专项抗荷体能训练对HP动作抗荷效果的影响

目的为我军高性能战斗机飞行员提出一套针对新的HP抗荷动作特点的专项抗荷体能训练方法。方法7名受试者，在60d内隔日分别进行针对HP动作特点的心肺功能和力量训练。心肺功能训练使用心率控制法控制训练强度；力量训练使用最大重复量的方法控制训练强度；配合训练前准备活动和训练后放松活动进行全身肌肉的协调性训练。测定、比较训练前后自身 Gz耐力、心率、呼吸功能等相关生理参数的变化。结果训练后受试者的基础G耐力、HP动作的G耐力和HP动作的抗荷效果显著提高。在有载荷情况下的心率降低，肺活量显著增大，最大呼气压力变化不大。结论新的专项抗荷体能训练方法可以显著提高HP动作的抗荷效果、HP动作的抗荷耐力和基础耐力。     

不同强度的耐力训练后大鼠骨骼肌超微结构适应性变化的研究

为了探讨不同强度的耐力训练对有氧代谢外周机制不同的适应性 影响以及在耐力训练中是否存在最适宜于发展骨骼肌结构、功能的强度，设计了26m/min、3 0m/min、36m/min、42m/min的训练强度，对大鼠进行16周的耐力训练，并对骨骼肌肌细胞及 毛细血管的超微结构进行了显微图象计量分析。结果表明，在30 m/min 的强度训练后，线 粒体内膜和嵴发展最好，毛细血管的数目也增加最多，毛细血管腔的增大最明显，骨骼肌细 胞最大氧弥散距离缩短最显著，说明不同强度的耐力训练后大鼠骨骼肌的超微结构产生了不 同的适应性变化，并且中等强度训练对骨骼肌的发展最有效。     

耐力训练后急进高原心率变异性与急性高原反应关系研究

目的:分析不同强度耐力训练后模拟急进高原24h内心率变异性(HRV)与急性高原反应(AMS)的关系。方法:选择分别经过极限强度、有氧、无氧耐力训练的男性新兵43例,检测在模拟急进4500m高原24h期间2、10、20h的HRV,分析其与AMS的关系。结果:极限耐力组、有氧耐力组RMSSD、PNN50均显著下降,无氧耐力组呈先下降后升高曲线;有氧耐力组LF/HF先下降后增高,无氧耐力组、极限耐力组则呈先增高后下降曲线;极限耐力组、有氧耐力组SDNN、TP呈下降趋势,无氧耐力组则无显著变化。AMS症状评分与模拟急进高原后10、20h时LF/HF呈显著正相关(P<0.05);与SDNN、RMSSD、PNN50、HFn呈显著负相关(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论:极限强度耐力训练和有氧耐力训练不利于对急进高原环境的习服;无氧耐力训练使交感和副交感神经活动维持相对稳定状态,增强ANS的调节能力,有助于提高急进高原的适应能力。     

5000米跑耐力训练对新兵有氧耐力及左心室结构和功能的影响

目的:严格控制实验条件,观察18周5000米长跑耐力训练效果,为基因多态与训练效果的关联性分析提供基础数据。方法:102名中国汉族士兵每周训练3次,采用前10周95%VTHR(通气无氧阈时的心率)±3和后8周105%VTHR±3来控制跑速。用体成分测定仪测定18周训练前后受试者的体成分,通过递增负荷跑台运动,分别于训练前后测定VO2max(最大摄氧量)、VT(通气无氧阈)、RE(跑节省化)实验中相关有氧耐力指标,通过定量负荷蹬车运动测定训练前后左心室结构与功能相关指标。结果:18周训练后受试者VO2max较训练前平均增加了1·56%(P<0·01),VT时摄氧量提高了2·59%(P<0·05),RE时的摄氧量较训练前下降7·60%~9·43%(P<0·01);训练后左心室每搏量增加、心输出量节省化和左室重量增加。结论:5000跑耐力训练可明显提高受试者有氧耐力水平,递增负荷下左心室结构与功能呈现良好的顺应性变化。     

离心机高G训练中的心电图改变

记录并分析了４７名离心机受训者心电图，训练同４个Ｇ模式组成，在６ｄ内完成。受训得分为３组，分别使用不同的抗荷装备。结果表明：离心机训练中心律失常发生率高（８７％），且随Ｇ负荷强度的增加而增多；＋Ｇｚ时Ｒ／Ｓ比值〈１，或＋Ｇｚ消失即刻心率骤减的人Ｇ耐力较低；先进抗荷装备的心律失常发生率降低。     

