透皮促进剂对萘普生的促透效果研究

目的研究透皮促进剂月桂氮酮、油酸、月桂醇与1,2-丙二醇单独使用或混合使用对萘普生经皮渗透的促透效果。方法采用Valia-Chien双室渗透池,以10%聚乙二醇400生理盐水为接收介质,经大鼠腹部离体皮肤渗透,高效液相色谱法测定接受液中药物含量,计算药物累积透皮量和稳态透皮速率。结果 5%月桂氮酮+20%1,2-丙二醇达最大促透效果。结论脂溶性促进剂月桂氮酮、油酸,联合1,2-丙二醇使用对萘普生促透效果显著。     

不同透皮促进剂对环孢素A纳米粒丝素蛋白膜剂经皮渗透的影响研究

目的:研究不同透皮促进剂对环孢素A纳米粒丝素蛋白膜剂(简称环孢素A膜剂)经皮渗透的影响,并优选出其最佳透皮促进剂。方法:以不同浓度的氮酮、油酸、月桂醇、丙二醇、尿素单用及氮酮与其他辅料联用作为透皮促进剂,制备环孢素A膜剂;采用药物透皮扩散试验仪,以离体大鼠腹部皮肤为渗透屏障,40%乙醇-生理盐水为接收介质,高效液相色谱法为接收介质中药物含量的测定方法,比较不同透皮促进剂作用下环孢素A累积透皮量(Q)、稳态透皮速率(Js)、增渗倍数(ER)等。结果:氮酮、月桂醇、丙二醇、尿素对环孢素A膜剂均有透皮促进作用,其中以1%氮酮+2%丙二醇的透皮促进效果最好,令24h内Q提高至2.81倍、Js为6.59μg·cm-2·h-1、ER为2.59。结论:1%氮酮+2%丙二醇更适合作为环孢素A膜剂的透皮促进剂。     

不同透皮吸收促进剂对左旋肉碱透皮特性的影响

目的:选择适宜的透皮吸收促进剂增加左旋肉碱的透皮百分率。方法:使用改良Franz体外释药装置,用RP-HPLC法检测接收液中左旋肉碱的浓度,计算药物的透皮累积释放量,采用滞留时间法求算经皮渗透相关系数,考察不同用量的丙二醇、尿素、氮酮对左旋肉碱的促透作用。结果:左旋肉碱的溶液在体外透皮释放试验中有透皮吸收。不同种类及不同用量的吸收促进剂对左旋肉碱的促透作用不同,且随着透皮时间的延长,促透量显著增加。3种透皮吸收促进剂中尿素和丙二醇的促透作用较好,氮酮的促透作用稍差。结论:透皮吸收促进剂能够增加左旋肉碱的透皮百分率,其中2.5%的丙二醇促透作用最强。     

中药复方制剂心安康贴剂的透皮吸收促进剂选择研究

目的：对中药复方制剂心安康贴剂的透皮吸收促进剂的选择进行研究。方法：采用Franz渗透扩散装置的气相色谱法，进行了大鼠皮肤贴剂的体外释放与渗透试验，对氮酮、十六醇、月桂醇硫酸钠，丙二醇4种透皮吸收促进剂单独应用和任意两种舍用的促进效果进行考察。结果：氮酮和丙二醇以2％：15％褥合，促进效果最强。结论：透皮促进剂对中药贴剂中的成分有较好的促透作用。     

复合透皮吸收促进剂对尼莫地平离体透皮速率的影响

利用自制改良Ｆｒａｎｚ＇ｓ扩散池，测定了含不同透皮吸收促进剂的尼莫地平混悬液（３０％乙醇作溶解介质）的离体鼠皮透皮作用，发现不同透皮促进剂促透作用的大小顺序为丙二醇＜月桂氮酮＜硬脂酸＜月桂氮酮＋丙二醇＜硬脂酸＋丙二醇。当用硬脂酸、丙二醇复合透皮促进剂时，２４ｈ累积透皮量为２．１５±０．３１ｍｇ／ｃｍ２，为未加透皮促进剂时的１８．６倍     

