主动脉瓣机械瓣置换术后停抗凝治疗的长期随访

目的 总结单纯主动脉瓣机械瓣置换术后长期停用华法林抗凝治疗的临床结果，探讨在主动脉瓣置换术后的低危患者采用短期抗凝的可行性。 方法 对1996～1999年在广东省人民医院行手术治疗主动脉瓣机械瓣置换3年后长期停用华法林抗凝治疗的7例患者进行定期跟踪随访，其中男6例、女1例，年龄25～75 （40.0±11.4）岁。患者在术后前3年口服华法林抗凝，3年后停服（停抗凝组）。并从坚持口服华法林抗凝治疗的患者中，选取同时段行主动脉瓣机械瓣置换的患者15例作为对照组（抗凝组），停抗凝组和抗凝组在华法林抗凝期间国际标准化比值（INR）控制在1.8～2.5之间。比较两组患者生存率和严重不良事件的发生率差异。 结果 停抗凝组失访1例，无血栓栓塞和死亡，人工瓣膜无血栓形成，心功能分级（NYHA）均为Ⅰ级。抗凝组失访3例，心功能分级（NYHA）Ⅰ级11例，Ⅱ级1例。在随访期间因抗凝引起的严重出血事件3例，均为消化道出血。突发大量吐血死亡1例，猝死1例。两组10年生存率分别为100.0%和86.7%。 结论 单纯行主动脉瓣人工机械瓣置换的低危患者，有可能采用仅在术后前3年口服华法林作短期抗凝治疗，3年后停用口服抗凝药物的治疗方案。     

瓣膜术后口服华法林患者的延续护理

目的探讨延续护理在瓣膜术后口服华法林患者中的应用效果。方法将心脏瓣膜术后需要口服华法林的80例患者随机分为对照组与研究组各40例。对照组给予常规出院指导,研究组在对照组的基础上实施口服华法林的延续护理。干预6个月采用改良版心脏病自我护理行为评价量表对患者进行测评,比较两组患者华法林抗凝治疗达标率及并发症发生率。结果研究组自我护理行为及华法林抗凝治疗达标率显著高于对照组,出血发生率显著低于对照组(均P0.05)。结论延续护理能有效提高患者院外自我护理能力,提高华法林抗凝效果、降低患者并发症的发生率。     

大左心房二尖瓣置换术后的抗凝研究

目的 比较大左心房二尖瓣置换术后早期抗凝的方法,以优化术后早期抗凝治疗方案。 方法 回顾性分析2012年1月至2013年9月同济医学院附属协和医院出院144例大左心房二尖瓣置换术患者,其中男76例、女68例,年龄36～60 （47.4±7.0） 岁,按术后使用不同的抗凝方案分为2组。A组：术后第2 d开始口服华法林;B组：术后第2 d开始口服华法林,同时加用拜阿司匹灵0.1 g。观察术后并发症及死亡情况。 结果 A组国际标准化比值 （INR） 为2.03±0.11,B组INR 2.01±0.11,二者差异无统计学意义（t=0.804,P＞0.05）。20例出血,总出血率为13.9%,两组INR差异无统计学意义（t=0.496,P＞0.05）,两组出血率差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）。B组未出现血栓栓塞并发症,A组中9例出现血栓栓塞并发症（6.3%）。A组患者晚期死亡3 例（2%）,均为颅内出血死亡,B组1例术后60 d 因反复出现心包积液,导致心脏压塞死亡,1例院外死亡,具体原因不详。 结论 大左心房二尖瓣置换术后,口服华法林加用拜阿司匹灵,可有效减少血栓栓塞并发症发生,并不增加出血并发症发生率。     

静脉血栓栓塞症抗凝原则及并发症处理

静脉血栓栓塞症（VTE）包括深静脉血栓（DVT）和肺栓塞（PE）,其基础治疗为抗凝。对于VTE风险评估中高危而且没有出血风险的病人推荐进行预防性抗凝。已经发生的VTE在评估低出血风险后更加需要进行长期治疗性抗凝。常见抗凝药物包括普通肝素、低分子肝素、华法林、利伐沙班为代表的直接口服抗凝药、磺达肝癸钠和阿加曲班。不同抗凝药物有各自的适应人群、注意事项和推荐剂量。对于血栓复发风险高的病人建议延长抗凝。     

