Pilon骨折的手术治疗体会

目的回顾性分析了治疗Pilon骨折的适宜手术方法、最佳手术时机及其手术疗效。方法对1997年至2002年接受手术治疗的52例单侧Pilon骨折患进行随访，平均年龄37．8岁，伤后至手术时间平均6．8d。骨折类型：Ⅰ型4例、Ⅱ型36例、Ⅲ型12例。40例行切开复位三叶型(或T型)钢板内固定；12例行有限切开内固定并辅以外固定，其中应用外固定支架2例，辅以石膏托10例。术后平均随访28．4个月。结果采用Mazur评分系统评估手术疗效，52例患，优43例，良6例，可3例。术后并发症包括创面不愈合4例，感染2例，延迟愈合1例和关节退行性变7例。结论正确选择手术时机，根据骨折类型和条件灵活选择固定方式是取得良好手术效果的关键。     

高能量Pilon骨折的手术治疗

目的探讨Pilon骨折的适宜手术方法、最佳手术时机及其手术疗效。方法回顾性分析1998至2004年进行手术治疗的38例单侧胫骨Pilon骨折病例，38例中9例行切开复位三叶型钢板内固定，26例行有限切开内固定并辅以外固定，其中应用外固定支架者24例、辅以石膏托者2例。术后平均随访30．2个月。结果采用Mazur评分系统评估手术疗效，38例患者中，优28例，良8例，可2例。术后3例出现创面不愈合，4例发生感染，1例骨折延迟愈合，4例发生关节退行性变。结论正确选择手术时机，根据骨折类型和条件灵活选择固定方式是取得良好手术效果的关键。     

胫骨Pilon骨折的手术治疗

[目的]回顾性分析治疗胫骨Pilon骨折的手术方法及其疗效.[方法]对2002年1月～2005年12月手术治疗的31例胫骨Pilon骨折进行随访,开放性骨折12例,闭合性骨折19例.按R黣di-Allgǒwer分型Ⅰ型5例,Ⅱ型15例,Ⅲ型11例.24例行切开复位胫骨远端解剖钢板内固定术,7例行有限内固定结合外固定支架.术后随访12～23个月,平均18.3个月.[结果]采用Tenny评分系统评估手术疗效,优18例,良6例,可5例,差2例.术后并发症包括皮肤坏死3例,感染1例,复位不良1例和关节退行性变4例.[结论]根据骨折类型,正确选择手术时机和合适的固定方式是治疗Pilon骨折取得良好效果的关键.     

有限内固定结合外固定支架治疗Pilon骨折

目的：回顾性分析了有限内固定结合外固定支架治疗Pilon骨折的手术疗效。方法：23例患接受该方法治疗，其中，男16例，女7例。骨折类型：Ⅰ型2例，Ⅱ型3例，Ⅲ型9例，Ⅳ型5例，Ⅴ型4例。Ⅰ、Ⅱ型在“C”臂机监视下闭合复位，“T”型单侧多功能外固定支架或组合式外固定支架固定。Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ型采用踝前小切口，以螺钉有限内固定结合组合式外固定支架外固定。术后平均随访21个月，结果：采用Mazur评分系统评估手术疗效，优：16例，良：5例，可：1例，差：1例。术后并发症包括：针道感染3例，螺钉松动2例。结论：有限内固定结合外固定支架是治疗高能量Pilon骨折（尤其Ⅲ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ型）的较好方法。     

胫骨远端Pilon骨折治疗方法的选择

目的探讨胫骨Pilon骨折的治疗方法和临床疗效。方法2004年7月～2005年5月期间，收治Pilon骨折29例，其中PilonⅠ型骨折5例，Ⅱ型骨折16例，Ⅲ型骨折8例；闭合性Pilon骨折8例，开放性GustiloⅠ型Pilon骨折7例，GustiloⅡ型骨折9例，GustiloⅢ型骨折5例；急诊手术复位三叶草钢板内固定13例，有限切开复位、支架外固定5例，U型石膏外固定6例，延期手术复位内固定5例。结果按Mazur标准，优15例，良7例，可4例，差3例。结论根据骨折类型和软组织损伤程度，在适当的时问选择合适的治疗方案，是Pilon骨折治疗成功的关键。     