马钱子巴布剂体外透皮实验及促透剂的筛选

目的:考察不同促透剂对马钱子巴布剂中马钱子碱、士的宁的体外透皮吸收的影响,筛选合适的促透剂。方法:采用改良Franz扩散池对离体大鼠皮肤进行体外透皮实验,RP-HPLC法测定含不同促透剂的马钱子巴布剂中活性成分的累积渗透量(Q_n)和透过率(T)。结果:马钱子巴布剂体外透皮吸收符合零级动力学方程,不同的促透剂对透皮吸收影响的顺序为:DMF>月桂氮芯卓酮(氮酮)>丙二醇>薄荷醇。在给定的范围内(≤5%),氮酮和薄荷醇的促透性能均是随着浓度增大而先升后降,二甲基甲酰胺和丙二醇的促透效果都是随着浓度增大而增强。结论:不同浓度的促透剂均能一定程度促进马钱子巴布剂活性成分的透皮吸收,其中以5%DMF的促渗效果最好。     

不同促透剂对重组人干扰素α-2b体外透皮特性的影响

目的探讨不同促透剂对重组人干扰素α-2b体外透皮特性的影响。方法配制不同组成及比例的促透剂,采用改良的Franz扩散池装置,以离体家兔兔皮为透皮屏障,采用紫外分光光度法计算重组人干扰素α-2b的累积透皮吸收量。结果不同促透剂均有不同程度的促透作用,其促透作用强弱顺序为3%薄荷脑+3%丙二醇>3%薄荷脑>3%氮酮+3%丙二醇>1%氮酮+1%薄荷脑>1%薄荷脑>3%氮酮+3%薄荷脑>1%氮酮>1%氮酮+3%薄荷脑>3%氮酮+1%薄荷脑>3%氮酮。结论氮酮、薄荷脑、丙二醇均可作为重组人干扰素α-2b的透皮促进剂。     

促透皮吸收剂对菌克软膏中硝酸咪康唑透皮吸收的影响

目的考察促透皮吸收剂对菌克软膏中硝酸咪康唑透皮吸收的影响,并筛选最佳透皮吸收剂及用量。方法采用Franz扩散池法,以离体裸鼠皮为透皮屏障,HPLC法测定含量,计算累积透皮量。结果累积透皮量检测表明,不同促渗剂的促渗强弱顺序依次为3%氮酮>5%丙二醇>5%油酸>3%薄荷脑>不加促透剂,不同用量的氮酮促渗作用强弱顺序依次为5%氮酮>3%氮酮>1%氮酮>菌克。结论几种促透剂对菌克软膏中硝酸咪康唑均有促透皮吸收作用,其中氮酮的促透效果最好,且5%氮酮的促透效果最为明显。     

促渗剂对氟比洛芬体外经皮渗透的影响

目的研究不同的促渗剂对氟比洛芬体外经皮渗透的促渗作用。方法采用TK-6A型透皮扩散仪,用人皮进行体外经皮渗透实验,考察不同的促渗剂[二甲基亚砜、月桂醇、丙二醇、月桂氮酮(氮酮)、尿素、油酸]及其组合对氟比洛芬体外透皮吸收的促渗作用,以HPLC法测定各时间点接受室中药物浓度,求算透皮吸收的有关参数,比较各促渗剂的促渗作用。结果15%二甲基亚砜、3%氮酮、1%尿素可使氟比洛芬经皮渗透速率分别提高1.8,1.5,1.1倍,促渗剂联用取得的促渗效果更佳,5%油酸 20%丙二醇 1%尿素可使该药物的经皮渗透速率提高6倍。结论单用促渗剂对氟比洛芬经皮渗透促渗效果有限,促渗剂联合使用可以显著提高氟比洛芬经皮渗透速率。     