抗凝治疗对永久性下腔静脉滤器置入术后滤器通畅率的影响

目的 研究抗凝治疗对永久性下腔静脉滤器置入术后滤器通畅率的影响.方法 回顾性分析2001年12月至2007年12月138例因下肢深静脉血栓形成置入永久性下腔静脉滤器的患者.男性75例,女性63例,平均年龄65岁.随访其口服华法林时间和下腔静脉滤器的通畅状况.按口服华法林的长短分为未抗凝组(n=41)、抗凝A组(口服华法林≤6个月,n=20)和抗凝B组(口服华法林>6个月,/1,=77).X~2检验比较各组患者的滤器闭塞率,Kaplan-Meier生存分析比较各组的平均滤器通畅时间和1、3年滤器累计通畅率,Log-rank法进行显著性检验.结果 本研究死亡16例,其中1例患者死于肺栓塞.确定为终点事件者为19例(13.8%).未抗凝组、抗凝A组和抗凝B组之间滤器通畅率(87.8%、75.0%和88.3%)差异无统计学意义(P=0.288).三组滤器通畅时间和1、3年的滤器累计通畅率(87.1%、80.O%、94.8%和87.1%、74.3%、85.4%)差异亦无统计学意义(P=0.227).结论 抗凝治疗对滤器置入术后滤器通畅率的提高没有明显影响.     

非瓣膜性心房颤动抗凝治疗疗效和安全性观察

目的:评价非瓣膜性房颤病人使用抗凝治疗与抗血小板治疗的疗效和安全性。方法:132例非瓣膜性房颤患者,分为抗凝组和抗血小板组。抗凝组给予华法林口服维持国际标准化比率(INR)2.0～3.0;抗血小板组给予阿司匹林口服。结果:抗凝组62例患者华法林维持量1.87～4.75mg/天,平均剂量(2.58±0.74)mg/天,I NR平均(2.46±0.26)。抗凝组和抗血小板组的栓塞发生率分别是1.6%和8.6%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05);出血并发症发生率分别是16.1%和5.7%,但是出血严重程度构成比,两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:非瓣膜性房颤患者抗凝治疗可以明显减少栓塞事件的发生,维持INR 2.0～3.0,严重出血并发症发生率不高、用药安全。     

达比加群应用于瓣膜置换术后抗凝的研究进展

近期临床试验表明,达比加群在预防非瓣膜性心房颤动患者的脑卒中方面明显优于华法林,但是达比加群是否适用于心脏瓣膜置换术后的终生抗凝,仍存争议。多个动物实验研究表明达比加群在瓣膜置换术后预防血栓形成和出血并发症方面优于肝素和华法林。一项评价瓣膜置换术后患者口服达比加群的安全性和药代动力学的Ⅱ期随机临床试验研究结果表明,和华法林相比,达比加群未能有效防止血栓形成,反而增加出血的风险。有关达比加群应用于瓣膜置换术后引起血栓和出血相关并发症也有个案报道。目前关于达比加群在瓣膜置换术后的抗凝治疗有效性和安全性,有待进一步研究。     

静脉血栓栓塞症合并慢性肾脏疾病的抗凝治疗微循环专家共识

慢性肾脏疾病(CKD)患者静脉血栓栓塞症(VTE)的发生率、复发率及抗凝治疗后出血并发症的发生率均较高.对于VTE合并CKD患者的抗凝治疗是临床面临的重大挑战.为指导和规范VTE合并CKD患者的抗凝治疗,经多次讨论,基于现有的文献资料证据与专家临床经验总结,制定《静脉血栓栓塞症合并慢性肾脏疾病的抗凝治疗微循环专家共识》...     

人工机械瓣膜低强度抗凝治疗的观察

目的探讨适合我国人工机械瓣膜置换术后病人特点的抗凝治疗强度标准.方法对407例置换人工机械瓣膜的病人,采用了低强度的抗凝标准(INR1.3～2.3),通过对这组病人的术后随访,总结不同抗凝标准时人工机械瓣膜各种并发症的发生率.结果本组发生血栓栓塞8例(1.09%人年),发生与抗凝有关的出血5例(0.68%人年),3年生存率为(96.3±1.2)%.最终INR1.85±0.28,口服华法林剂量(2.7±0.9)?mg.结论采用低强度抗凝治疗标准,在我国病人中,不仅能够获得满意的预防血栓栓塞发生的效果,同时能够减少与抗凝有关的出血发生率.     

下腔静脉二次球囊扩张配合华法林治疗合并下腔静脉血栓形成的布加综合征

目的:探讨下腔静脉二次球囊扩张配合口服华法林治疗布加综合征合并下腔静脉血栓形成的临床疗效。方法:回顾分析2008年2月—2014年1月收治的布加综合征合并下腔静脉血栓形成患者54例。先行下腔静脉小球囊扩张术,同时给予达标量口服华法林抗凝治疗3~6个月,影像学观察患者血栓溶解情况。治疗效果明显者给予下腔静脉大球囊扩张成形术。结果:54例患者一期手术成功率100%,2例手术后口服华法令出现出血,改行外科手术治疗;4例改行其他介入治疗方式;余48例患者术后口服华法林抗凝溶栓治疗3~6个月,治疗效果明显,行二次行大球囊扩张治疗。结论:腔静脉二次球囊扩张同时口服华法林治疗布加综合征合并下腔静脉血栓形成有良好的效果。     