不同方案训练对新兵耐力素质的影响

目的:评价不同方案训练对新兵耐力及运动成绩的影响,为优化部队体能训练方案提供理论依据。方法:72名健康男性新兵随机被分为现行训练组、有氧耐力组、无氧耐力组,均进行连续8周训练。分别于训练前、训练4周末、训练8周末进行最大耗氧量(VO2max)、台阶试验及PWC150耐力指标测定和3 000 m、50 m跑考核。结果:与训练前相比,3个组别所有指标均随时间显著进行性提高。且至训练8周末有氧耐力组台阶指数、VO2max3、000 m成绩显著优于现行训练组(P值分别为0.013、0.029、0.001);无氧耐力组台阶指数、50 m跑成绩显著优于现行训练组(P分别为0.012、0.026);各组间PWC150无显著差异。结论:科学、合理、规范的耐力训练更利于提高战士耐力素质,基层部队应根据担负任务特点有针对性的加强有氧耐力和/或无氧耐力训练。     

力竭运动后血浆内皮素与心肺功能的变化

采用特异性放射免疫法测定耐力运动员和普通大学生力竭运动后血浆内皮素（ＥＴ）的变化,探索耐力训练对心血管内分泌的影响及其与心肺功能的关系。结果表明：耐力运动员安静时血浆ＥＴ水平明显高于普通大学生,力竭运动后血浆ＥＴ浓度增加,增加幅度耐力运动员明显高于普通大学生,并与心肺功能有一定的关系,提示这可能与ＥＴ的正性肌力和耐力训练后心肺内分泌的适应性改变有关。     

1168名空军飞行人员体质状况的研究

为探讨空军飞行人员体质与专项运动成绩、心肺功能及体能指数间的内在联系，为评定飞行人员体质提供理论依据。我们对1168名飞行人员心呻功能及运动成绩进行了测量。发现经体育训练后，运动成绩普遍提高，优秀率为66．5％；心肺功能和前庭耐力明显改善。但有26人运动成绩不及格，占2．23%，其中体重偏低及偏高18人，占1．54%；前庭耐力不良8人，占0．69%。说明空军飞行人员经系统的体育训练，飞行耐力、身体素质在正常范围内；体重偏高或偏低体质差，飞行耐力降低；前庭耐力不良，易发生前庭植物神经反应。     

耐力训练对青少年运动员最大摄氧量和动脉血酮体比的影响

目的:观察耐力训练对青少年运动员有氧能力和动脉血酮体比(AKBR)的影响。方法:18名青少年游泳运动员4周耐力训练前后,测定其递增负荷运动实验中VO2max、血乳酸和心率变化,以及恒定负荷运动实验后酮体含量和动脉血酮体比。结果:4周耐力训练后,受试者VO2max、最大运动时的负荷、心率、血乳酸水平较训练前显著提高,个体乳酸阈呈升高趋势;递增负荷运动中的摄氧量、心率和血乳酸动力学曲线右移;动脉血酮体比显著提高。结果表明,伴随青少年游泳运动员有氧运动能力的改善,在等量负荷运动条件下其肝线粒体氧化还原状态和能荷增强。     

12周不同强度运动干预对大鼠心肺耐力的改善效果

目的:探究12周不同强度的运动干预对心肺耐力的提升效果,为改善心肺耐力的有效运动负荷评价提供理论支持。方法:40只雄性Wistar大鼠随机分为安静组、小强度组(50%VO2max)、中强度组(65%VO2max)、大强度组(80%VO2max),每组10只。安静组不运动,运动组适应性训练3天后测试最大摄氧量,之后每隔两周测试1次。运动组大鼠每天训练1h,每周5天。12周运动干预后,进行超声心动测试,测试各组大鼠心脏形态学及功能学指标。结果:(1)经过12周训练后,小强度组和大强度组大鼠体重显著低于安静组(P<0.05,P<0.01)。(2)12周运动干预后,3个运动组大鼠VO2max都显著高于安静组(P<0.01)。中强度组和大强度组VO2max提升效果较快,分别在第8周末和第6周末达到峰值。而小强度组在第10周末明显提升,并于12周末达到峰值。(3)大强度组左室收缩末内径显著低于小强度组(P<0.05),而射血分数和左室短轴缩短率则显著高于小强度组(P<0.05)。结论:(1)不同强度的运动都可以改善大鼠的心肺耐力,但相比中强度和大强度运动,小强度运动对心肺耐力的改善所需的运动干预时间更长。(2)只有大强度运动可以改善心脏泵血功能。     

