压力、乐观和社会支持与心理健康的关系

目的:考察压力、乐观和社会支持与心理健康的关系。方法:采用横向研究法,对我国5948名城市居民进行具体生活领域满意度问卷、生活取向量表、社会支持问卷和中国心理健康量表(成人版)测查。结果:①客观压力在性别、年龄与教育程度上均差异显著;个人收入主观压力在年龄和教育程度上差异显著;健康状况主观压力在年龄上差异显著;②客观与主观压力对心理健康均产生显著负性影响;③乐观与个人收入主观压力交互作用显著。结论:个人收入与健康状况的客观与主观压力、乐观与社会支持均是心理健康的影响因素。     

护士工作压力、心理一致感与心理健康

目的:探讨护士心理一致感、工作压力与心理健康的关系。方法:采用心理一致感量表,护士工作压力源量表及SCL-90量表,对唐山市三级医院的270名护士进行问卷调查。结果:1SCL-90总分≥70分的人数有138例,阳性率占总人数的51.11%。排名前3位的阳性因子为:强迫症状、躯体化和敌对;2护士的心理一致感总分处于较低水平;3心理一致感与心理健康呈显著负相关(r=-0.224,P0.01);工作压力与心理健康呈显著正相关(r=0.172,P0.01);心理一致感与工作压力呈显著负相关(r=-0.148,P0.01),且护士心理一致感在工作压力和心理健康之间具有中介作用(P0.05)。结论:心理一致感与工作压力显著影响护士群体的心理健康水平。     

中学教师的压力及其与心理健康的关系

目的:了解中学教师的压力状况,探讨压力与心理健康的关系。方法:采用症状自评量表(SCL-90)和自行编制的教师压力事件问卷对1012名中学教师进行问卷调查。结果:有97·4%的中学教师感觉自己承受着压力,其中76·6%(776/1012)的教师有较大以上的压力,93·2%的教师认为压力对自己有负面影响。压力主要来源于不合理的社会期望和学生心理与行为问题等方面,压力总分与SCL-90总分成0·42的正相关(P<0·01)。结论:缓解压力是促进教师心理健康的重要途径。     

汶川地震极重灾区妇女创伤后应激症状、心理健康及其影响因素

目的:考察极重灾区妇女创伤后应激症状、心理健康问题的发生特点及影响因素。方法:对汶川地震极重灾区99名妇女(47名地震中丧亲妇女,52名未丧亲妇女)采用创伤后应激障碍检查表平民版(PCL-C)、社会支持量表(SSRS)和一般健康问卷(GHQ28)进行测查。结果:①)极重灾区妇女PTSD总检出率37.4%,丧亲妇女检出率55.3%,未丧亲妇女21.1%,心理健康问题总检出率79.8%,丧亲妇女检出率为89.3%,未丧亲妇女检出率71.2%,丧亲妇女检出率均显著高于未丧亲妇女。文化程度不同的妇女PTSD检出率有显著差异。②总体PCL-C与GHQ-28测量结果之间各维度均呈现显著正相关。③丧亲状况的主效应显著,丧亲妇女和未丧亲妇女之间创伤后应激症状总分及各维度分数均存在显著差异。④丧亲是极重灾区妇女PTSD症状和心理健康的危险因素;社会支持是保护性因素。     

Noise-induced Stress in Hospital Patients: Coping and Nonauditory Health Outcomes

Abstract

This study found that, for 150 postoperative male patients, degree of objective noise, intrinsic sensitivity of the person to noise, and noise-induced stress were positively related to coping, in the form of exercised control over noise (correlations ranged from r = .207 to r = .468, P < .01 for all cases). Hierarchical multiple regression confirmed these results. Furthermore, greater sensitivity of the person to noise was positively correlated with ability to cope, regardless of the objective level of noise. Patients who were randomly assigned to an experimental group, where they received instructions for control over noise, showed no difference in coping ability than a control group. There was a lack of support for several hypotheses concerned with the effects of noise-induced stress and coping on health, where stress was measured by self-reports of recovery and average time-out-of-bed in minutes. The meaning of these results is discussed in terms of stress theory.     

