赤潮藻类毒素检测方法的研究概况

赤潮是海洋内浮游生物 (主要是藻类 )暴发性繁殖引起海洋水体变色、变腥臭的一种有害生态异常现象 ,是一种严重恶化海洋环境 ,破坏海洋渔业资源和沿海旅游业 ,并威胁人类健康的海洋自然灾害。含有毒素的藻类 (主要是单细胞微藻 )将通过食物链毒化海洋鱼贝类 ,人类食用染毒的贝类可发生食物中毒或死亡。与有害赤潮相关的赤潮藻毒素 (贝毒素 )中毒主要有 5类 :①麻痹性贝毒中毒 (ｐａｒａｌｙｔｉｃｓｈｅｌｌｆｉｓｈｐｏｉｓｏｎｉｎｇ,ＰＳＰ) ;②腹泻性贝毒中毒 (ｄｉａｒｒｈｅｔｉｃｓｈｅｌｌｆｉｓｈｐｏｉｓｏｎｉｎｇ,ＤＳＰ) ;③神…     

贝类食物中毒病因分析及预防对策研究

目的；研究贝类食物中毒的病因及预防对策。方法：通过对五起贝类食物中毒病因，流行特征，以及贝毒的毒力，化学结构进行分析，对中毒的季节，气象条件，赤潮的形成和贝类染毒的关系作了研究，结论：认为海洋环境的污染和赤潮是贝类染毒的主要途径，建议贝毒的国家食品卫生标准定为４ＭＵ（小白鼠单位），基层卫生监督机构的检验方法，应优选小白鼠生物测定法，沿海卫生监督机构应建立海水污染，赤潮，以及甲藻类生物和贝类带毒监测     

DX数字减影DGTEST程序的应用

ＤＧＴＥＳＴ是一种用于诊断美国ＧＥ公司数字减影ＤＸＨＩＬＩＮＥＶＤＰ（视频数字处理）硬件系统的检测程序,由ＰＡＳＣＡＬ语言写成,其主要性能有：１．在ＤＸ系统控制台或遥控台上独立对ＶＤＰ进行硬件测试;２．提供故障诊断在线帮助;３．ＶＤＰ硬件软件仿真等命令工具要运行ＤＧＴＥＳＴ程序,必须预先在ＤＸＨＩ－ＬＩＮＥ系统的软驱里安放一张引导磁盘,在ＶＥＲ－ＳＡＤＯＳ操作系统下“＝”产生后键入ＤＧＴＥＳＴ且回车,ＤＸ系统控制台对话监视器上就显示出如下的诊断主菜单：ＭＡＩＮＴＥＳＴＭＥＮＵ１—ＤＩＡＧＮＯＳＴ…     

赤潮藻类毒素的研究概况

赤潮是海洋内浮游生物 (主要是藻类 )暴发性繁殖引起海洋水体变色、变味的一种有害生态异常现象 ,是一种严重恶化海洋环境 ,破坏海洋渔业资源和沿海旅游业 ,并严重威胁人类健康的海洋自然灾害。海洋中众多的鱼、贝类动物以食藻为生 ,而某些种系的海藻为了生存会产生一些使食藻动物拒食或毒化的有毒次级代谢物—化学毒素。含有毒素的藻类通过食物链毒化海洋鱼、贝类 ,人类食用染毒的贝类可发生食物中毒或死亡〔1〕。与有害赤潮相关的赤潮藻毒素 (贝毒素 )中毒主要有五大类 :(1)麻痹性贝毒中毒 (ＰａｒａｌｙｔｉｃＳｈｅｌｌｆｉｓｈＰｏｉｓ…     

