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目的 探讨保留肋间臂神经在乳腺癌腋淋巴结清扫术中的可行性及临床应用价值。方法 1998～2002年在98例Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌的腋淋巴结清扫术中施行保留肋间臂神经，其中完整保留肋间臂神经66例，切除肋间臂神经32例。术后对病人进行观察并随访。结果 保留肋间臂神经66例中术后患侧上臂内侧及腋部皮肤感觉正常62例(93．9％)，感觉异常4例(6．1％)；而切除肋间臂神经的32例病人均有感觉异常。随访1～5年，98例均未见局部复发。结论 在Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌腋淋巴结清扫术中保留肋间臂神经是可行的，它保存了患侧上臂内侧及腋部皮肤的感觉功能，有利于改善病人术后的生活质量．具有一定的临床应用价值。     

保留肋间臂神经在乳腺癌术中的应用

目的: 探讨乳腺癌改良根治术中保留肋间臂神经的作用。方法:选择100例Ⅰ，Ⅱ期乳腺癌患者术中保留肋间臂神经，术后进行观察并随访。结果:91例术后无上肢感觉异常，9例出现上臂内侧感觉异常。结论:保留肋间臂神经可以明显减少术后患侧上肢感觉异常的发生率，提高术后的生活质量。     

保留肋间臂神经在乳腺癌改良根治术中的应用

目的探讨保留肋间臂神经在乳腺癌改良根治术中的临床应用价值。方法我院2005年1月—2009年1月行乳腺癌改良根治术共372例,其中保留肋间臂神经9 3例(保留组),未保留肋间臂神经2 7 9例(切除组),术后均进行1年随访观察。结果保留组术后1、3、12个月患侧上臂内侧及腋窝皮肤感觉异常的发生率均明显低于切除组,两者差异显著(P0.0 5);而术后3、6、1 2个月腋窝局部复发率两组相比无显著性差异(P0.0 5)。结论乳腺癌改良根治术中保留肋间臂神经有利于减少术后患侧上臂内侧及腋窝皮肤感觉异常的发生率,改善术后患者的生活质量,且不影响手术效果,值得临床推广应用。     

乳腺癌保留肋间臂神经的临床价值

目的:探讨保留肋间臂神经在乳腺癌腋淋巴结清扫术中的可行性及临床应用价值.方法:在63例Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌的腋淋巴结清扫术中施行保留肋间臂神经,其中完整保留肋间臂神经29例,切除肋间臂神经34例.结果:保留肋间臂神经29例中,术后患侧上臂内侧及腋部皮肤感觉正常28例(96.55%),感觉异常1例(3.45%); 切除肋间臂神经的34例均有感觉异常.随访0.5～5年,63 例均未见局部复发.结论:在Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌腋淋巴结清扫术中,保留肋间臂神经是可行的,它保存了患侧上臂内侧及腋部皮肤的感觉功能,有利于改善病人术后的生活质量.     

保留肋间臂神经在乳腺癌手术中的应用

目的:探讨乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结清扫术保留肋间臂神经的价值。方法:对96例Ⅰ～Ⅲ期乳腺癌施行腋淋巴结清扫术,其中完整保留肋间臂神经78例,切除肋间臂神经18例,术后进行观察随访。结果:保留肋间臂神经78例,术后患侧上臂内侧及腋部皮肤感觉正常65例(83%),感觉异常13例(17%);切除肋间臂神经的18例均有感觉异常。结论:乳腺癌腋窝淋巴结清扫术保留肋间臂神经,可以明显减少术后患侧上肢感觉障碍,明显提高生活质量。     

乳腺癌改良根治术中保留肋间臂神经的临床分析

目的探讨乳腺癌改良根治术中保留肋间臂神经的临床价值。方法对32例乳腺癌患者行保留肋间臂神经的乳腺癌改良根治术,并对临床资料进行回顾分析。结果本组32例患者手术时间平均为150 min;出血量平均约65 mL。术中清扫淋巴结并经病理检出平均为16枚.术后对患者全部进行了0.5～3年跟踪观察和随访,患侧上臂内侧及腋窝感觉异常的有4例,主要表现:麻木、感觉缺失、袜套感、蚁行感3例,烧灼样疼痛1例,经局部理疗、营养神经药物治疗,多在1～2个月内恢复;在随访期间未见局部复发和转移。结论在乳腺癌改良根治术中,选择合适病例保留肋间臂神经安全可行,术后不会增加肿瘤复发和转移的危险性。乳腺癌改良根治术中保留肋间臂神经可保存患侧上臂内侧及腋窝皮肤的感觉功能,提高乳腺癌患者术后的生活质量,具有一定的临床应用价值。     