Uncovering Clinical Principles and Techniques to Address Minority Stress,Mental Health,and Related Health Risks Among Gay and Bisexual Men

Gay and bisexual men disproportionately experience depression, anxiety, and related health risks at least partially because of their exposure to sexual minority stress. This article describes the adaptation of an evidence‐based intervention capable of targeting the psychosocial pathways through which minority stress operates. Interviews with key stakeholders, including gay and bisexual men with depression and anxiety and expert providers, suggested intervention principles and techniques for improving minority stress coping. These principles and techniques are consistent with general cognitive behavioral therapy approaches, the empirical tenets of minority stress theory, and professional guidelines for LGB‐affirmative mental health practice. If found to be efficacious, the psychosocial intervention described here would be one of the first to improve the mental health of gay and bisexual men by targeting minority stress.     

企业管理人员工作压力与心理健康关系

目的 探讨工作压力与心理健康的关系.方法 采用自编的企业管理人员工作压力量表和中国版心理健康类型诊断量表(Manual for Mental Health Pattern,MHP)对天津市内8个企业的146名高层、中层和基层管理者进行测试.结果 ①单因素分析表明,不同的企业性质(工作负荷:F=6.23,P＜0.01)、...     

初中学生个人素质、生活压力与心理健康的关系研究

是什么原因使一个人从健康变为不健康呢 ?研究者们主要从两个角度去寻求解释 :一种解释认为某些个人的素质会使人容易产生心理不健康。研究发现 ,自我效能与主观幸福感、生活满意度之间存在显著正相关 ,与焦虑水平、抑郁水平之间存在负相关[1] ;自我效能低的儿童会表现出更多的情绪困扰 ,而保持较高的自我效能可以促进身心健康[2 ] 。对应对方式的研究也发现 ,积极应对方式与心理健康有显著的正相关 ,而消极的应对方式与心理健康有显著的负相关[3] 。另一种解释认为压力事件是心理不健康的重要原因。有关研究表明 ,压力水平和心理健康水平有…     

火炮试验应激对军人心理和生理影响的研究

目的：探讨火炮试验应激时军人心理、免疫功能、乳酸脱氢酶的变化。方法：采用自身对照方法对１００名参试者进行ＳＣＬ－９０、ＥＰＱ测评。ＩｇＡ、ＩｇＧ、ＩｇＭ、ｃ３、Ｃ４、ＬＤＨ测定,结果：火炮试验后与试验前比较,ＳＣＬ－９０总分和７个因子分增高,免疫指标降低,ＬＤＨ增高,ＥＰＱＩ则评中Ｐ、Ｎ分高者和首次参试者以及ＳＣＬ＝９０总分〉１６０分者的圾不同程度变化。结论：良好的心理素质、健全的人格及增强机体免     

中学毕业班教师性别间职业紧张及心理健康的对比分析

目的 探讨职亚紧张人群在相同职责条件下性别与职业紧张及心理健康的关系.方法 以中学毕业班任职教师为对象进行职业紧张因素、缓解因素、心理健康等因素的研究.结果 无论是否担任班主任,男性教师对工作相关因素控制程度、职务提升机会高于女性,而躯体不适、抑郁症、获得家庭支持是女性高于男性.在班主任教师中,男性的工作责任高于女性,...     

Health Status Among Urban African American Women: Associations Among Well-Being, Perceived Stress, and Demographic Factors

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the associations among health status, well-being, and perceived stress in a sample of urban African American women. African American women (n = 128) (Mean +/- SD, 49.3 +/- 10.5) from Baltimore, Maryland, enrolled in a church-based physical activity randomized trial were included in the analysis. Health status was assessed from the SF-36. Well-being, perceived stress, and demographics were also determined from self-report. Results indicated that the sample reported favorable health status, well-being, and stress levels compared to mean levels reported in the literature. Spearman rank-order correlations indicated that perceived stress score negatively correlated with most health status dimensions and well-being in the present, past, and future. Multiple regression analyses, adjusting for potential demographic confounders, indicated that higher perceived stress was associated with lower health status and well-being. If these results are confirmed in prospective investigations, they suggest that interventions designed to reduce stress may impact health status and future morbidity and mortality.     

