超声测量视神经鞘直径评估颅内压增高的临床研究进展

颅内压监测在神经重症的治疗中十分重要,目前主要有无创和有创两种方法,各具优点,有创监测颅内压虽为颅内压监测的金标准,但缺点明显,无法广泛应用。视神经鞘具有特殊的解剖结构,颅内压增高时视神经鞘直径(ONSD)会出现增粗,故超声监测ONSD判断颅内压升高是一种无创、简便、易行且可以床旁重复操作的方法。本文就国内外超声监测ONSD判断颅高压研究进展进行综述。     

Alterations in optic nerve sheath diameter according to cerebrovascular disease sub-groups

Background

ONSD (optic nerve sheath diameter) is a method used for indirect measurement of the increased intracranial pressure. In previous studies, the relation between the increased intracranial pressure and ONSD was analyzed in the patients suffering from cerebrovascular diseases (CVD). In our study, the patients suffering from ischemic CVD were categorized into 4 subgroups according to Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project classification (OCSP); the relationship between each group and ONSD, and the influence on each eye were analyzed.

超声检测视神经鞘直径在急性颅内压增高患者诊断与治疗的临床价值研究

目的 探讨超声检测视神经鞘直径(ONSD)在急性颅内压(ICP)增高患者诊断与治疗的临床价值。方法 选择2020年3月至2023年3月在本院治疗的急性ICP增高患者180例,收集患者术前(T0)、麻醉后(T1)、手术开始(T2)、术后即刻(T3)、术后清醒时刻(T4)的ONSD以及ICP,分析各时刻ONSD与ICP的关系。并参考格拉斯哥预后评分(GOS)进行预后评估,分为预后良好组(157例)和预后不良组(23例),比较两组术前、术后即刻ONSD,并分析ONSD与GOS的相关性,采用受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线分析ONSD对围术期急性ICH患者预后的预测价值。结果 T0～T2时刻患者ONSD、ICP无明显变化,T3～T4时刻患者ONSD、ICP明显降低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Pearson相关性结果发现,T0～T4时刻ONSD均与ICP呈正相关(P<0.05)。预后良好组与预后不良组术后ONSD、ICP水平均降低,且预后良好组术后ONSD、ICP水平更低,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。Spearman相关性结果发现,术后即刻ONSD、ICP均与GOS呈负相关(P<0.05)。ROC曲线分析结果显示,术后即刻ONSD、ICP预测患者预后不良的的AUC分别为0.886、0.782,均有较好的预测价值(P<0.05)。结论 超声检测ONSD可有效评估急性ICP增高患者的ICP情况,且对患者预后有一定的预测价值。     

超声测量视神经鞘直径与眼球横径比值在重症颅脑损伤患者颅内压监测中的应用

目的研究重症颅脑损伤(TBI)患者颅内压监测中超声测量视神经鞘直径(ONSD)与眼球横径(ETD)比值的应用价值。方法回顾性选取2020年1月至2021年1月保定市第二中心医院收治入院的98例重症TBI患者为研究对象。所有患者均于入院24 h内接受开颅手术治疗,采用腰椎穿刺术测定颅内压,手术完成后24 h内选取索诺声超声M-Turbo与6-13 MHz线阵超声探头测定ETD、ONSD,选取颅内压监护仪记录颅内压值。参考颅内压值分为研究组(n=58,颅内压≤20 mmHg)与对照组(n=40,颅内压>20 mmHg)。分析并比较两组入院后同期监测指标水平及与ONSD/ETD比值相关性;分析两组超声测量ONSD/ETD比值、ONSD与颅内压相关性;超声测量ONSD/ETD比值、ONSD预测颅内压水平上升的准确性经受试者工作特征(ROC)曲线评价,并比较金标准脑室内测压与超声测量ONSD/ETD比值、ONSD诊断一致性。结果研究组较对照组GSC评分、颅内温度、ETD更高,颅内压、ONSD、ONSD/ETD比值更低,差异均有统计学意义(P <0.05)。两组患者GCS与ONSD/E...     