Effets d'un réentraı̂nement à l'effort réalisé au seuil ventilatoire chez l'insuffisant cardiaque

Objectives – Study was to assess the effects of exercise training at the ventilatory threshold on exercise tolerance and quality of life in subjects with chronic heart failure.Methods and results – Nine subjects with moderate chronic heart failureperformed: a maximal exercise test and a six-minute walk test and responded to a quality of life questionnaire, both before and after the training program. The exercise training consisted of 46 minutes of cycling, three times per week, for eight weeks, and the exercise intensity was the heart rate at the ventilatory threshold ±5 beats/min. The results showed that exercise training at the ventilatory threshold improves exercise tolerance (maximal and submaximal) and quality of life in subjects with chronic heart failure. These training benefits were very satisfactory compared with other results in the literature.Conclusion – An individualized exercise intensity set at the ventilatory threshold ensures optimal benefits of exercise training in subjects with chronic heart failure.     

Is there a threshold intensity for aerobic training in cardiac patients?

PURPOSE: Recent guidelines have recommended the use of a percentage of oxygen uptake reserve (VO2R) for prescribing aerobic exercise intensity for cardiac patients. Moreover, these guidelines suggest that a threshold intensity may exist, below which no improvement in peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) occurs. The purpose, therefore, was to translate the intensity of aerobic exercise in previous training studies using cardiac patients into %VO2R units, and determine whether a threshold intensity exists. METHODS: Twenty-three studies, using 28 groups of aerobically trained cardiac patients, were identified in which VO2peak was measured before and after training by gas exchange. Intensity of exercise was variously described as a percentage of VO2peak, percentage of peak heart rate (HRpeak), percentage of heart rate reserve (HRR), or percentage of peak workload. These intensities were translated into equivalent units of %VO2R. RESULTS: Of the 28 groups of patients, three failed to show significant improvements in VO2peak. These groups exercised at intensities corresponding to 47-55% of VO2R. However, six other groups exercised at comparable intensities (i.e., 42% to 55% of VO2R) and experienced significant increases in VO2peak. Other confounding variables in these studies were similar, including the initial VO2peak of the subjects, suggesting that the failure of three groups to significantly improve aerobic capacity was due to their small sample size. CONCLUSION: No threshold intensity for aerobic training was identified in cardiac patients, with the lowest intensity studied being approximately 45% of VO2R. It is possible that intensities below this value may be an effective training stimulus, especially in extremely deconditioned subjects, but further research is needed to test that possibility and to determine whether a threshold exists.     

Comparison of short-term aerobic training and high aerobic power on tolerance to uncompensable heat stress.

This study investigated whether, in subjects of moderate aerobic fitness, short-term aerobic training could replicate the improved physiological responses to exercise-heat stress observed in individuals with a high level of aerobic fitness. Males of moderate (MF; <50 ml x kg(-1) min(-1) VO2peak, n = 8) and high (HF; >55 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1) VO2peak, n = 8) aerobic fitness walked at 3.5 km x h(-1) in the heat (40 degrees C, 30% relative humidity) wearing nuclear, biological, and chemical protective clothing. Tests were conducted once on HF subjects and on MF subjects before (MF-Pre) and after (MF-Post) a 2-week program 6 d x week(-1) of daily aerobic training (1 h treadmill exercise at 65% VO2peak for 12 d, 22 degrees C, 40% relative humidity). The training significantly increased VO2peak by 6.5%, while heart rate (fc) and rectal temperature (Tre) rise decreased during exercise in a thermoneutral environment. HF had lower body mass and body fat content than MF, and VO2peak remained lower in MF pre-or post-training. In the heat, MF-Post had a decreased skin temperature (Tsk) and an increased sweat rate compared with MF-Pre, but no changes were observed in fc, Tre, or tolerance time (TT). No significant differences during the first 60 min in Tre and fc were observed between the MF-Post and the HF subjects, though the HF subjects exhibited a lower Tsk. The endpoint Tre, deltaTre, and TT remained significantly higher in HF than in either the MF-Pre or MF-Post subjects. It was concluded that, in preparation for exercise in an uncompensable heat stress environment, short-term aerobic training offers little, if any, benefit and is not an adequate substitute for a high level of aerobic fitness resulting from habitual exercise and training.     