Adolescent Mothers,Stress, and Prevention

Abstract

Adolescent mothers face problems that can lead to psychological stress. Based on prospective data from the present study, these problems point toward the need for a coping skills prevention approach to help adolescent mothers manage stress. This paper reports data from outcome research on such an approach with adolescent mothers. Subjects were 79 adolescent mothers who were tested before, immediately after, and three months following the provision of coping skills intervention in an experimental condition. Subjects in a test-only control condition received no special intervention. At posttest, experimental condition subjects showed more positive outcomes on measures of social support, cognitive performance, conflict management, and interpersonal competence. At three-month follow-up, experimental condition subjects had more positive outcomes on social support, cognitive performance, parenting ability, child care self-efficacy, and measures of psychological well-being.     

煤炭企业高管知觉压力、应对方式与心理健康的关系

目的:对煤炭企业高管的知觉压力、应对方式与心理健康的关系进行研究。方法:对238名国有煤炭企业高管实施症状自评量表(SCL-90)和知觉压力量表、简易应对方式问卷测试,将测试结果进行统计分析。结果:(1)煤炭企业高管的SCL-90总分、人际关系障碍、抑郁、焦虑、敌对性、恐怖和偏执因子得分低于全国常模,具有统计学意义(t=-3.074~-7.654,P0.001);(2)高管知觉压力状况得分低于全国常模,具有统计学意义(t=-17.559,P0.001)。高管积极应对维度得分高于常模,具有统计学意义(t=9.758,P0.001);消极应对维度得分低于常模,具有统计学意义(t=-16.320,P0.001);(3)高管知觉压力和SCL-90总分及其各因子呈显著正相关,具有统计学意义(r=0.304~0.502,P0.01);积极应对方式与抑郁、焦虑和饮食睡眠障碍因子呈显著负相关,具有统计学意义(r=-0.059~-0.190,P0.05);消极应对方式与SCL-90总分及其各因子呈显著正相关,具有统计学意义(r=0.151~0.255,P0.05)。知觉压力与积极应对呈显著负相关,具有统计学意义(r=-0.267,P0.01);(4)知觉压力与消极应对方式对煤炭企业高管的心理健康水平具有较显著的影响和较好的预测作用(F=28.224,P0.001)。结论:煤炭企业高管的心理健康水平良好,与其知觉压力水平低及良好的应对方式密切相关。     

The Relationship Between Sexual Trauma,Peritraumatic Dissociation,Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,and HIV-Related Health in HIV-Positive Men

This study tested a novel extension of P. P. Schnurr and B. L. Green’s (2004) model of the relationships between trauma symptoms and health outcomes with specific application to HIV-positive men. A diverse sample of 167 HIV-positive men recruited from San Francisco Bay Area HIV clinics completed demographic, medical, trauma history, and symptom questionnaires. Mediation analyses were conducted using the method proposed by R. Baron and D. Kenny (1986). Regression analyses found that sexual revictimization (SR) significantly mediated the relationship between child sexual abuse and peritraumatic dissociation (PD), and PD mediated the relationship between SR and current posttraumatic stress (PTS) symptom severity. PTS symptoms partially mediated the relationship between SR and current HIV symptom severity. The findings indicate that among HIV-positive men, sexually revictimized men constitute a vulnerable group that is prone to PD, which places them at risk for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and worsened HIV-related health. Furthermore, traumatic stress symptoms were associated with worse HIV-related symptoms, suggesting that PTS symptoms mediate the link between trauma and health outcomes. This study highlights the need for future research to identify the biobehavioral mediators of the PTSD–health relationship in HIV-positive individuals.     

The Relation of Stress Hormone Excretion to Type A Behavior and to Health

Abstract

The relation between catecholamine and cortisol excretion and Type A behavior, assessed using an 11-item self-report questionnaire based on the Jenkins Activity Survey, is examined in a Swedish sample of young adults (N = 149). Cluster analysis indicates that the items measure four aspects of Type A behavior: irritability, hurried behavior, work achievement, and competitiveness. These clusters are not correlated with measures of recent health care utilization. In both sexes, a higher total Type A behavior score is related to decreased daytime urine concentrations of norepinephrine and day and night concentrations of cortisol. In males, increased hurried behavior is related to lower night levels of norepinephrine; higher irritability and competitiveness predict lower night levels of epinephrine and cortisol and increased urine excretion rate. In females, higher irritability and lower competitiveness scores are related to increases in daytime urine excretion and slightly lower levels of cortisol. These results indicate that only certain aspects of the Type A syndrome are related to stress processes and imply that the behaviors serve to lower stress responses in early adulthood.     