外固定支架治疗开放性Pilon骨折29例报告

目的：探讨开放性Pilon骨折外固定支架治疗的优缺点及手术要点。方法：对1996年－2000年接受手术治疗的29例单侧开放性Pilon骨折回顾。结果：29例经平均26个月的随访，总优良率69％。结论：1、开放性Pilon骨折，使用外固定支架，收到较好疗效。2、骨折的分级与术后疗效有直接关系。3、对Pilon骨折的并发症要有足够认识。     

胫骨远端解剖钢板治疗Pilon骨折

目的：探讨胫骨远端解剖钢板治疗Pilon骨折手术时机和疗效。方法：对1995-2000年接受手术治疗的45例Pilon骨折患者进行随访。骨折类型：Ⅰ型14例，Ⅱ型16例，Ⅲ型15例。22例行切开复位胫骨远端解剖钢板内固定，23例行有限切开内固定辅以外固定。术后平均随访40.8月。结果：按Mazur评分系统，45例中优37例，良5例，可2例，差1例。术后并发症：伤口不愈合（4例），伤口感染（2例），骨折延迟愈合（1例），踝关节肿胀（8例），踝关节僵硬（1例）。结论：治疗方法的选择应遵循个体化原则。术前伤品处理、术中关节面解剖复位和应用解剖钢板坚强内固定是提高Pilon骨折临床疗效的有效措施。     

间接复位有限内固定加外固定支架治疗Pilon骨折

目的 评价间接复位有限内固定加外固定支架治疗Pilon骨折的效果。方法 对进行间接复位有限内固定加外固定支架治疗的19例Pilon骨折患者随访10个月～5年。结果 采用Helfet标准进行疗效评价，优13例(I型6例，Ⅱ型5例，Ⅲ型2例)，良4例(Ⅱ型3例，Ⅲ型1例)，差2例(Ⅲ型)。结论 该方法保护骨折部软组织附着，间接复位稳定固定可提高骨折愈合率及愈合速度。     

胫骨远端解剖钢板治疗Pilon骨折

目的:探讨胫骨远端解剖钢板治疗Pilon骨折手术时机和疗效。方法:对1995～2000年接受手术治疗的45例Pilon骨折患者进行随访。骨折类型:Ⅰ型14例,Ⅱ型16例,Ⅲ型15例。22例行切开复位胫骨远端解剖钢板内固定,23例行有限切开内固定辅以外固定。术后平均随访40.8月。结果:按Mazur评分系统,45例中优37例,良5例,可2例,差1例。术后并发症:伤口不愈合(4例),伤口感染(2例),骨折延迟愈合(1例),踝关节肿胀(8例),踝关节僵硬(1例)。结论:治疗方法的选择应遵循个体化原则。术前伤口处理、术中关节面解剖复位和应用解剖钢板坚强内固定是提高Pilon骨折临床疗效的有效措施。     

胫骨远端解剖钢板治疗Pilon骨折

目的:探讨胫骨远端解剖钢板治疗Pilon骨折手术时机和疗效.方法:对1995～2000年接受手术治疗的45例Pilon骨折患者进行随访.骨折类型:Ⅰ型14例,Ⅱ型16例,Ⅲ型15例.22例行切开复位胫骨远端解剖钢板内固定,23例行有限切开内固定辅以外固定.术后平均随访40.8月.结果:按Mazur评分系统,45例中优37例,良5例,可2例,差1例.术后并发症:伤口不愈合(4例),伤口感染(2例),骨折延迟愈合(1例),踝关节肿胀(8例),踝关节僵硬(1例).结论:治疗方法的选择应遵循个体化原则.术前伤口处理、术中关节面解剖复位和应用解剖钢板坚强内固定是提高Pilon骨折临床疗效的有效措施.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.