CPB-ST融合基因的构建及表达研究

用限制性核酸内切酶ＥｃｏＲＩ和ＳａｌⅠ双酶切含有大肠杆菌耐热性肠毒素ＳＴ１前体蛋白基因的质粒ｐＸＳＴ１，回收３２５ｂｐ的ＳＴ基因片段，然后，通过Ｔ４ＤＮＡ连接酶将其定向连接于事先经同样的双酶切处理的带有产气荚膜梭菌β－毒素基因（ＣＰＢ）的重组质粒ｐＥＣＢ２中ＣＰＢ基因的下降，转化受体菌ＢＬ２１（ＤＥ３）中，经ＢａｍＨＩ和ＥｃｏＲＩ酶切反应鉴定重组质粒，得到了理想重组质粒ｐＥＣＢ－ＳＴ１。重组菌株Ｂｌ２１（ＤＥ３）（ｐＥＣＢ－ＳＴ１）经ＩＰＴＧ诱导后，其表达产物经ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ、Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎ－ｂｌｏｔｉｎｇ及ＥＬＩＳＡ检测，结果表明重组菌株可以表达ＣＰＢ－ＳＴ融合蛋白，而且该融合蛋白无天然β－毒素和ＳＴ１的生物毒性。     

织纹螺毒性与检测研究进展

织纹螺是沿海潮间带和潮下带常见的螺种之一，呈世界性分布，属软体动物门、腹足纲、前鳃亚纲、狭舌目、织纹螺科，以藻类为食物链。一般认为织纹螺带毒与“赤潮”某些藻类毒素有关，通过摄入有毒藻类，滤过性蓄积，产生了麻痹性贝毒(Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning，简称PSP)。食用有毒的织纹螺即可引起中毒，由于其中毒进展快、症状重、无特效药、     

糖尿病血硒与抗氧化酶活性的临床和实验研究

观察了３５例糖尿病患者血中硒、ＬＰＯ、ＳＯＤ和ＧＳＨ—ＰＸ以及总抗氧化能力。结果发现患者ＧＳＨ—ＰＸ活性减低，ＬＰＯ增高，全血硒、ＳＯＤ和总抗氧化能力均未见显著性改变。进一步观察糖尿病大鼠成模后６０天时的上述指标变化，ＧＳＨ—ＰＸ和ＳＯＤ活性均比对照组显著降低，总抗氧化能力增高。血中硒和ＬＰＯ水平未见异常。此研究表明，糖尿病患病进程中机体内抗氧化酶活性减低，但硒元素不是导致ＧＳＨ—ＰＸ活性下降的直接因素。     

大肠杆菌肠毒素ST_1—LT_B融合基因的高效表达

用限制性核酸内切酶ＥｃｏＲＩ和ＨｉｎｄⅢ双酶切含大肠杆菌肠毒素ＳＴ１—ＬＴＢ融合基因的质粒ｐＸＳＬＴ１，回收０．８４ｋｂ的ＳＴ１—ＬＴＢ融合基因，再将载体ｐＥＴ—２８ｂ（＋）用ＥｃｏＲⅠ和ＨｉｎｄⅢ双酶切，然后将其与ＳＴ１—ＬＴＢ融合基因连接，转化至受体菌ＢＬ２１（ＤＥ３）中。经ＥｃｏＲⅠ、ＨｉｎｄⅢ、ＢａｍＨⅠ酶切反应鉴定重组子质粒，得到了理想重组质粒ｐＸＥＴ－ＳＬＴ１。重组菌株ＢＬ２１（ＤＥ３）（ｐＸＥＴＳＬＴ１）经ＩＰＴＧ诱导后，其表达产物经ＳＤＳ—ＰＡＧＥ和ＥＬＩＳＡ检测，结果表明重组菌株可以高效表达ＳＴ１—ＬＴＢ融合蛋白，该融合蛋白占菌体总蛋白的３３．２１％，而且无天然ＳＴ１生物毒性     

移动电话对医疗设备的干扰问题

随着电子技术和通信技术的高速发展，医院的医疗设备越来越先进，移动电话的使用也越来越普及，伴随而来的就是移动电话的使用对医疗设备的干扰问题。我们平常检修仪器时已发现此类问题，如３２００注射泵在使用过程中发出了警报，屏幕显示‘ＦＡＵＬＴＣＯＤＥ１０’‘ＰＵＭＰＳＴＯＰＰＥＤ’‘ＤＩＳＰＯＳＡＢＬＥＴＡＭＰＥＲＩＮＧ！’和‘ＰＵＭＰＳＴＯＰＰＥＤ．ＳＹＲＩＮＧＥＴＡＭＰＥＲＩＮＧ’等错误信息，关机重新启动机器，此类错误不再出现，监测仪、脉搏血压计也出现过此类故障。经过多次调查分析，我们发现这是由于在精…     

