冠状动脉介入治疗术后抗血小板药物治疗的现况分析

目的了解经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)术后抗血小板药物的应用是否规范,并对其可能的原因进行分析。方法对2001-07-01—2002-06-30与2003-07-01—2004-06-30两个时间段内,于首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院心内科行PCI治疗的注册研究患者进行回顾分析,研究其术后抗血小板治疗药物的种类、联合用药、药物剂量及服用时间。结果1728例患者接受了PCI治疗,其中1006例患者置入药物洗脱支架(DES组),518例置入普通金属支架(BMS组),192例患者同时置入了DES与BMS,12例患者单纯球囊扩张。术后有70例患者未继续使用任何抗血小板治疗药物。其余1658例患者使用1种或1种以上抗血小板治疗药物。进一步分析BMS组与DES组术后抗血小板药物的使用情况,术后未使用任何抗血小板药物(BMS组52例,DES组18例,P<0.001),只使用阿司匹林一种抗血小板药物(BMS组236例,DES组180例,P<0.001),只使用噻吩并吡啶类药物(BMS组45例,DSE组39例,P>0.05),使用阿司匹林加噻吩并吡啶类药物双重抗血小板治疗(BMS组350例,DES组808例,P<0.001)。结论冠状动脉介入治疗术后的抗血小板治疗有待进一步加强,提高抗血小板药物的依从性,降低PCI术后并发症的发生。     

Incidence of hemorrhage among anticoagulated patients receiving antiplatelet therapy after percutaneous coronary intervention

This study aimed to compare major hemorrhage rates among patients receiving warfarin, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA), and clopidogrel to those receiving ASA and clopidogrel following percutaneous coronary intervention with stent implantation. This retrospective cohort study identified patients with stents implanted between September 1, 2003 and December 31, 2006. Patients treated with warfarin, ASA, and clopidogrel within 30 days of hospital discharge (Triple Therapy group) were matched by age, sex, and stent type to patients treated with ASA and clopidogrel (Dual Therapy group). Outcomes included the incidence rates of major hemorrhage and major adverse coronary events (MACE) within 12 months of stent implantation. There were 175 and 339 patients in the Triple Therapy and Dual Therapy groups, respectively. There were 25 (14.3%) and 10 (3.0%) major hemorrhages in the Triple Therapy and Dual Therapy groups, respectively (OR 9.0; 95% CI, 3.1–26.1). Patients in the Triple Therapy group had a greater likelihood of MACE compared to patients in the Dual Therapy group (OR 2.0; 95% CI 1.1–3.8). Post-stent treatment with warfarin, ASA, and clopidogrel was associated with a substantially greater likelihood of major hemorrhage than treatment with ASA and clopidogrel alone.     

PCI术后双联抗血小板药物治疗的最佳维持剂量

经皮冠脉介入手术（PCI）已成为解除冠脉血管严重狭窄的主要非外科治疗方法,术后双联抗血小板药物的治疗可有效地预防各种血栓性并发症,减低心血管事件的发生及死亡率。近年来,在PCI后,阿司匹林及氯吡格雷的最佳维持剂量方面存在很多争议,本文就此问题结合大量国内外的研究及指南推荐进行综述,并对新型抗血小板药物的应用前景进行展望。     

血栓弹力图在冠状动脉介入治疗患者抗血小板治疗中的应用研究

目的研究血栓弹力图（TEG）在评价抗血小板治疗疗效中的作用。方法纳入因冠心病接受PCI术后出现氯吡格雷抵抗患者50例,在接受氯吡格雷加量前后分别通过TEG检测血小板抑制率,对比两次TEG结果。结果强化抗血小板治疗后,所有患者TEG结果较前均显示血小板抑制率明显增加[（60.02±3.12）%vs.（21.26±3.68）%,P〈0.05],反应时间和凝固时间较前延长,凝血酶形成速度减慢,血凝块稳定性降低。结论 TEG能较准确地反映患者抗血小板状态,可作为抗血小板治疗评价指标。     