超声测量视神经鞘直径联合闪光视觉诱发电位监测颅脑损伤患者颅内压的临床价值

目的 应用超声测量颅脑损伤患者视神经鞘直径（ONSD）,探讨其联合闪光视觉诱发电位（FVEP）在颅脑损伤患者颅内压监测中的临床价值。方法 选取我院重症医学科收治的100例颅脑损伤患者,其中仅采用FVEP指导临床治疗者43例（对照组）,FVEP联合ONSD指导临床治疗者57例（联合组）,比较两组中颅内压升高者ONSD、颅内压的差异;分析ONSD、颅内压与颅内压升高的相关性。比较两组甘露醇使用时间及总量、急性肾损伤例数、住院费用、抗菌药物使用强度、住院时间、机械通气时间。结果 对照组与联合组中出现颅内压升高者分别为29例和22例,两组颅内压升高者颅内压比较差异无统计学意义;联合组和对照组中颅内压升高者ONSD均显著高于颅内压正常者,差异均有统计学意义（均P<0.05）。相关性分析显示,联合组ONSD、颅内压与颅内压升高均呈正相关（r=0.739、0.981,均P<0.05）;且ONSD与颅内压呈正相关（r=0.752,P<0.05）。联合组甘露醇使用时间、住院时间、机械通气时间均短于对照组,甘露醇使用总量、急性肾损伤占比、住院费用、抗菌药物使用强度均少于对照组,差异均有统...     

Ultrasonography of the optic nerve sheath may be useful for detecting raised intracranial pressure after severe brain injury

Objective To assess at admission to the ICU the relationship between optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) and intracranial pressure (ICP) and to investigate whether increased ONSD at patient admission is associated with raised ICP in the first 48 h after trauma. Design and setting Prospective, blind, observational study in a surgical critical care unit, level 1 trauma center. Patients and participants 31 adult patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI; Glasgow coma scale ≤ 8) requiring sedation and ICP monitoring, and 31 control patients without brain injury requiring sedation. Measurements and results ONSD was measured with a 7.5-MHz linear ultrasound probe. Two TBI groups were defined on the basis of ICP profile. If ICP exceeded 20 mmHg for more than 30 min in the first 48 h (before any specific treatment), patients were considered to have high ICP; if not, they had normal ICP. The largest ONSD value (the highest value for the right and left eye) was significantly higher in high ICP patients (6.3 ± 0.6 vs. 5.1 ± 0.7 mm in normal ICP patients and 4.9 ± 0.3 mm in control patients). There was a significant relationship between the largest ONSD and ICP at admission (r = 0.68). The largest ONSD was a suitable predictor of high ICP (area under ROC curve 0.96). When ONSD was under 5.7 mm, the sensitivity and negative predictive values for high ICP were 100%. Conclusions In the early posttraumatic period, ocular ultrasound scans may be useful for detecting high ICP after severe TBI. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. This article is discussed in the editorial available at: .     

中国健康成人球后视神经鞘直径的超声测量

目的 应用B型超声测量中国健康成人球后视神经鞘直径的正常值范围,探讨B型超声测量球后视神经鞘直径（ONSD ）的方法及其可靠性.方法 选取82例无眼部疾病的中国健康成人,共82只眼.由两名检查者（检查者A和检查者B）分别应用B型超声对同一受检眼采用横向扫描和纵向扫描的方法,测量球后3 mm处视神经鞘直径,比较不同检查者间的一致性.结果 型超声横向扫描测量中国健康成人球后3mm处ONSD范围为2.7～5.6 mm,平均（4.06±0.58） mm;纵向扫描测量的ONSD测量值范围为3.6～6.6 mm,平均（4.74±0.62）mm.两检查者间横向扫描测量的相关系数为0.596,纵向扫描测量的相关系数为0.618,均具有良好的相关性.结论 B型超声是一种简便、快速、安全、可靠的检测球后视神经鞘直径的方法.     

Sonographic evaluation of optic nerve diameter in children with raised intracranial pressure.

OBJECTIVE: The optic nerve is part of the central nervous system, and a rise in intracranial pressure (ICP) can directly affect the perioptic nerve space, leading to an increase in nerve diameter. Transorbital sonography is a safe and easy-to-perform method to measure optic nerve diameter for rapid diagnosis of increased ICP. METHODS: The optic nerve diameter was measured in 3 individual occasions by transorbital sonography in the transverse view, 3 mm posterior to the papilla in both eyes, and the mean was calculated. Two groups were examined: a control group of children with normal ICP and normal ophthalmologic and optic nerve examination results and a case group with increased ICP as determined by an alternative method. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 156 children, of which 78 (50%) were in the case group and 78 (50%) were in the control group. Eighty-four subjects (53.7%) were male, and 72 (46.1%) were female. The mean +/- SD ages were 6.9 +/- 5.6 years in the case group and 6.8 +/- 5.5 years in the control group. The mean optic nerve diameters were 5.6 +/- 0.6 mm (range, 4.55 +/- 0.7 to 7.6 +/- 0.6 mm) in the case group and 3.3 +/- 0.6 mm (range, 2 +/- 0.6 to 4.35 +/- 0.6 mm) in the control group. The difference in the means was significant at P < .001. CONCLUSIONS: Optic nerve diameter, measured by transorbital sonography, was significantly greater in pediatric patients with increased ICP compared with a control group. Transorbital sonography can be used to identify pediatric patients with raised ICP.     