葡萄球菌中毒性休克毒素的分离纯化与性质分析

葡萄球菌中毒性休克毒素（ＴＳＳＴ－１）是引起毒性休克症（ＴＳＳ）的主要病原，同时又是超抗原家族的重要成员之一，对于肿瘤的免疫治疗有着潜在的药用价值。获得纯度高、活性好ＴＳＳＴ－１是开展该项研究工作的关键。产毒培养后经ＣＭ离子纤维素层析、ＳｅｐｈｄｅｘＧ－７５和ＳｅｐｈａｃｒｙｌＳ－２００凝胶过滤简便有效的三步程序，成功地获得了高纯度的中毒性休克毒素。对其理化和免疫学性质分析的实验证明，纯化毒素纯度大于９５％，ＳＤＳ－ＰＡＧＥ上呈现单一条带，与其对应型抗血清有免疫学特异反应，不含核酸、糖和其它各型肠毒素等物质。提纯毒素对其致病机理和体内外免疫学调节作用的研究有重要意义。     

广州市售贝类麻痹性贝毒和腹泻性贝毒污染状况分析

目的对广州市售双壳经济贝类麻痹性贝毒(PSP)和腹泻性贝毒(DSP)污染状况进行为期一年的抽样调查,了解其食用安全性。方法采用AOAC推荐的小鼠生物检测法进行PSP和DSP的毒力测定,采用HPLC进行PSP成分分析,根据FAO、日本和欧盟水产食品卫生要求及我国渔政渔港监督管理局制订的贝类安全食用标准对贝类水产品的食用安全性进行评价。结果在所调查的7种贝类中,有2种染有PSP,毒素含量在安全食用范围内,毒力大小随季节而变化,春冬两季含量相对较高;7种贝类中有6种共计36个样品染有DSP,有10个样品毒素含量超出安全食用标准,春冬两季染毒率较高。结论广州市售贝类PSP含量和检出率整体水平较低;DSP检出率稍高,毒素含量也较高,应引起有关部门的关注,加强DSP监测工作。     

Risk to human health associated with marine toxic algae

Among the about 5000 of marine algal species, some 75 produce algal toxins. These latter mainly belong to the taxa first of dynoflagellates and then diatomes. The so far known human intoxications have been associated with mollusc consumption. The main poisoning syndromes have been termed, on the basis of the observed symptoms, as paralytic, diarrhetic, neurotoxic and amnesic and shorthened as: PSP (paralytic shellfish poisoning), DSP (diarrhetic shellfish poisoning), NSP (neurotoxic shellfish poisoning), ASP (amnesic shellfish poisoning), respectively. This paper is a review of the problem of human health implications associated with marine toxic algae, with particular reference to the situation of the Mediterranean and the Italian coastal areas.     

麻痹性贝毒在广州市售经济贝类中污染状况分析

目的通过对广州市黄沙海产品批发市场7种经济贝类为期一年的麻痹性贝毒(PSP)污染状况的调查分析,了解海产品食用的安全性。方法毒性测定按照AOAC小白鼠法进行,成份分析利用高效液相色谱(HPLC),安全性评价采用联合国粮农组织(FAO)及我国渔政渔港监督管理局制定的贝类安全食用标准(4MUg肉)。结果在调查的84份贝样中,染毒贝整体毒力(消化腺与肉的加权平均毒力)低于4MUg肉,毒素最高含量仅为184MUg肉,所有贝类均在安全食用范围之内。染毒贝类主要为栉孔扇贝(ChlamysMimachlamysnobilis)和嵌条扇贝(Pectenalbicans)。毒素在2个种9份样品的消化腺中检出,某些样品肌肉组织出现小白鼠毒性反应。一份样品消化腺中毒素含量高达1452MUg,高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析表明,该样品毒素成份主要为B1、GTX23、GTX14及C类。结论广州市市售鲜贝PSP含量和检出率整体水平均较低;贝中消化腺毒素含量及检出率明显高于肌肉,个别腺体毒素含量超出标准。毒素分布存在季节性差异,春季毒素比较强,夏秋季检出率高。因此有针对性的加强贝毒监测非常必要。     