经皮冠状动脉介入治疗后血小板聚集率高的患者强化抗血小板治疗的研究

目的研究经皮冠状动脉介入治疗（PCI）后血小板聚集率仍然高的患者强化抗血小板治疗与主要心脏事件的关系。方法选择2004年1月至2006年6月我院住院进行择期PCI的冠心病患者1556例,服药前、术后24小时、28天检测二磷酸腺苷（ADP）诱导的血小板聚集率。其中有402例患者[男178例,女224例,平均年龄（57．34±6．47）岁]术后血小板聚集率仍然高,其24小时的血小板聚集度与基线（服药前）的绝对值〈30％。把这部分患者随机分为两组,对照组（n=201）继续服用阿司匹林100mg、氯吡格雷75mg;治疗组（n=201）除继续服用阿司匹林100mg、氯吡格雷75mg,每天加西洛他唑200mg,分两次服用。连续应用6个月,观察两组患者6个月主要心脏不良事件（包括死亡、非致死性急性心肌梗死、急性或亚急性血栓、靶血管重建、脑卒中）以及出血等不良事件的发生率。结果28天血小板聚集的抑制〈30％患者对照组有89．6％（180／201）,治疗组有9．4％（19／201）,两组相比,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。两组均无急性血栓发生;亚急性血栓对照组有3．0％（6／201）,治疗组有0．5％（1／201）,两组相比,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;对照组有2例死亡,治疗组无死亡;两组均未发生脑卒中;非致死性急性心肌梗死对照组1．5％（3／201）,治疗组0．5％（1／201）;两组相比,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）;靶血管重建对照组有15．9％（32／201）,治疗组6．5％（13／201）,两组相比,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）;出血的发生率对照组4．0％（8／201）,治疗组6．0％（12／201）,两组相比,差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。主要心脏事件的累计危险率治疗组低于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论PCI后应用抗血小板药物,血小板聚集率经治疗后仍然高（即血小板聚集抑制〈30％）的患者,强化抗血小板治疗可以减少主要心脏事件的累计危险率,而没有增加出血并发症。     

Optimizing antiplatelet therapy in acute coronary syndrome and percutaneous coronary intervention

Dual antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel is the standard of care for patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and those undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). It is well established that inhibition of platelet aggregation reduces the risk of recurrent thrombotic events and stent thrombosis. However, some patients show a reduced antiplatelet response to standard clopidogrel loading (300 mg) and maintenance (75 mg day^?1) doses, which has been associated with poorer patient outcomes. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic studies show that higher‐than‐standard clopidogrel dosing strategies facilitate more rapid platelet inhibition of a greater intensity as a result of greater plasma concentrations of the clopidogrel active metabolite. Recently completed studies suggest that in patients with ACS undergoing PCI, higher‐than‐standard clopidogrel dosing regimens provide greater inhibition of platelet function and improved clinical outcomes with a small but significant increase in major bleeding. Newer, more potent antiplatelet agents such as prasugrel and ticagrelor are other alternative strategies that result in more rapid, greater inhibition of platelet function and better outcomes than standard‐dose clopidogrel. Whether platelet reactivity‐guided therapy or genotyping for cytochrome P450 polymorphisms is useful in managing patients needs to be further defined. Most importantly, early and effective antiplatelet therapy results in the best short‐ and long‐term outcomes for patients with ACS or those undergoing PCI. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.     

Dual antiplatelet therapy after percutaneous coronary intervention for stable CAD or ACS

Herz - The duration and combination of dual antiplatelet therapy after coronary stent implantation, consisting of aspirin and a&nbsp;P2Y12 inhibitor, is among the most intensely investigated...     