Thrombotic and bleeding complications of prosthetic heart valves

A review of articles published since 1979 indicates that thrombotic and bleeding complications account for about 50% of valve-related complications in patients with bioprosthetic aortic and mitral valves and for approximately 75% of the complications in patients with mechanical valves. Although compromised by lack of standard definitions and by variability in reporting and follow-up, the data suggest that the linearized rate of both thrombotic and bleeding complications in patients with aortic bioprostheses is approximately half that for aortic mechanical prostheses (2% versus 4%), but is approximately equal for both bioprostheses and mechanical valves in the mitral position (approximately 4%), and for mechanical and bioprosthetic aortic and mitral valves in combination. However, linearized rates for fatal thrombotic and bleeding events are two to four times higher in patients with mechanical prostheses. The adequacy of warfarin anticoagulation is the most important factor affecting thrombotic and bleeding complications in patients with mechanical valves and over shadows the dubious importance of other phenomena such as atrial fibrillation and left atrial thrombus. Short-term warfarin anticoagulation or the use of long-term platelet inhibitors, or both, do not appear to reduce the incidence of thrombotic complications in patients with aortic bioprostheses but increase bleeding. For mitral bioprostheses, the postoperative use of warfarin for three months or aspirin indefinitely is as effective in preventing thromboembolism as long-term warfarin. Acute prosthetic valve endocarditis is associated with a 13 to 40% incidence of thrombotic complications. Likewise, the recurrence rate of cerebral emboli is high (20-30%) in patients with prosthetic valves who are not anticoagulated. Bioprostheses are strongly preferred for women who wish to bear children; fetal wastage occurs in 25 to 30% of pregnant women with mechanical heart valves who receive either warfarin or heparin, or a combination of the two. Heparin, however, greatly increases the risk of maternal bleeding. In children, the efficacy of platelet inhibitors without warfarin anticoagulation is unproven; nearly all serious strokes occur when warfarin is omitted; and permanent disability from warfarin-related bleeding is rare. All prosthetic cardiac valves initiate coagulation and affect the dynamic equilibrium between activated procoagulants and endogenous anticoagulants. Warfarin is the only available oral exogenous anticoagulant.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

上海市普通外科住院病人静脉血栓栓塞症诊治现状调查分析

目的调研了解上海市二级甲等及以上医院普痛外科有关静脉血栓栓塞症(VTE)院内防控体系建立情况、医生相关知识掌握,住院病人发病情况。方法2019年9月1—12日以上海市普通外科临床质量控制中心为平台,设计问卷并以质量控制中心官方邮件及微信平台共同推送二维码形式对上海市二级甲等及以上医院普通外科进行电子问卷调查。问卷内容设计严格按照国内外普通外科领域VTE防治指南为标准。结果共69家医院普通外科参与调研,回收有效问卷112份,肺动脉栓塞(PE)确诊例数占住院手术例数的0.06%(5/7843),深静脉血栓形成(DVT)确诊例数占1.02%(80/7843)。上海市二级及以上医院已有88.39%(99/112)的科室建立VTE防控体系;84.82%(95/112)的科室有VTE和PE的联合会诊团队;96.43%(108/112)的科室入院时为病人做VTE风险评估,74.11%(83/112)的科室在病人手术后评估VTE风险,38.39%(43/112)的科室出院前为病人评估VTE风险。有53.57%(60/112)的科室为VTE高风险病人进行术前抗凝,至术前12 h停药。34.61%(18/52)的科室因顾虑出血,以及23.07%(12/52)的科室认为外科手术前无须抗凝,而术前不予抗凝治疗。在术后抗凝治疗中,对良性疾病病人,43.75%(49/112)的科室对予术后抗凝3~5 d,23.21%(26/112)予抗凝至出院前,4.46%(5/112)予抗凝至可自由行走,2.68%(3/112)予抗凝至术后28 d,25.89%(29/112)术后未予常规预防性抗凝;对于恶性疾病病人,47.32%(53/112)科室予抗凝至出院前,23.21%(26/112)予术后抗凝3~5 d,仅有8.04%(9/112)根据规范推荐抗凝至术后28 d。院内预防中有96.43%(108/112)的科室选择低分子肝素;院外预防中有43.75%(49/112)的科室使用阿司匹林,16.07%(18/112)使用低分子肝素,24.11%(27/112)使用新型口服抗凝药,15.18%(17/112)使用华法林。结论与2年前对比,上海市普通外科VTE防治的理念和实践有了很大的进步,但对照先进国家的防治实践,存在较大差距,尤其在为病人选择正确用药及恶性肿瘤等VTE高危病人的预防上仍有改善空间。     