一起赤潮后海产品麻痹性贝类毒素衰减结果分析

目的 以2017年漳州沿海一起赤潮引起的麻痹性贝类毒素(paralytic shellfish poisoning,PSP)中毒事件为研究起点,研究贝类海产品中的PSP在自然条件下的衰减情况。方法 在漳浦佛昙和龙海港尾海域采集牡蛎和贻贝进行PSP检测。结果 2017年6月8日相关海域海产品最大毒素总毒力为21 056.7 μg/kg,2017年6月26日海产品PSP总毒力值衰减86%以上,2017年7月20日海产品PSP总毒力值衰减97%以上,2018年12月所有海产品中PSP均未检出。结论 本次赤潮发生后,漳浦佛昙和龙海港尾两个海域贝类海产品约需45天净化周期方可食用,相关海域约需18个月净化至贝类毒素完全消失。     

Paralytic shellfish poisoning --- southeast Alaska, May--June 2011

On June 6, 2011, the Section of Epidemiology (SOE) of the Alaska Division of Public Health was notified of a case of paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) in southeast Alaska. In collaboration with local partners, SOE investigated and identified a total of eight confirmed and 13 probable PSP cases that occurred during May--June 2011. Warnings to avoid noncommercially harvested shellfish were broadcast on local radio and television and displayed at beaches and in post offices, government offices, and businesses throughout the region. Commercially harvested shellfish, which are tested for the presence of PSP-causing toxins, were safe. Because the risk for PSP is unpredictable, persons who consume noncommercially harvested Alaskan shellfish should know that they are at risk for PSP, and suspected cases should be reported promptly to SOE to initiate control measures in the affected area.     

Cluster analysis of toxins profile pattern as a tool for tracing shellfish contaminated with PSP-toxins

Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) is one of the most lethal biotoxin-induced diseases worldwide, which may pose serious public health threat and potential devastating economic damage on fisheries industry in the affected region(s). To prevent the importation of PSP contaminated shellfish to a community, detailed documentation on the supply chain and routine surveillance systems are, in principle, crucial measures to protect people from this intoxication. However, difficulties have always been encountered on the traceability of the source/origin of contaminated shellfish.In the present study, we reported the potential application of PSP-toxins profiles with similarity analysis that can be used to identify epidemiological linkage between shellfish samples collected from markets and patients during a PSP outbreak. PSP-toxins were identified and quantified by ion-pair chromatographic separation followed by post-column oxidation to fluorescent imino purine derivatives. Samples from a PSP incident and other surveillance samples collected in our past 7-year record were also compared for their similarity in PSP-toxins profiles patterns. Molar distributions (nmol%) of 10 PSP-toxins were analyzed by Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetric averages (UPGMA). Three prominent clusters emerged with similarity levels reaching over 80% for each, suggesting that each group of samples probably originated from a same source/batch. The PSP-toxins profiles and toxicities determined from surveillance samples could provide premonitory clues on the occurrences of PSP incident and outbreak with corresponding toxin profiles in the later time. Due to species-specific characteristics of PSP-toxins composition and profile in shellfish under varieties of environmental and physiological conditions, PSP-toxins profile can be a specific and useful biochemical indicator for tracing PSP contaminated shellfish provided that spatio-temporal occurrence patterns of toxins profiles are available in a databank for inter-laboratory comparison and standardized methodologies such as consentaneous toxins extraction and identification criteria are used for analysis and comparison.     

宁波市有毒织纹螺地域分布分析

目的了解宁波市有毒织纹螺的分布。分析各栖息地有毒织纹螺的毒性变化，为控制织纹螺中毒提供依据。方法采用美国分析化学家学会（AOAC）和中国进出口检验检疫（CIQ）的小鼠生物测试法，以美国食品药物管理局（FDA）的贝类麻痹性毒素（PSP）标准，判定本地织纹螺毒性的强弱，按年观察结果。结果1986～2003年，宁波市127份被检织纹螺中毒素平均含量最高的年份为1991年，达11900MU／100g螺肉，最低年份为1988年，其毒素含量也达403MU／100gN肉，其他年份的毒性波动在一定范围内。不同栖息地毒螺检出率镇海区为31．43％，北仑区为39．29％，宁海县为73．08％，奉化市为25．00％，经统计学处理差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）；除宁海外，其余3个县（市、区）毒螺检出率差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。从新增织纹螺栖息地象山采集的30份织纹螺样品，毒素测定值均≤400MU／100g肉，未检出毒螺。结论宁波市各栖息地的织纹螺带毒严重，是一种引起织纹螺中毒的原因食物。各栖息地织纹螺毒性存在差异，以宁海县的织纹螺带毒最普遍。毒螺的分布和毒性的强弱与地域相关。织纹螺毒素的毒性可消长，但无规律性。     