质子泵抑制剂在经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术后抗血小板治疗中的价值

目的 探讨质子泵抑制剂（proton pump inhibitor,PPI）对经皮冠状动脉介入治疗术（PCI）后抗血小板治疗中上消化道出血及不良心血管事件（MACCE）发生的影响.方法 选择在襄阳市中心医院心血管内科行PCI术的患者364例,术前、术后均给予氯吡格雷联合阿司匹林抗血小板治疗,随机分为3组：奥美拉唑组（n=121）、埃索美拉唑组（n=133）、对照组（n=110）.随访12个月,观察各组患者上消化道出血和MACCE的发生率.结果 奥美拉唑组、埃索美拉唑组、对照组上消化道出血发生率分别为2.48%、1.50%、10.91%,MACCE发生率分别为：9.09%、8.27%、8.18%.对照组的上消化道出血发生率显著高于奥美拉唑组和埃索美拉唑组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,而奥美拉唑组和埃索美拉唑组间的上消化道出血发生率差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）.3组间的MACCE发生率差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）.结论奥美拉唑与埃索美拉唑可预防对PCI后抗血小板治疗患者上消化道出血的发生,二者均不增加MACCE的发生率.     

Advances in antithrombin and antiplatelet therapy for percutaneous coronary intervention

Recent advances in anticoagulant and antiplatelet therapy have made significant improvements in patient outcomes in percutaneous coronary interventions. Direct thrombin inhibitors have found an increasing role in coronary interventions as more trials validate their efficacy and safety. Further refinements of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors are enabling tailoring of these medications for the appropriate populations. While heparin alone had been the mainstay of anticoagulant therapy for many years, increasing studies with low molecular weight heparins, such as enoxaparin, and glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors have altered the landscape of percutaneous coronary interventions. The development of antiplatelet agents has been accelerated to improve long-term results. Over the past year, many exciting new developments in antithrombotic therapy with coronary intervention have evolved, providing improvement in patient care.     

Shortened dual antiplatelet therapy in contemporary percutaneous coronary intervention era

Percutaneous coronary intervention with stenting is followed by a duration of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) to reduce stent thrombosis and avoid target lesion failure. The period of DAPT recommended in international guidelines following drug-eluting stent implantation is 12 mo for most patients with acute coronary syndrome, and 6 mo for patients with chronic coronary syndrome or high bleeding risk. The new generation of drug-eluting stents have metallic platforms with thinner struts, associated with significantly less stent thrombosis. Shortened DAPT has been investigated with these stents, with evidence from randomised clinical trials for some individual stents showing non-inferior safety and efficacy outcomes. This has to be balanced by the effect of DAPT on secondary prevention of systemic cardiovascular disease especially in high-risk populations. This review will outline the current evidence for individual stents with regards to DAPT duration for both acute coronary syndrome and chronic coronary syndrome and discuss further directions for research and personalised medicine in this contemporary percutaneous coronary intervention era.     

冠状动脉支架植入术后抗血小板策略的研究进展

对于经皮冠状动脉介入术(PCI)后患者,国内外指南均首选推荐12个月的双联抗血小板治疗(DAPT)方案,但由于患者对抗血小板药物治疗反应多样,如何选择适宜的个体化DAPT方案有待进一步研究.该文介绍近年来不同抗血小板药物策略的临床试验获益情况,以期为临床治疗提供一定参考.     

