肝短静脉的临床研究进展

肝短静脉(short hepatic veins,SHVs)开口于下腔静脉,数目较多,形态和分布变异较大,影像学检查具有较高的临床价值。由于SHV解剖位置的特殊性,很多肝脏肿瘤切除手术容易伤及,甚至造成难以控制的大出血。在肝脏外科手术中,尤其在行单独尾状叶切除、第Ⅸ肝段肝癌的肝段切除术、悬吊提拉切肝法的肝切除、选择性肝血流阻断切除术、活体供肝的肝移植术等手术中应注意操作,避免SHVs的损伤。     

下腔静脉与肝静脉的外科应用解剖

在３２例成人尸体上进行腔静脉与肝静脉的应用解剖学的研究，观测了右肾上腺静脉、左膈下静脉、主肝静脉的长度、横径、注入角度和部位及主肝静脉的汇合类型和下腔静脉各段长度。结果表明，术中阻断肝上膈下下腔静脉，有８４．４％的人可经腹部切口完成，另１５．６％者可能需开胸在心包内阻断下腔静脉，下腔静脉下阻断，有８７．５％可在网膜孔后分离阻断，１２．５％需行下腔静脉肝后段分离阻断。在游离肝右叶时，需注意可能出现的     

肝后下腔静脉前间隙的解剖及临床应用进展

肝后下腔静脉前间隙是指位于肝背侧下腔静脉窝和下腔静脉（inferior vena eava，IVC）之间的一段相对少血管区，为一潜在性间隙。其起点为肝尾状叶背侧IVC的第1支肝短静脉，即右下肝静脉（inferior righth epatic vein，IRHV）的左侧，止点为肝右静脉及肝左静脉和肝中静脉共干间的间隙上缘（肝上静脉窝）。存此间隙内存在有重要解剖学意义的第2肝门（左、中、右肝静脉出肝处）和第3肝门（肝短静脉出肝处）。     

肝门区巨大肝癌切除可行性分析及术后疗效探讨

侵及肝门的巨大肝癌是指肿瘤边界已贴紧、推移、浸润、包绕以肝后下腔静脉（IVC）为中轴的区域，如IVC与肝静脉主干汇接处（第二肝门），肝短静脉区域（第三肝门）和左、右门静脉及肝管的分叉部（第一肝门），且直径≥10cm的肝癌。本文旨在探讨此类肝癌手术切除的可行性、难点处理及疗效。     

肝后间隙的解剖和临床意义

肝短静脉通过肝后间隙汇入下腔静脉,平均17支,直径1 mm以上的静脉平均5支.包括：①引流Spiegel叶的粗大尾状叶静脉;②来源左尾状叶的细小肝短静脉;③来源右尾状叶的细小肝短静脉;④肝右下静脉;⑤肝右中静脉;⑤引流第8肝段的肝短静脉.主要是尾状叶静脉和肝右下静脉,分别汇入肝后下腔静脉左、右侧壁.肝脏和下腔静脉之间存在一个相对无血管区,宽5～15 mm,长4.1～7.8 cm.本文综述了肝后隧道建立过程中可能的肝短静脉损伤和预防措施.     

肝静脉阻断技术在肝切除术中的应用

目的 探讨肝静脉阻断技术在复杂肝脏肿瘤切除术中防止肝静脉破裂大出血及空气栓塞的作用。方法 对71例肝脏肿瘤手术切除病例施行了1根以上主肝静脉阻断。所有肿瘤均位于第二肝门并侵犯或压迫1根以上主肝静脉。肝静脉阻断方法采用绕线结扎、血管带阻断或血管夹及心耳钳夹闭法。结果 71例中无1例肝静脉分离破裂，行肝静脉结扎28例，血管带阻断26例，血管夹阻断17例；阻断右肝静脉34例，右肝静脉＋中肝静脉2例，左、中肝静脉共干24例，左、中肝静脉分干2例，左、中、右三干9例。施行半肝全血流阻断35例（右侧24例，左侧11例）。交替半肝全肝血流阻断4例，第一肝门阻断加部分肝静脉阻断23例。第一肝门阻断加全部肝静脉阻断（不阻断下腔静脉的全肝血流阻断）9例。71例肝肿瘤均顺利切除。结论 肝静脉阻断技术是一种安全、有效的血流阻断技术。不阻断下腔静脉的全肝血流阻断术既能控制术中出血，又能保证全身血流动力学稳定。     

肝静脉解剖与肝移植技术规范的临床研究(附248例报道)