保留肋间臂神经在乳腺癌手术中的临床应用

目的 探讨在乳腺癌手术中保留肋间臂神经的方法及临床意义 方法 分析手术治疗的165例乳腺癌患者肋间臂神经保留情况,其中完整保留肋间臂神经102例,切除63例,术后对患者进行观察及随访 结果 保留肋间臂神经的102例中,术后患侧上臂内侧及腋部皮肤感觉障碍发生率为8.8％(9／102);切除肋间臂神经的63例中．感觉障碍发生率为95.2％ (60／63),P<0．001。两组患者术后随访均未见肿瘤局部复发。结论 保留肋间臂神经的乳腺癌手术能够有效降低患侧腋窝及上肢皮肤感觉障碍的发生率,改善生存质量。     

乳腺癌改良根治术保留肋间臂神经的临床价值

目的探讨乳腺癌改良根治术行腋淋巴结清扫时保留肋间臂神经(intercostobrachialnerve,ICBN)的临床应用价值。方法在82例Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌患者中,行改良根治术时完整保留ICBN56例,切除26例。结果保留ICBN的56例中,术后患侧上臂内侧及腋部皮肤感觉正常53例(94.6%),感觉异常3例(5.4%);而切除ICBN的26例中术后感觉正常8例(30.8%),感觉异常18例(69.2%)。结论乳腺癌腋窝清扫术中保留ICBN可明显减少上臂内侧及腋部皮肤感觉障碍的发生率,有利提高患者术后生活质量。     

乳腺癌改良根治术中保留肋间臂神经的临床意义

【摘要】目的：探讨乳腺癌改良根治术中保留肋间臂神经的临床价值和临床应用的意义。方法：收集2006年02月至2012年02月在我院接受手术治疗的女性乳腺癌患者105例,均行乳腺癌简化根治性手术,根据患者乳腺癌分期、术中腋窝淋巴结状态,对其中32例患者保留肋间臂神经的临床资料进行系统回顾分析。结果：本组32例患者均采用Auchincloss法,保留肋间臂神经的乳腺癌改良根治术,其手术时间平均为150min;出血量平均约65ml;术中清扫淋巴结并经病理检出平均为16枚.术后对本组32例患者全部进行了6月－3年跟踪观察和随访,发现本组32例患者中,患侧上臂内侧及腋窝感觉异常的有4例,其中主要表现麻木、感觉缺失、袜套感、蚁行感3例,烧灼样疼痛1例,经局部理疗、营养神经药物治疗,多在1－2月内恢复;在随访期间未见局部复发和转移。结论：在乳腺癌改良根治术中,只要选择合适的病例,保留肋间臂神经是安全可行的,手术不复杂,术后也不会增加局部肿瘤复发和转移的危险性。乳腺癌改良根治术中保留肋间臂神经既可保存患侧上臂内侧及腋窝皮肤的感觉功能,又能提高乳腺癌患者术后的生活质量,具有一定的临床应用价值。     

乳腺癌改良根治术中保留肋间臂神经的临床意义

目的探讨乳腺癌改良根治术中保留肋间臂神经（ICBN）的可行性及临床意义。方法分析105例Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌患者,分为2组：实验组56例,行乳腺癌改良根治术时保留ICBN,对照组49例,行常规乳腺癌改良根治术,术中不保留ICBN,随访观察术后患者腋窝、上臂内侧感觉功能。结果实验组患者上臂感觉障碍发生率10.7%,而对照组为69%,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,全部病例随访3 a无局部复发。结论Ⅰ、Ⅱ期乳腺癌行改良根治术时保留ICBN可明显减少术后患侧腋窝上臂内侧感觉障碍和疼痛,提高生活质量,而且不增加复发风险。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.