冠心病介入术后性别对双联抗血小板治疗患者血小板反应性的影响

目的明确对于行经皮冠状动脉介入术(percutaneous coronary intervention,PCI)、服用双联抗血小板药物的冠心病患者血小板的反应性是否具有性别差异及对长期预后的影响。方法本研究纳入2013年1月至2013年12月于阜外医院行PCI且有术后12~72 h血栓弹力图检测结果的冠心病患者4606例,男3536例,女1070例。主要研究终点为2年主要不良心脑血管事件(major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events,MACCE:死亡、心肌梗死、靶血管或靶病变血运重建、脑卒中)及支架内血栓、大出血事件。结果通过对血栓弹力图的分析显示:男性、女性患者的花生四烯酸(arachidonic acid,AA)抑制率相似(81.0%±27.7%vs 79.7%±30.5%,P=0.178);男性二磷酸腺苷(adenosine diphosphate,ADP)抑制率高于女性(49.6%±31.2%vs 37.9%±31.2%,P<0.001);男性的二磷酸腺苷诱导的血小板纤维蛋白凝块强度(adenosine diphosphate-induced platelet-fibrin clot strength,MAADP)较女性更低[(32.6±17.1)mm vs(41.6±18.1)mm,P<0.001]。2年随访显示,男性、女性患者的MACCE发生率差异无显著性(8.5%vs 7.9%,P=0.377)。各单一主要终点事件中,男性患者死亡(1.2%vs 0.8%,P=0.045)及靶血管或靶病变血运重建(8.9%vs 6.4%,P=0.021)的发生率高于女性;其余单一主要终点事件无显著性差异。COX回归模型分析显示,MAADP并非MACCE及各单一主要终点事件的独立预测因素。结论2年随访显示,男性患者死亡及靶血管或靶病变血运重建的发生率高于女性,但MACCE发生率差异无显著性;MAADP并非是MACCE及各单一主要终点事件的独立预测因素。     

三联抗血小板药物对缺血性脑血管病患者冠状动脉介入治疗术后的近期疗效

目的探讨既往有缺血性脑血管事件发作史的冠心病患者行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)后应用西洛他唑联合阿司匹林和氯吡格雷三联抗血小板治疗方案的近期疗效和安全性。方法回顾性分析有缺血性脑血管病史且接受PCI治疗的冠心病患者共216例,其中80例PCI后应用三联抗血小扳治疗(三联组),136例PCI后应用阿司匹林联合氯吡格雷两联抗血小板治疗(两联组)。观察两组PCI后30天主要不良心脑血管事件(MACCE)、亚急性血栓和出血发生率结果两组临床基线特征及PCI即刻结果无差异,术中均无死亡;三联组患者30天病死率、脑卒中发生率、MACCE发生率均显著低于两联组(P值分别<0．05,<0．05,<0．01)。两组亚急性血栓、30天主要出血事件、脑出血发生率差异均无显著性意义。结论有缺血性脑血管病史患者PCI后应用氯吡格雷、阿司匹林和西洛他唑三联抗血小板治疗后,可显著降低近期死亡、脑卒中及MACCE发生率,且不增加脑出血等副作用。     

Adjunctive pharmacologic therapy in percutaneous coronary intervention: part I antiplatelet therapy

Ischemic heart disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) has rapidly evolved from balloon angioplasty to drug-eluting stents over the past 25 years and has become an important treatment option for coronary heart disease. During PCI, atherosclerotic plaque disruption and the endothelium denudation stimulate both platelet aggregation and the thrombus generation. Therefore, pharmacological adjuvant therapies to protect the procedure-related thrombotic complication during PCI are indispensable. In addition to aspirin, whose benefit has been clearly shown in ischemic heart disease, clopidogrel and prasugrel have shown to dramatically reduce the rate of thrombosis after stent placement. The introduction of glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors has further improved the results of PCI especially in high-risk patients. In addition, several new drugs with antiplatelet or with antithrombin activities are currently under development.     

三联抗血小板治疗对支架植入术后老年糖尿病并冠心病患者的效果

目的:探讨糖尿病合并冠心病老年患者支架植入术后三联抗血小板治疗对预防支架内血栓形成和再狭窄的有效性及安全性。方法:糖尿病合并冠心病老年患者60例,择期行冠状动脉造影(CAG)和支架植入术(PCI)。术后随机分为治疗组和对照组,两组患者均服用阿司匹林100 mg/d(长期),氯吡格雷75 mg/d(12月),治疗组加用西洛他唑100 mg/d(6个月)。6~9个月后行造影随访。结果9个月主要心脑血管事件(MACCE)发生率,治疗组明显低于对照组(10%∶20%,P0.05);6个月CAG随访结果显示,治疗组最小管腔直径(MLD)明显高于对照组[(2.13±0.45)mm∶(1.76±0.33)mm,P0.05];治疗组管腔晚期丢失[LL(0.73±0.17)mm∶(1.21±0.23 mm),P0.05],再狭窄率(RR,6.9%∶11.1%;P0.05)和靶病变重建率(TLR,6.9%∶11.1%,P0.05)均明显低于对照组。两组副作用(包括出血)无显著差异(P0.05)。结论:糖尿病冠心病老年患者PCI术后,在两联抗血小板治疗的基础上,加用一个疗程(6月)西洛他唑,有进一步减少支架内血栓形成的趋势,最小管腔直径明显增加,再狭窄率和靶病变重建率明显降低,且不增加出血并发症。     