目的 研究肝静脉合干以及在下腔静脉(IVC)注入的解剖与分布,从规范背驮式肝移植技术角度将其分型.方法 收集中南大学湘雅三医院卫生部移植工程技术研究中心2000年5月至2007年8月施行的248例背驮式肝移植(PBLT)资料.在移除病肝时观察每例患者肝静脉在第二肝门合干以及注入下腔静脉的解剖情况,观察肝短静脉在第三肝门注入下腔静脉的解剖情况.结果 本组248例肝病切除术中观察到肝静脉合干及注入下腔静脉的解剖情况为:左中肝静脉合于142例、右中肝静脉合干54例、三支分别注入34例(18例非水平轴面注入IVC,16例同水平轴面注入IVC)、三支肝静脉合干14例、各肝段肝短静脉分别注入4例.作者按肝静脉合干及注入IVC解剖情况将其分为五型:Ⅰ型(左中合干型)57.2％、Ⅱ型(右中合干型)21.7％、Ⅲ型(三支合干型)5.6％、Ⅳ型(分别汇入型)13.0％(其中ⅣA型16例,占6％,为同轴水平汇入;ⅣB型18例,占7％,为非同轴水平汇入)、Ⅴ型(肝段型)1.6％.结论 Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型可常规行经典式背驮式肝移植.Ⅳ型(ⅣA型)有近50％的肝静脉同轴水平注入IVC(同轴水平注入IVC占本组病例6％),可三支成型常规行经典背驮式肝移植(CPBLT).ⅣA型常规行CPBLT效果好.部分Ⅳ型(ⅣB型)和Ⅴ型仅能行供、受体IVC端侧或侧侧的改良背驮式肝移植(APBLT),或行经典式原位肝移植(classic orthotopic liver transplantation,COLT),亦可结扎或缝扎各HV分支,在供、受体IVC后、前正中行梭形切口或三角型开孔吻合.根据HV合干与非合干汇入IVC的解剖状况,将其分型,并根据HV分型可规范PBLT手术技巧.     

肝静脉型布加综合征治疗中开通副肝静脉的临床价值评估

目的:评估肝静脉型布加综合征（BCS）中开通副肝静脉（AHV）的临床价值。方法:回顾性分析2010年1月至2019年6月收治的21例主肝静脉（MHV）梗阻BCS患者的临床资料。结果:21例患者均接受AHV成形术和（或）下腔静脉成形或溶栓术。造影提示AHV直径6~13 mm,AHV与下腔静脉（IVC）远心端角度为（106...     

保持下腔静脉通畅的全肝血流阻断切肝术

目的探讨保持下腔静脉通畅的全肝血流阻断切肝术（THVEPC）的应用价值。方法对25例位于第二肝门区肿瘤施行第一肝门＋左、中、右肝静脉阻断切肝术，保持下腔静脉血流畅通，11例病人同时行肝短静脉结扎。结果25例病人中原发性肝癌17例、转移性肝癌1例、肝母细胞瘤2例、肝巨大血管瘤5例。肿瘤直径14．7cm（5～43cm）。肿瘤侵犯2根主肝静脉16例，侵犯3根主肝静脉9例。行右三叶切除7例，右半肝切除3例，中肝叶切除6例，Ⅷ段切除3例，左三叶切除4例，尾状叶切除2例。共结扎肝静脉16根，血管带阻断20根，血管夹或心耳钳阻断18根。切断1根主肝静脉14例，切断2根主肝静脉11例。平均第一肝门阻断时间25．5min（15～42min），平均肝静脉阻断时间16．4min（5～28min）。平均术中出血量820ml（100～6000ml）。行肝静脉修补4例。结论保持下腔静脉通畅的全肝血流阻断切肝术既能达到无血切肝的目的，又避免了下腔静脉阻断所引起全身血流动力学紊乱，是一种更符合生理的新技术。     

肝静脉在背驮式肝移植术中的局部解剖学研究及应用

成功地对１例原发性胆汁性肝硬变患者作了背驮式肝移植术，并对１７例死前无肝病的成人尸体的第三肝门肝短静脉和第二肝门各条肝静脉作了局部解剖学研究。结果发现：肝短静脉大部分集中在肝后下腔静脉的中、下段，左、中、右肝静脉的主干长分别为２２．８±８．８０ｍｍ、５０．９８±２３．９４ｍｍ和２２．８０±９．５０ｍｍ，管径分别为１０．７４±２．８６ｍｍ、９．５０±３．７５ｍｍ和１５．６０±４．０５ｍｍ。右肝静脉主要以单独１支形式注入下腔静脉；中肝静脉和左肝静脉分３种形式注入下腔静脉：①汇合成１ｃｍ以上的主干后注入下腔静脉；②汇合后立即注入下腔静脉；③分别单独注入下腔静脉。右、中肝静脉之间距离为７～２３ｍｍ。文中讨论了背驮式术中的病肝切除和肝静脉成形术中的有关问题     