Efficacy of perceptual versus heart rate monitoring in the development of endurance.

The purpose of this investigation was to compare the effectiveness of using ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) with heart rate in the monitoring of exercise intensity during aerobic dance instruction. Thirty-eight students who enrolled in aerobic dance classes used heart rate to monitor exercise intensity while 38 additional students used RPE to monitor exercise intensity during a 14-week course. Classes met twice a week for 50 min and all outside workouts were recorded. The groups did not differ with respect to the number of outside workouts. The dependent variable was endurance performance as measured by the distance run in 15 min. Data were analysed with a repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) for multifactor experiments. There were significant trials (P less than 0.0001) and interaction (P less than 0.05) effects, and both groups improved significantly in endurance performance during 14 weeks of training. However, the group using RPE to monitor exercise intensity had a significantly greater gain in endurance. The heart rate group had a mean increase of 6% (166 m) whereas the RPE group increased 11% (274 m). It is concluded that during aerobic dance the monitoring of exercise intensity with RPE is associated with greater improvement in endurance than is heart rate monitoring.     

Improvement of cognitive function by mental and/or individualized aerobic training in healthy elderly subjects

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of aerobic and mental training on cognitive function and to determine if the association of the two techniques shows better results. Thirty-two healthy elderly subjects (60 - 76 years) were assigned to one of four groups: aerobic training, mental training, combined aerobic and mental training and a control group. All subjects took two cognitive tests and an incremental exercise test before and after the training period. The intensity of exercise was individualized at the heart rate corresponding to the ventilatory threshold of each subject. After two months, the control group showed no alteration in physiological and cognitive variables. After the training period, the results showed a significant improvement in VO(2)max (F = 4.45, DF = 1, p < 0.05) of 12 % and 11 % in aerobic training and combined aerobic and mental training groups, respectively. Logical memory (F = 4.31, DF = 1, p < 0.05), as well as paired associates learning scores (F = 5.47, DF = 1, p < 0.05) and memory quotient (F = 6.52, DF = 1, p < 0.01) were significantly improved in the three trained groups. The mean difference in memory quotient between pre and post training was significantly higher in the combined aerobic and mental training group compared to aerobic training or mental training groups (F = 11.60, DF = 3, p < 0.001). We conclude that the specific aerobic training and mental training used in this study could induce the same degree of improvement in cognitive function and that combined training seemed to lead to greater effects than either technique alone.     

Muscle structure and aerobic performance capacity in recruit training school

The aerobic performance capacity (VO2 max) and muscle ultrastructural composition was analyzed in 18 subjects undergoing basic training in the Swiss army. Three groups were selected based on their sports activity. Group S contained subjects that had a previous systematic background in sports activities and trained regularly at least three times per week. A second group consisted of subjects that had no previous training and were subjected to an additional, individually adjusted endurance exercise (three times per week) for the first 8 weeks of their service period (group T). The control group (C) had no previous training and followed only the regular military duties. VO2 max was found to be significantly higher in group S at the beginning of the military service. However, VO2 max did not change significantly during the service period in any of the groups, Muscle mitochondria showed a significant change (+19%) only in group T. Heart rate recordings indicated that despite "strenuous" military activity, heart rates rarely reached levels sufficient for an increase in aerobic performance capacity.     

Responses of young girls to two modes of aerobic training.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the physiological effects of two different three times a week, eight week training programmes on the aerobic fitness of nine to ten year old girls. METHODS: Treadmill determined peak VO2, submaximal heart rates, and submaximal blood lactate were the criterion measures. Seventeen girls completed a programme of "aerobics" training where sessions lasted 20-25 minutes. Eighteen girls followed a cycle ergometer training programme which involved pedalling continuously for 20 minutes with the heart rate maintained between 160 and 170 beats/minute. A control group of 16 girls completed the criterion tests but did not train. In the cycle ergometer group and eight control subjects plasma total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol were determined before and after training. RESULTS: Peak VO2 did not change significantly with training in either training group, neither were there any significant changes in submaximal heart rates. Blood lactate declined significantly at the two lowest submaximal exercise intensities in the cycle ergometer training group (from 2.3 (1.1) to 1.4 (0.06) mmol/l at stage 1 and from 2.1 (1.2) to 1.6 (0.06) mmol/l at stage 2; means (SD); P < 0.01). Total cholesterol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol remained unchanged with training. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that an eight week structured exercise programme produces minimal changes in either the aerobic fitness or blood lipids of young girls. It may be more beneficial for long term health to promote enjoyment in activity and positive attitudes to exercise rather than attempting to enhance aerobic fitness through strenuous exercise programmes.     