Controversies of oral antiplatelet therapy in acute coronary syndromes and percutaneous coronary intervention

Platelet activation is a pivotal event in the pathophysiology of acute coronary syndromes (ACS) and percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and has a substantial impact on the outcomes in these settings. Aggressive implementation of antiplatelet therapy has significantly decreased adverse cardiovascular events, such as death, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, and repeat revascularization. Although the widespread use of aspirin has contributed to this improvement, many patients continue to have a significant risk of recurrent events during the ensuing months to years. The advent of other antiplatelet agents, notably the thienopyridine clopidogrel bisulfate has heralded a new era of combined antiplatelet blockade, offering the hope of better outcomes. Recently, clinical trials have tested the use of dual oral antiplatelet blockade and have shown impressive results. Notably, the Clopidogrel in Unstable Angina to Prevent Recurrent Events (CURE) trial found that dual therapy with clopidogrel and aspirin in ACS reduced adverse cardiovascular events by 20% at 1 year (p < 0.001). The PCI-CURE substudy of CURE and the Clopidogrel for the Reduction of Events During Observation (CREDO) trial demonstrated that these benefits extend to patients undergoing both urgent and elective PCI. This article will explore the current role of and controversies in oral antiplatelet therapy after ACS and PCI.     

PCI术后患者的CYP2C19基因型分布及其基因型指导抗血小板治疗的效果

目的:描述中国西北地区汉族人群经皮冠状动脉介入(PCI)术后患者细胞色素P450(CYP2C19)基因多态性分布特点,并评价依据基因型指导PCI术后氯吡格雷抗血小板治疗的效果。方法:1入选2013年1月7月在西京医院心内科行PCI的来自西北地区汉族患者2 117例行CYP2C19基因型检测,根据不同等位基因功能缺失分为快代谢基因型(*1/*1)、中间代谢基因型(*1/*2、*1/*3)和慢代谢基因型(*2/*2、*2/*3、*3/*3);2从上述人群中选择临床资料完整的患者153例,按基因型分为2组:正常代谢组(快代谢基因型,59例)和弱代谢组(中间代谢和慢代谢基因型,94例)。正常代谢组患者术后口服氯吡格雷75 mg/d至1年,而弱代谢组氯吡格雷150 mg/d强化治疗1个月,后75 mg/d至1年抗血小板治疗;于术后1、3、6、9和12个月随访并记录和比较两组间主要不良心脑血管事件(MACE)发生情况。结果:1检测入选的2117例患者基因型结果显示,快代谢基因型(*1/*1)885例,发生率41.80%,中间代谢基因型(*1/*2、*1/*3)971例,发生率45.86%,其中*1/*2占39.16%,*1/*3占6.70%,慢代谢基因型(*2/*2、*2/*3、*3/*3)261例,发生率12.32%。2正常代谢组失訪6例,弱代谢组失訪5例,两组失訪率(9%vs.5%)差异未达到显著水平。正常代谢组和弱代谢组MACE发生率[12.3%(6/59)vs.10.1%(8/94),两组差异也无统计学意义。结论:1入选患者CYP2C19等位基因突变频率发生率高,其中以*1/*2为主,2按基因型采取不同剂量的抗血小板药物后两组MACE发生率差异无统计学意义。