A suitable animal model for laparoscopic hepatic resection training

Background There is a growing interest in using laparoscopy for hepatic resection. However, structured training is lacking in part because of the lack of an ideal animal training model. We sought to identify an animal model whose liver anatomy significantly resembled that of the human liver and to assess the feasibility of learning laparoscopic hepatic inflow and outflow dissection and parenchyma transection on this model. Methods The inflow and outflow structures of the sheep liver were demonstrated via surgical dissection and contrast studies. Laparoscopic left major hepatic resections were performed. Results The portal hepatis of all 12 sheep (8 for anatomic study and 4 for laparoscopic hepatic resection) resembled that of human livers. The portal vein (PV) was located posteriorly; the common hepatic artery (CHA) and the common bile duct (CBD) were located anterior medially and anterior laterally with respect to the portal hepatis. The main PV bifurcated into a short right and a long left PV. The extrahepatic right PV then bifurcated into right posterior and anterior sectoral PV. The CBD and CHA bifurcated into left and right systems. The cystic duct originated from the right hepatic duct. The cystic artery originated from the right HA in 11/12 animals. The left hepatic vein drained directly into the inferior vena cava (IVC). The middle and the right hepatic veins formed a short common channel before entering the IVC. Multiple venous tributaries drained directly into IVC. Familiarity with sheep liver anatomy allowed laparoscopic left hepatic lobe (left medial and lateral segments) resection to be performed with accuracy and preservation of the middle hepatic vein. Conclusions The surgical anatomy of sheep liver resembled that of human liver. Laparoscopic major hepatic resection can be performed with accuracy using this information. Sheep is therefore an ideal animal model for advanced surgical training in laparoscopic hepatic resection.     

Superior approach for the exclusion of hepatic veins in major liver resection: A safe and easy technique

We describe a technique for isolating and excluding the hepatic veins during liver resection. First, the bare area near the right and left wall of the suprahepatic inferior vena cava (IVC) is dissected, exposing the right, left, and superior walls of the right hepatic vein (RHV) and the left-middle hepatic vein (LMHV). Two Satinsky clamps are used to clamp the roots of the right and common trunk of the LMHV, parallel to the IVC. It is not necessary to dissect the posterior wall of the hepatic veins. We used this method during major liver resection in 65 patients. The mean dissecting time of each hepatic vein was 7.31 ± 3.6 min. No hepatic vein was lacerated during dissection and exclusion. The postoperative complication rate was 31.2%. Thus, the superior approach is a safe and easy maneuver when the posterior wall of the hepatic vein is difficult to dissect due to tumor invasion. Li Aijun and Pan Zeya contributed equally to this work.     

肝脏右后下静脉的临床解剖学研究

目的 观测肝脏右后下静脉(inferior right hepatic veins,IRHV)的解剖学结构.方法 60具成人尸体肝脏标本,根据肝右后静脉汇入下腔静脉肝后段上、中、下1/3的部位分为上、中、下三组.观察测量IRHV的出现率、数目、口径、肝外行程及其与肝右静脉的关系.结果 IRHV出现率为83.33%,口径为2.62～18.46(14.32±1.21)mm,肝外长度为3.26～47.65(10.78±7.81)mm.IRHV直径与其数量呈负相关.IRHV直径与肝右静脉直径呈负相关,IRHV数量与肝右静脉直径呈正相关.结论 IRHV口径粗大,出现率高,有肝外行程,和肝右静脉呈彼消此长关系.在肝切除术中应注意避免损伤,活体肝移植时应施行IRHV的修复重建.