免疫亲和色谱分离纯化PSP贝毒GTX23,的研究

目的:分离纯化有毒塔玛亚历山大藻中麻痹性贝毒GTX2,3组分。方法:采用免疫亲和色谱方法,对有毒塔玛亚历山大藻中麻痹性贝类毒素进行分离纯化。结果:通过HPLC检测,免疫亲和柱有效的将麻痹性贝毒的GTX2,3与GTX14,分离,获得了一定数量但具有高纯度的麻痹性贝毒GTX23,。结论:初步建立了免疫亲和色谱技术对麻痹性贝类毒素GTX23,分离纯化的方法。     

Paralytic shellfish poisoning toxin profiles in green mussels from Trinidad and Venezuela

Paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins were determined in green mussels (Perna viridis) from the Gulf of Paria between Trinidad and Venezuela, as well as from the northern coast of Venezuela. Aqueous extracts of samples were purified by passage through SPE C-18 and carboxylic columns, and oxidized by periodate and peroxide reagents, before analysis by LC with fluorescence detection. Spike and recovery of mixed toxins from uncontaminated mussel tissues, with % recoveries from 83 to 103, validated the method of analysis. Saxitoxin (STX), gonyautoxins (GTX), their analogs, and C toxins were identified in mussels from both countries. In the Gulf of Paria, PSP toxin profiles in mussels from the north were similar to each other, as were those from the south. However, the toxin profiles and concentrations varied widely among geographic areas, with GTX analogs and C1,2 toxins predominating. The highest total PSP concentrations (468 μg/100 g), as well as the largest number of individual toxins identified (7 of 8), were found at Playa Patilla on the northern coast of Venezuela, followed by Chaguaramas (244 μg/100 g; 6 of 8) and Güiria (154 μg/100 g; 5 of 8) in the northern Gulf of Paria in Trinidad. While the calculated STX equivalents in each sample were below the maximum permissible level (80 μg/100 g) permitted by Venezuela and other countries, its very detection prohibits their consumption in Trinidad under existing legislation.     

Ecological analysis of digestive cancer mortality related to contamination by diarrhetic shellfish poisoning toxins along the coasts of France

Shellfish consumers are exposed to the risk of diarrhea from, among other contaminants, algae that produce diarrhetic shellfish poisoning (DSP) toxins, such as Dinophysis spp. These illnesses have been effectively prevented since 1984, when a phycotoxin monitoring network was set up along the coasts of France. There is nonetheless concern that residual levels of okadaic acid, a known tumor promoter that is the main toxin present in French coastal waters, might increase the risk of cancer among regular shellfish consumers. To test this hypothesis, we conducted an ecological study linking digestive cancer mortality rates with a proxy measure of contamination by DSP toxins in 59 coastal areas. Observed and expected numbers of deaths (using national rates as the reference) were computed by sex, cause of death, and area for two time periods: 1984-1988 and 1989-1993. The level of contamination in each area was estimated by the total number of weeks since monitoring began that production was shut down because of DSP toxin contamination. Using both Poisson regressions and test for trends of standardized mortality ratios across four exposure categories, we found some evidence of associations for several digestive cancer sites (esophagus, stomach, colon, liver, and total digestive cancers for men; stomach and pancreatic cancers for women). Among men, the only statistically significant result that remained after taking possible confounding by alcohol use into account involved colon cancer. The conclusions provided by this analysis are very tentative; they need to be reproduced and interpreted in the light of additional information on the potential long-term effects of DSP toxins. In the absence of human data, they provide some indication of a possible association between exposure to DSP toxins and digestive cancers.