不同透皮吸收促进剂对黄绵马酸BB乳膏体外透皮吸收的影响

目的:研究不同透皮吸收促进剂对黄绵马酸BB乳膏体外透皮吸收的影响。方法:分别制备含1%氮酮、2%氮酮、3%氮酮、4%氮酮、1%薄荷醇、1%丙二醇、1%油酸、1%氮酮+1%薄荷醇、1%氮酮+1%丙二醇、1%氮酮+1%油酸、1%薄荷醇+1%丙二醇等11种不同透皮吸收促进剂的黄绵马酸BB乳膏。采用改良Franz扩散池,以离体雄性大鼠腹部皮肤为透皮屏障,通过超高效液相色谱法测定接受液中黄绵马酸BB含量,并计算24 h内的单位面积累积透过量(Q_(24h))和经皮渗透速率(J_(ss));同时与无透皮吸收促进剂的黄绵马酸BB乳膏进行比较,计算增渗比(ER)。结果:含上述11种透皮吸收促进剂的黄绵马酸BB乳膏的Q_(24h)分别为(82.96±7.15)、(80.17±0.66)、(78.22±1.87)、(73.53±1.24)、(35.65±2.23)、(34.02±1.73)、(42.68±2.66)、(33.94±1.37)、(34.16±1.54)、(46.78±1.21)、(43.66±1.69)μg/cm~2,Jss分别为(5.26±0.10)、(4.69±0.12)、(4.45±0.45)、(4.00±0.06)、(3.74±0.33)、(3.23±0.18)、(3.73±0.53)、(3.14±0.47)、(3.54±0.11)、(3.98±0.34)、(4.34±0.14)μg/(cm2·h),ER分别为2.055、1.831、1.738、1.564、1.462、1.263、1.456、1.227、1.385、1.557、1.698。结论:以上透皮吸收促进剂均可增强黄绵马酸BB乳膏的透皮吸收作用,其中以1%氮酮的作用最强。     

Use of an 8(1)3(2) asymmetrical factorial design for the in vitro evaluation of ondansetron permeation through human epidermis

The in vitro permeation of ondansetron through human cadaver epidermis, as a preliminary step toward the development of a transdermal therapeutic system, was investigated. In vitro release studies were carried out using modified Franz diffusion cells and human epidermis, taken from cadaver skin by heat separation technique. To estimate the effect of the type and concentration of the penetration enhancers and the skin from different donors, an 8(1)3(2) asymmetrical factorial design was used. Formulations containing lauric acid and oleic acid as penetration enhancers, showed the largest Q values [amounts of ondansetron permeated per unit area of epidermal membrane (microg/cm2)] at 24, 48, and 72 hr, as well as steady-state flux values, among all formulations tested. The other enhancers increased the flux in the following order: lauryl alcohol>glycerol monooleate>Azone >cineole>oleyl alcohol>1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone. Moreover, the concentration of the penetration enhancer and the type of the skin were proved to significantly affect the permeation rate of ondansetron through human epidermis. From the results obtained, it was shown that the formulations containing lauric acid or oleic acid at 5% or 10% could increase sufficiently the permeation of ondansetron. Therefore, the transdermal administration of ondansetron seems feasible.     

不同透皮促进剂及基质对黄体酮透皮作用的影响

目的：观察促进剂及基质对黄体酮凝胶本外透皮作用的影响。方法：采用改良的Ｆｒａｎｚ扩散池,以离体大鼠皮肤为透皮屏障,用高效液相色谱法测定不同种类和浓度的促进剂及不同基质的黄体酮凝胶的体外接受液的含量,进而计算其积累透皮量和稳态透皮速率。结果：３种基质中以Ｃａｒｂｏｐｏｌ＋ＰＶＰ作为基质的渗透作用为好,几种促进剂的促进作用大小顺序为：丙二醇（ＰＧ）＋月桂氮Ｚｈｏｕ酮（Ａｚｏｎｅ）〉月桂氮Ｚｈｏｕ酮〉丙     

渗透促进剂对莫达芬尼透皮作用的影响

目的：研究10种渗透促进剂对莫达芬尼透皮吸收的影响。方法：采用改良的Franz扩散池，以40％PEG-400生理盐水溶液为接受介质，以大鼠离体腹部皮肤为透皮屏障，计算不同单元渗透促进剂作用下莫达芬尼累积渗透量Q、稳态流量Js及相关参数。结果：不同促渗剂对莫达芬尼有不同程度的促渗作用，氮酮、丁香油、月桂酸、薄荷醇对莫达芬尼促透作用比较显著，其增渗倍数分别是空白对照组的17．3850，16．3303，9．3297，8．7037倍。结论：此研究为莫达芬尼透皮吸收制剂处方的设计提供依据。     