Abstract：

Objective To observe the anatomy of the inferior right hepatic veins (IRHV).Methods The IRHVs were divided into 3 groups according to the location where they entered into the retrohepatic inferior vena cava at: the upper 1/3, middle or lower 1/3. The incidence, number, caliber, extrahepatic length and the relationship between the major hepatic veins (the right, middle and the left hepatic veins) and the IRHV were observed and measured in 60 adult cadavers. Results The incidence of IRHV was 83.33% with an average diameter of 2.62-18.46(14.32±1.21)mm. Its extrahepatic length was 3.26-47.65 (10.78±7.81)mm. There was a marked negative correlation between the diameter of the IRHV and its number, a marked negative correlation between the diameter of the IRHV and the diameter of the right hepatic vein and a marked positive correlation between the number of the IRHV and the diameter of the right hepatic vein. Conclusions There were high variations in the incidence and anatomy of the IRHV which were related to the diameter of the right hepatic vein. The IRHV was not to be torn during liver resection and should be reconstructed in right liver grafts.     

肝脏CT影像解读分析系统在规范肝移植技术中的临床应用

目的分析肝移植术前应用肝脏CT影像解读分析系统研究肝静脉合干及其在下腔静脉注入的解剖与分布情况,按肝静脉解剖特征拟定肝移植的技术类型。方法统计武汉大学中南医院和中南大学湘雅三医院2000年5月至2007年8月期间共施行的248例背驮式肝移植患者的手术数据,并根据该248例患者的肝静脉解剖及其注入下腔静脉的数据对肝静脉类型进行分型并命名。另外收集武汉大学中南医院2010年3月至2013年4月期间实施的40例背驮式肝移植患者的术前肝脏CT影像解读分析系统的数据,分析每例患者的肝静脉在第二肝门合干及其注入下腔静脉的解剖情况,并分析肝短静脉在第三肝门注入下腔静脉的解剖情况,最后按笔者肝静脉分型标准在术前对肝脏CT影像解读分析系统的数据进行分型并拟定肝移植技术类型。结果 248例背驮式肝移植患者术中按肝静脉合干及其注入下腔静脉的解剖情况将肝静脉分为5型：Ⅰ型（左中肝静脉合干型）142例（57.25%）、Ⅱ型（右中肝静脉合干型）54例（21.77%）、Ⅲ型（左、中、右肝静脉共干型）14例（5.64%）、Ⅳ型（分别汇入型）34例（13.71%）〔其中ⅣA型16例（6.45%）,为同轴水平汇入;ⅣB型18例（7.25%）,为非同轴水平汇入〕、Ⅴ型（肝段型）4例（1.61%）。40例背驮式肝移植患者的术前肝脏CT影像解读分析系统的数据显示：Ⅰ型24例（60.00%）,Ⅱ型9例（22.50%）,Ⅲ型2例（5.00%）,Ⅳ型4例（10.00%）,Ⅴ型1例（2.50%）,肝脏CT影像解读分析系统的数据得出的肝静脉各型所占比例与笔者肝静脉分型标准中各型所占比例基本吻合。结论根据术前肝脏CT影像解读分析系统的数据确定肝静脉合干与非合干汇入肝后下腔静脉的解剖状况,从而按肝静脉分型标准归类后术前确定背驮式肝移植手术方式（Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ型和ⅣA型可常规行经典式背驮式肝移植,ⅣB型和Ⅴ型仅能进行改良式背驮式肝移植或行经典式原位肝移植,亦可结扎或缝扎各肝静脉分支,在供、受体下腔静脉后、前正中行梭形切口或三角形开孔吻合）,为临床术前决策提供重要依据。     

单侧入肝血流联合肝静脉阻断在复杂肝切除中的应用

目的：探讨单侧入肝血流联合肝静脉阻断技术在复杂肝切除术中的应用价值。
方法：回顾性分析46例巨块型肝癌通过预先解剖、控制患侧入肝血流联合阻断出肝血流行切肝术患者的临床资料。
结果：46例患者均为原发性肝癌,肿瘤平均直径8.3 cm(6~15 cm),肿瘤侵犯1根主肝静脉20例,侵犯2根主肝静脉14例。行右半肝切除16例,右后叶肝切除14例,左半肝切除16例。平均患侧入肝血流阻断时间30 min(10~45 min),平均肝静脉阻断时间20 min(10~30 min)。行肝静脉修补5例。平均术中出血量540 mL(300~1 500 mL)。全组术后发生并发症14例次,均经治疗后痊愈,无死亡病例。
结论：单侧入肝血流联合肝静脉阻断技术在复杂肝切除术中能明显减少术中出血,降低术后肝功能衰竭发生率,是一种安全、可行实用的血流阻断技术。

     