应用专项训练器械结合不同训练方法提高自行车运动员专项体能的研究

目的:探讨自行车训练器材结合不同训练方法在场地自行车短距离项目运动员专项体能训练方面的应用及其效果。方法:山东省备战第十一届全运会的9名优秀自行车运动员,从2006年9月至2009年全运会前,在常规训练内容基础上,每周增加1～2次专项训练器训练,交替采用1min定量负荷间歇训练法、1min不定负荷间歇训练法和最大强度力竭训练法。定期测试上述训练过程中运动员最高心率、平均心率,最后一次运动后即刻心率、血乳酸和次日晨血清CK和BU等,比较分析测试结果以及年度最好比赛成绩。结果:(1)1min定量负荷间歇训练中,运动员最高心率、平均心率、血乳酸与第一次利用专项训练器械训练时相比明显降低,次日晨CK值也明显下降。(2)1min不定负荷间歇训练中,踏频在135次/分钟以上的运动持续时间明显增加(P<0.01),后2次测试运动员血乳酸显著升高。(3)最大强度力竭训练中,运动员最大强度运动至力竭运动时间,后3次与第1次比较均显著延长(P<0.01)。(4)从比赛成绩看,在全国自行车锦标赛中,运动员成绩每年都有大幅提高。这说明专项训练器械和上述训练方法相结合可提高自行车运动员专项体能。     

Moderate and high intensity exercise training in HIV-1 seropositive individuals: a randomized trial

HIV-infected individuals are frequently active, but guidelines for exercise in this population lack scientific support, since studies on the effects of exercise training on immunologic variables of HIV-1 positive individuals have shown conflicting results. Exercise capacity, immunologic markers (CD4, CD8 and CD4:CD8 ratio), anthropometric measurements, and depression scores were evaluated to compare the effects of two intensities of aerobic exercise on HIV-1 seropositive individuals. Twenty-one healthy subjects (14 men, 7 women), carriers of the HIV-1 virus (CD4>200 cells x mm(-3)), and inactive for at least 6 months, completed a 12 week exercise training program (36 sessions of 1 h, 3 times per week), in a moderate intensity group (60+/-4% of maximal heart rate) or a high intensity group (84+/-4% of maximal heart rate). Exercise capacity estimated by treadmill time was increased significantly in both moderate intensity (680+/-81 s before; 750+/-151 s after) and high intensity (651+/-122 s before; 841+/-158 s after) groups, but the high intensity group presented a significantly larger increment (p<0.01). There were no significant changes in the immunologic variables, anthropometric measurements or depression scores. Thus, HIV-seropositive individuals that participate in moderate and high intensity exercise programs are able to increase their functional capacity without any detectable changes in immunologic variables, anthropometric measurements or depression scores.     

高住高练低训对优秀女子跆拳道运动员红细胞膜及有氧能力的影响

目的:探讨高住高练低训(HiHiLo)对运动员红细胞膜和有氧能力的影响。方法:13名女子跆拳道运动员分为实验组(8名)和对照组(5名),进行4周实验。实验组每晚在低氧房(氧浓度14.7%,模拟海拔2800m高原环境)居住10小时,每周在低氧房进行3次72%最大摄氧量蹬功率自行车练习,每次30分钟;对照组平原居住,每周在平原环境进行3次80%最大摄氧量蹬功率自行车练习,每次30分钟。两组平时的专项训练由同一教练、按同一训练计划、于同一道馆进行。分别于实验前、入住10小时、实验1周、2周、3周、4周测试两组受试者血液红细胞变形指数、红细胞膜流动性、膜band-3蛋白含量以及个体无氧阈(ILT)。结果:实验组在实验3周时band-3蛋白含量显著高于实验前(P<0.05);4周时,实验组band-3蛋白含量显著高于实验前(P<0.01)和对照组(P<0.05);实验组4周时的ILT显著高于实验前(P<0.05)和对照组(P<0.01)。结论:HiHiLo可提高红细胞膜band-3蛋白含量,有利于红细胞发挥正常生理功能;HiHiLo可提高机体有氧运动能力。