促渗剂对甲睾酮透皮作用的影响

目的:考察各种促渗剂对甲睾酮喷雾剂透皮作用的影响。方法:用改良的Franz透皮扩散池,以离体鼠皮为屏障,制备包含不同种类和浓度的促渗剂的甲睾酮乙醇溶液,高效液相色谱法测定甲睾酮累积渗透量及渗透速率。结果:薄荷素油和月桂氮卓芯酮均可显著促进甲睾酮透皮吸收,其透皮效率为:月桂氮芯卓酮-薄荷油(4%~6%,v/v)>月桂氮卓芯酮-薄荷油(2%~8%,v/v)>10%薄荷素油>10%月桂氮卓芯酮>无促渗剂。结论:薄荷油和月桂氮卓芯酮体积比为6%~4%(v/v)时比使用单一促渗剂时对甲睾酮的乙醇溶液具有更佳的促渗作用。     

Effect of penetration enhancers on the transdermal delivery of bupranolol through rat skin

Bupranolol (BPL) is a suitable drug candidate for transdermal drug delivery system development based on its favorable physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. The effect of different penetration enhancers on the permeation of BPL across rat skin was studied using side-by-side diffusion cells. 2-Pyrrolidone (PY), 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (MPY), and propylene glycol (PG) at various concentrations were used as penetration enhancers along with 0.4% w/v aqueous suspension of BPL. Menthol at different concentrations in isopropanol-water (6:4) mixture also was used as an enhancer wherein BPL at 0.4% w/v was completely solubilized. Skin pretreatment studies were carried out with all the above enhancers to understand their role in the penetration enhancement effect. PY and MPY at 5% w/v concentrations increased the permeation of BPL by 3.8- and 2.4-fold, respectively, versus control (p < .01). PG at 10% and 30 w/v concentrations increased the flux of BPL by 2.5- and 5.0-fold, respectively, versus control (p < .001). Menthol at 2% w/v concentration increased the flux of BPL by 3.8-fold (p < .01) and further increase in menthol concentration significantly decreased the flux of BPL. Overall, pyrrolidones and menthol at low concentrations (5% w/v or less) and PG at 30% w/v concentration were effective as penetration enhancers for BPL.     

Effect of Penetration Enhancers on the Transdermal Delivery of Bupranolol Through Rat Skin

Bupranolol (BPL) is a suitable drug candidate for transdermal drug delivery system development based on its favorable physicochemical and pharmacokinetic properties. The effect of different penetration enhancers on the permeation of BPL across rat skin was studied using side-by-side diffusion cells. 2-pyrrolidone (PY), 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (MPY), and propylene glycol (PG) at various concentrations were used as penetration enhancers along with 0.4% w/v aqueous suspension of BPL. Menthol at different concentrations in isopropanol-water (6:4) mixture also was used as an enhancer wherein BPL at 0.4% w/v was completely solubilized. Skin pretreatment studies were carried out with all the above enhancers to understand their role in the penetration enhancement effect. PY and MPY at 5% w/v concentrations increased the permeation of BPL by 3.8- and 2.4-fold, respectively, versus control (p < .01). PG at 10% and 30 w/v concentrations increased the flux of BPL by 2.5- and 5.0-fold, respectively, versus control (p < .001). Menthol at 2% w/v concentration increased the flux of BPL by 3.8-fold (p < .01) and further increase in menthol concentration significantly decreased the flux of BPL. Overall, pyrrolidones and menthol at low concentrations (5% w/v or less) and PG at 30% w/v concentration were effective as penetration enhancers for BPL.     

The effect of terpene concentrations on the skin penetration of diclofenac sodium

Terpenes and sesquiterpenes have been suggested as promising non-toxic, non-irritating transdermal penetration enhancers. This investigation aimed to study the effect of terpene concentration on the transdermal absorption of diclofenac sodium from ethanol:glycerin:phosphate buffer solution (60:10:30). Therefore, enhancing effects of various terpenes (menthone, limonenoxide, carvone, nerolidol and farnsol) with different concentrations (0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2.5%, v/v) on the permeation of diclofenac sodium were evaluated using Franz diffusion cells fitted with rat skin. Furthermore, solubility of diclofenac sodium in the vehicle in presence of different concentrations of terpenes was determined. The results showed that despite the negligible effect of terpenes on the drug solubility, there was a profound skin penetration enhancement effect, although the terpene enhancers varied in their ability to enhance the flux of diclofenac sodium. The results showed that at the highest concentration of terpene (2.5%, v/v) the rank order of enhancement effect for diclofenac sodium was nerolidol>farnesol>carvone>methone>limonenoxide, whereas at the low concentration of 0.25% the rank order was farnesol>carvone>nerolidol>menthone>limonenoxide. No direct relationship existed between terpene concentration and the permeation rate. The most outstanding penetration enhancer was nerolidol, providing an almost 198-fold increase in permeability coefficient of diclofenac sodium, followed by farnesol with a 78-fold increase.     