右叶活体肝移植的肝静脉应用解剖研究

目的 研究右叶活体肝移植的肝静脉应用解剖.方法 解剖观测133例成人肝静脉的分支数、最大径、长度、肝外长度、汇合;肝中静脉相对于肝中裂的偏移程度等指标.结果 A型:粗大的肝右静脉和小的右副肝静脉,占59.4%,B型:中等大小的肝右静脉和中等大小的右副肝静脉,占27.8%,C型:小的肝右静脉和粗大的右副肝静脉,占12.8%.肝左静脉与肝右肝静脉共干,占60.3%,共干长度(1.12±0.61)cm,大小(1.29±0.40)cm.96.15%肝中静脉相对于肝中裂的向右偏移,偏移程度(14.11±12.65)°.结论 该组肝静脉的结果 提示中国人的肝静脉分型中各型所占的比例与国外文献报道明显不同;中国人可能更适合右叶活体肝移植.     

An anatomical study of short hepatic veins,with special reference to delineation of the caudate lobe for hanging maneuver of the liver without the usual mobilization

Abstract. Background/Purpose: The present study was designed to anatomically assess a very recently reported hanging maneuver of the liver without mobilization, in which forceps are inserted blindly between the inferior vena cava (IVC) and liver parenchyma. Methods: We dissected 56 formalin-fixed livers (1) to determine whether preservation of the caudate vein (the largest vein draining Spiegel's lobe) and inferior right hepatic vein (IRHV) was possible and (2) to identify the territories drained by other, non-preserved short hepatic veins. Results: A potential space for insertion of the forceps was found between the openings of the caudate vein and IRHV; however, if preservation of both veins is absolutely necessary, we recommended protecting the IRHV, such as by taping and retracting it. We classified the other short hepatic veins into two categories, i.e., those draining the left portal vein territory and those draining the right territory. The distributions of the openings of the veins in these territories overlapped. Conclusions: Clear delineation of the left caudate lobe according to the drainage veins appeared to be difficult when the liver was divided along a straight line in front of the IVC. Received: March 22, 2001 / Accepted: August 21, 2001     

Liver resection with repair of major hepatic veins

BACKGROUND: Liver resections for tumors adjacent to major hepatic veins often require reconstruction of venous wall defects. We describe a new operative approach that facilitates repair of major hepatic veins during hepatectomies. METHODS: In 3 cases of liver tumors, the resection line had to include partially the wall of the right hepatic vein, middle hepatic vein and left hepatic vein of the preserved liver. The procedure was carried out by employing portal triad clamping combined with extrahepatic occlusion of the hepatic veins. Venous grafts for vascular repair were harvested from the inferior mesenteric vein. RESULTS: In all 3 patients, histology showed tumor-free resection margins. Follow-up of 32 to 42 months revealed no recurrence and excellent liver function. CONCLUSIONS: Combination of selective hepatic vascular exclusion with venous repair techniques, facilitates extensive liver resections in patients with tumors adjacent to the major hepatic veins and maximizes preservation of healthy liver tissue.     

Embryological consideration of drainage of the left testicular vein into the ipsilateral renal vein: analysis of cases of a double inferior vena cava

The right gonadal vein (GV=testicular vein in men, ovarian vein in women) usually drains into the inferior vena cava (IVC) while the left gonadal vein drains into the left renal vein (RV). This anatomical difference induces relatively weak haemodynamics in the left testicular vein (TV) and is considered to be a cause of a left varicocele. In textbooks on embryology, it has been documented that bilateral supracardinal veins (=origin of right and left IVC) and the subcardinal sinus (=origin of RVs and GVs) symmetrically develop during early embryogenesis. However, persistence and regression of the right and left supracardinal veins, respectively, results in drainage of the left GV into the ipsilateral RV. A double IVC (DIVC) commonly originates from a failure of disappearance of the left supracardinal vein. Although there have been a considerable number of case reports on DIVC, little attention has been paid to the anatomy of the left GV in such cases. We report here an autopsy case, a 72-year-old Japanese man, with a DIVC. This case belongs to type BC of McClure and Butler's classification. In this case, it was observed that the right TV drained into the confluence of the right IVC with the ipsilateral RV, while the left TV drained into the left RV in spite of the presence of the left IVC. This case indicates that the embryonic anastomosis point between the subcardinal sinus and the supracardinal vein on the left side is different from that on the right side. Statistical analysis of many case reports of DIVC also suggests that the bilateral supracardinal veins tend to asymmetrically anastomose with the subcardinal sinus during embryogenesis. These data imply that drainage of the left GV into the ipsilateral RV leads to regression of the left supracardinal vein but also to asymmetrical anastomosis between the supracardinal veins and the subcardinal sinus.