视神经鞘直径预测重症脑损伤患者死亡风险的价值

目的:探讨超声测量视神经鞘直径（optic nerve sheath diameter,ONSD）对重症脑损伤患者死亡风险的预测价值。方法:本研究为前瞻性观察研究,分析2020年1月至2020年9月就诊安徽医科大学第二附属医院重症医学科的重症脑损伤患者84例。根据患者最终生存状态将其分为存活组和死亡组,比较两组患者术后...     

Sonography of the optic nerve sheath beyond the hyperacute stage of intracerebral hemorrhage

Purpose

To evaluate the feasibility and utility of serial measuring of the optic nerve sheath diameter beyond the hyperacute and acute stage of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH).

Methods

Four patients with extensive ICH in the left basal ganglia were followed using ultrasound (US) and cerebral CT scans.

Results

Optic nerve sheath diameter values assessed beyond the acute stage of ICH showed a high correlation (ρ = 0.84, p = 0.0022) with midline shift of the third ventricle seen on CT scans.

Conclusions

Optic nerve sonography can be useful to evaluate patients with extensive ICH beyond the acute stage and help monitoring clinical evolution in these patients, when ICP monitoring is not feasible.     

超声测量视神经鞘直径预测颅内压增高的围手术期应用进展

视神经鞘(ONS)是颅内硬脑膜的直接延续,内有横梁式的蛛网膜下腔.当患者颅内压(ICP)升高时,脑脊液会经蛛网膜滤出使视神经鞘增宽,因此可以用视神经鞘直径(ONSD)预测ICP增高.目前,围手术期ICP监测手段较少,超声测量ONSD预测ICP的技术因具有无创、床旁、快速等优势在临床上被广泛应用,将该技术应用于围术期患者...     

超声量化视神经鞘直径及斑块特征预测缺血性脑卒中不良事件发生的价值

目的：探究超声量化视神经鞘直径(ONSD)及斑块特征预测缺血性脑卒中不良事件发生的价值。方法：选取本院2021年12月至2022年10月收治的38例存在缺血性脑卒中患者,两组患者均予以血管内治疗,记录两组患者一般资料,按治疗后是否出现不良事件将患者纳入不良事件(8例)、对照组(30例)。结果：不良事件组患者ONSD、偏心指数、斑块面积、斑块长度、强化幅度均显著高于对照组患者(P＜0.05);Logistic回归分析结果显示ONSD、偏心指数、斑块面积、斑块长度、强化幅度均为患者预后的独立影响因素(P＜0.05);单一ONSD、偏心指数、斑块面积、斑块长度、强化幅度预测患者预后斑块长度AUC值最高,以5.47为临界值,其预测患者预后的敏感度、特异度分别为100.00%、96.67%;斑块长度的AUC值显著高于斑块面积的AUC值(P＜0.05),斑块长度的AUC值显著高于强化幅度的AUC值(P＜0.05)。结论：ONSD及斑块特征对缺血性脑卒中患者血管内治疗后不良事件发生具有良好的预测价值,该检测方式具有临床应用价值。     

The diagnostic and prognostic value of the optic nerve sheath diameter on CT for diagnosis spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage

Introduction

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) measured on non-contrast head computed tomography (CT) and the diagnosis and prognosis of spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) on emergency department (ED) patients.

Correlation between intra-abdominal and intracranial pressure in nontraumatic brain injury

Objective To examine on the basis of a large number of measurements whether increased IAP is associated with increased ICP and decreased CPP in ventilated patients with nontraumatic brain injury.Design and setting Observational clinical study in the medical and surgical intensive care unit of a tertiary teaching hospital.Patients We included 11 patients with nontraumatic brain injury who had an ICP and an IAP-monitoring device because of ischemic (n=4), hemorrhagic (n=5), and metabolic (n=2) encephalopathy.Methods IAP was continuously measured in the stomach, and ICP was continuously measured through an intraventricular catheter; 214 consecutive measurements were compared. Because of repeated measurements in the patients we used analysis of covariance to control for the variation in ICP and CPP between patients.Measurements and results Patients mean IAP was 3.8–11.8 mmHg, ICP 6.7–15 mmHg, and CPP 70.8–123 mmHg. For ICP the regression coefficient associated with IAP was 0.64±0.05 (95% CI 0.56–0.73, partial correlation 0.70) and for CPP –1.36±0.3 (95% CI –1.94 to –0.78; partial correlation –0.30).Conclusions Increases in IAP are associated with increases in ICP and decreases in CPP in ventilated patients with nontraumatic brain injury, even at low levels of IAP.Electronic Supplementary Material Electronic supplementary material to this paper can be obtained by using the Springer Link server located at .This study was not supported by industry or other sources     

Ultrasonography of optic nerve sheath diameter for detection of raised intracranial pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Purpose

To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography of optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) for assessment of intracranial hypertension.