护士工作压力、A型人格与心理健康的关系研究

目的：考察护士的工作压力源、压力强度、A型人格与心理健康的关系。方法：采用护士工作压力源量表、A型人格问卷和综合健康问卷(GHQ-20)，对我国599名护士进行问卷调查研究。结果：护士工作压力强度与护士的焦虑和抑郁呈正相关，与自我肯定呈负相关；A型人格护士的工作压力更大，焦虑程度更高；工作压力对护士的心理健康水平有直接作用并通过A型人格对心理健康产生间接的影响。结论：A型人格的护士工作压力更大，心理健康水平更低，A型人格和工作压力对心理健康有预测作用。     

深圳市社区护士工作压力与社会支持

目的为缓解深圳市社区护士的工作压力,降低其职业倦怠程度提供依据。方法以问卷调查的方式,采用护士工作压力源量表及社会支持评定量表,对深圳市50家社康中心的298名社区护士进行问卷调查。结果深圳市社区护士工作压力总得分为85.17,工作压力主要来源于工作量及时间分配、工作环境及资源、管理及人际关系;不同职称(F=8.63,P<0.01)、受教育程度(F=5.24,P<0.01)、受聘形式(t=4.96,P<0.01)的社区护士工作压力有显著差异;深圳市社区护士社会支持水平较低,社会支持评定总得分为37.16;除主观支持与工作环境及资源无明显相关外,社会支持其他各维度与工作压力都呈显著负相关(P<0.01)。结论深圳市社区护士工作压力大,社会支持水平低。     

计算机专业人员职业压力与心身健康的关系研究

目的探讨计算机专业从业人员职业压力与身体健康、心理健康以及工作满意度之间的相互关系,以缓解职业压力带来的问题。方法采用职业压力指标第二版OSI-2,对计算机专业从业人员进行调查。结果职业压力与工作满意度（r=-0.566,P〈0.01）、身体健康状况（r=-0.612,P〈0.01）以及心理健康状况（r=-0.657,P〈0.01）都呈负相关;而且工作满意度与身体健康（r=0.552,P〈0.05）及心理健康（r=0.684,P〈0.01）都存在正相关,身体健康因素与心理健康因素也成显著正相关（r=0.722,P〈0.01）;再通过建立职业压力多元回归方程式,发现身心健康因素进入职业压力回归方程式（adj R^2=0.342,F=12.236,P〈0.001）。结论计算机专业人员从业压力感受越高,身心健康水平越低;相反,身心健康水平下降,职业压力感受也会增大;身心健康因素成为职业压力的预测因素,因此想要调整压力还要从身心等方面综合考虑。     

农村留守儿童生活压力事件及心理健康状况调查分析

目的探讨农村留守儿童生活压力及心理健康状况。方法采用青少年生活事件量表(ASLEC)和心理健康诊断测验(MHT)对初中211名留守儿童和223名非留守儿童进行问卷调查。结果留守儿童学习压力、受惩罚、丧失因子、人际关系状况、健康适应及心理压力总分大于非留守儿童,心理健康状况中学习焦虑、自责倾向和躯体症状3个因子分显著高于非留守儿童(P0.05或P0.01);留守儿童心理健康状况存在性别差异,男生优于女生。结论农村留守儿童面临更多的负性生活压力事件,心理健康状况较差。     

中小学教师职业压力、职业倦怠与心理健康研究

目的:了解中小学教师职业压力、职业倦怠与心理健康的状况并探讨其相互关系。方法:运用教师职业压力问卷、职业倦怠问卷和SCL-90对564名中小学教师进行调查。结果:教师职业压力各因子和职业倦怠的情绪衰竭、低个人成就感维度得分均高于2.5分;除了偏执、精神病性之外,被试在SCL-90各分量表上的因子分≥3的人数比例均高于4%,男女教师在人际敏感、敌对、精神病性和其他因子上存在显著差异,不同类型学校教师在除躯体化外各因子上均存在显著差异。职业压力的人际关系因子和职业倦怠总分及各维度与心理健康总分及各因子存在显著正相关。路径分析显示,职业压力和职业倦怠与心理健康间分别存在间接和直接的因果关系。结论:教师职业压力比较大、职业倦怠较为严重,心理健康水平较低。职业倦怠是职业压力和心理健康之间重要的相关因素。