不同基质和透皮促进剂对秋水仙碱凝胶剂体外透皮特性的影响

目的优选秋水仙碱凝胶剂基质和相应的透皮促进剂,为制备秋水仙碱透皮给药新制剂提供参考资料。方法采用改良的Franz扩散池法,并通过RP-HPLC法测定接收液中秋水仙碱的含量。结果3种基质的秋水仙碱凝胶体外透皮比率为Carbopol基质凝胶>HPMC基质凝胶>CMC-Na基质凝胶。以Carbopol为基质,加入几种透皮促进剂后,秋水仙碱凝胶的体外透皮速率为丙二醇>冰片>氮酮>薄荷油。结论凝胶剂作为秋水仙碱透皮吸收新剂型可行。     

Evaluation of in-vitro percutaneous absorption across human skin and in animal models

The in-vitro permeability characteristics of human skin have been examined and compared with results in laboratory animals using various types of penetration enhancers. The study was focused on evaluation of predictable validity of the data obtained in animals mostly used in permeation studies. The results in man using the same penetration enhancers were about 30% of the value in the rat. The least potent enhancer was dimethylsulphoxide and the maximum efficacy was observed with sodium laurylsulphate in the rat experiments while in man the results were approximately equal when using any of the studied enhancers. Comparison of the results of experiments performed with N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone in several laboratory animals and man showed that the skin permeability in man is approximately 4 times lower than with the rat. Man and guinea-pig were not significantly different in these experiments. There were no significant differences in laurocapram penetration enhancing effect in the concentration range 0.1 to 0.5%, but there was an optimum concentration of laurocapram of 1%. The results showed quantitative differences in percutaneous absorption in various animal species in comparison with man. These differences should be considered in selecting a suitable model for preclinical drug evaluation. The guinea-pig skin penetration seems to be most similar to that in man.     

Percutaneous penetration enhancement activity of aromatic S, S-dimethyliminosulfuranes.

The activity of three series of iminosulfuranes (classes I-III) as potential transdermal penetration enhancers was investigated. These dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) related compounds were synthesized from activated DMSO by trifluoroacetic anhydride. Structure confirmation was accomplished by 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis prior to in vitro testing. Hydrocortisone (HC) was used as a model drug, and the effect of the iminosulfuranes on the penetration of HC through hairless mouse skin was evaluated. All enhancers tested were applied to the skin as saturated suspensions in propylene glycol to ensure their maximum thermodynamic activity. Three compounds, S,S-dimethyl-N-(4-bromobenzoyl)iminosulfurane (9), S,S-dimethyl-N-(5-nitro-2-pyridyl)iminosulfurane (13), and S, S-dimethyl-N-(4-phenylazaphenyl)iminosulfurane (16) showed statistically significant activity quantitated by amounts of model drug permeated through the skin in 24 h (Q(24)), and flux values, compared to control (propylene glycol without enhancer). Highest Q(24) and flux values were obtained for 9: 996.2+/-192.5 microg/cm(2) and 42.9+/-7.5 microg/cm(2) per h, respectively. All arylsulfonyl substituted compounds showed lower or similar enhancement activity when compared to control. S, S-dimethyl-N-(benzenesulfonyl)iminosulfurane (1), S, S-dimethyl-N-(2-methoxycarbonylbenzenesulfonyl)iminosulfurane++ + ( 7) and S,S-dimethyl-N-(4-chlorobenzenesulfonyl)iminosulfurane (8) decreased the permeation of HC significantly (P<0.05). It is possible that these agents work as retardants under these experimental conditions. None of the enhancers tested showed significant skin model drug retention, suggesting that these compounds could be useful for increasing systemic rather than local drug delivery.