Methods

Systematic review without language restriction based on electronic databases, with manual review of literature and conference proceedings until July 2010. Studies were eligible if they compared ultrasonography of ONSD with intracranial pressure (ICP) monitoring. Data were extracted independently by three authors. Random-effects meta-analysis and meta-regression were performed.

Results

Six studies including 231 patients were reviewed. No significant heterogeneity was detected for sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative likelihood ratios or diagnostic odds ratio. For detection of raised intracranial pressure, pooled sensitivity was 0.90 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.80?C0.95; p for heterogeneity, p _het?=?0.09], pooled specificity was 0.85 (95% CI 0.73?C0.93, p _het?=?0.13), and the pooled diagnostic odds ratio was 51 (95% CI 22?C121). The area under the summary receiver-operating characteristic (SROC) curve was 0.94 (95% CI 0.91?C0.96).

Conclusions

Ultrasonography of ONSD shows a good level of diagnostic accuracy for detecting intracranial hypertension. In clinical decision-making, this technique may help physicians decide to transfer patients to specialized centers or to place an invasive device when specific recommendations for this placement do not exist.     

Sonographic diameter of optic nerve sheath in differentiation of ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes; a diagnostic accuracy study

Introduction

Differentiating between ischemic and hemorrhagic types is of special importance in the treatment process of patients with stroke. The present study was designed with the aim of evaluating the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonographic optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) in differentiation of ischemic from hemorrhagic stroke.

Correlation of visual axis and coronal axis measurements of the optic nerve sheath diameter.

OBJECTIVE: There are several approaches to sonographic imaging and measurement of the optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD). In this study, we sought to compare visual axis measurements of the optic nerve sheath (ONS) with traditional coronal axis measurements to assess for correlation. METHODS: The ONS was visualized in 2 views on both eyes of healthy volunteers using an 8.5-MHz probe. Coronal axis views were obtained with the probe placed at the lateral canthus directed nasally posterior to the globe. Subsequent imaging was made along the midline visual axis. The diameter in this view was measured at several points posterior to the sclera (2, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 mm). RESULTS: Twenty-seven subjects were enrolled (54 scans). There was a significant difference between ONSDs measured in each axis, with a coronal axis mean diameter of 3.4 mm and visual axis mean diameters at 2, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 mm of 4.28, 4.32, 5.15, 5.74, 6.39, and 7.42 mm, respectively (P < .05). The Pearson coefficient showed no correlation between coronal axis and visual axis measurements, with R values ranging from 0.51 to 0.69. There was a statistically significant increase in the ONSD as the nerve coursed posteriorly when measured in the visual axis. CONCLUSIONS: Visual axis measurements do not reliably correlate with coronal axis measurements. The consistently larger diameter measured in the visual axis as well as the gradually increasing diameter posteriorly suggests measurement of an artifactual shadow rather than the true ONS.     

Bedside colonoscopy for critically ill patients with acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding

Objective: To determine the clinical impact of bedside colonoscopy for critically ill patients with acute lower gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding. Design and setting: A 3-year retrospective analysis (chart review). Medical intensive care unit (ICU) of a 1,312-bed tertiary-care center in Taiwan. Patients and participants: Fifty-five people undergoing bedside colonoscopy for lower GI bleeding that developed while in the ICU. Interventions: Bedside colonoscopy. Measurements and results: Colonoscopy was successful in diagnosing the source of bleeding in 37 patients. Among them, colitis (15 patients, including ischemic, pseudomembranous, or radiation-induced) and acute hemorrhagic rectal ulcer (nine patients) were the most frequent confirmed causes. In seven patients, fresh blood was noticed above the colonoscopically accessible area and considered to originate from the small bowel. No adverse event was associated with colonoscopy. Spontaneous cessation of bleeding was noted in 29 (29/55, 53%) patients, whereas 16 (16/55, 29%) achieved endoscopic hemostasis. Ten (10/55, 18%) patients failed primary hemostasis or localization. Overall in-hospital mortality was 53% (29/55); however, hemorrhage-related death occurred in only two patients. Conclusions: ICU patients with acute lower GI bleeding have distinctive causes. Bedside colonoscopy is effective for diagnosis in two-thirds of patients, but only a minority of them needs endoscopic hemostasis.