Incidence of venous thromboembolism in elective foot and ankle surgery with and without aspirin prophylaxis

The incidence of deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE) is thought to be low following foot and ankle surgery, but the routine use of chemoprophylaxis remains controversial. This retrospective study assessed the incidence of symptomatic venous thromboembolic (VTE) complications following a consecutive series of 2654 patients undergoing elective foot and ankle surgery. A total of 1078 patients received 75 mg aspirin as routine thromboprophylaxis between 2003 and 2006 and 1576 patients received no form of chemical thromboprophylaxis between 2007 and 2010. The overall incidence of VTE was 0.42% (DVT, 0.27%; PE, 0.15%) with 27 patients lost to follow-up. If these were included to create a worst case scenario, the overall VTE rate was 1.43%. There was no apparent protective effect against VTE by using aspirin. We conclude that the incidence of VTE following foot and ankle surgery is very low and routine use of chemoprophylaxis does not appear necessary for patients who are not in the high risk group for VTE.     

Prophylaxis against venous thrombosis after total hip arthroplasty.

Venous thrombosis rates were compared in 200 patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty and randomized to receive either fixed mini-dose warfarin (1 mg daily) or adjusted-dose warfarin to maintain an international normalized prothrombin ratio (INR) of 2.0-4.0. Bilateral lower limb venography was performed between days 11 and 13 inclusive. Fixed mini-dose warfarin was associated with a significantly higher rate of total thrombosis (P less than 0.05). General anaesthesia was associated with a significantly higher rate of thrombosis than spinal anaesthesia (P less than 0.05). Adjusted-dose warfarin was associated with more bleeding complications than mini-dose warfarin although these were not attributable to excessive anticoagulation. A single death from pulmonary embolus occurred in the early postoperative period in a patient receiving adjusted-dose warfarin.     

Fixed low-dose versus adjusted higher-dose warfarin following orthopedic surgery: A randomized prospective trial

Orthopedic patients are at a high risk for developing venous thromboembolism, yet only a fraction of eligible patients receive anticoagulation prophylaxis after hospital discharge. This pilot study compared the efficacy of a fixed 2 mg/d dose of warfarin versus an adjusted higher dose of warfarin for 1 month after discharge to prevent the development of proximal leg deep venous thrombosis among recently discharged orthopedic patients. After standard inhospital treatment with adjusted higher-dose warfarin and a predischarge leg ultrasound to exclude deep venous thrombosis, 96 orthopedic patients were randomized just prior to discharge to either fixed low-dose (n = 49) or adjusted higher-dose warfarin (n = 47). At the 6-week follow-up evaluation, ultrasonographically confirmed, asymptomatic, proximal leg deep venous thrombosis occurred in two patients (4%). Both patients were randomized to the fixed low-dose group, although one remained on adjusted higher-dose warfarin throughout the trial. No patient in either group developed major bleeding complications. Further studies should be undertaken to further test fixed low-dose warfarin for venous thromboembolic prevention in high-risk orthopedic patients.     

Hematologic aspects of liver transplantation for Budd-Chiari syndrome with special reference to myeloproliferative disorders

BACKGROUND: Patients who undergo orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) for Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) traditionally have been anticoagulated with warfarin postoperatively. Because a significant proportion of BCS patients are found to have an underlying myeloproliferative disorder (MPD), antiplatelet therapy may be a more rational treatment strategy for this subgroup. METHODS: All patients who underwent OLT for the diagnosis of BCS at our institution through March 2000 were included in this analysis. Posttransplant therapy consisted of hydroxyurea and aspirin for those with MPDs. Standard anticoagulation or no antithrombotic treatment was given to BCS patients with other causes. Major posttransplantation complications (thrombosis and bleeding) and mortality were determined. RESULTS: Seventeen patients underwent OLT for BCS at our institution. The mean follow-up was 68.4 months. Two of seventeen patients died; one patient died of recurrent thrombosis (124 months after OLT) and the other patient died of acute hepatitis B (7 months after OLT). Twelve patients (71%) had evidence of a MPD. Two of the MPD patients were treated with warfarin before the initiation of hydroxyurea and aspirin therapy. The remaining 10 MPD patients were placed on only hydroxyurea and aspirin after OLT. Anagrelide was used in place of hydroxyurea in two patients because of cytopenias caused by the latter agent. The mean follow-up of this group of 10 patients was 59.9 months. Only one patient experienced recurrent thrombosis, which occurred more than 10 years after the original transplant. There were no major bleeding complications and posttransplant liver biopsies were well tolerated. CONCLUSIONS: Antiplatelet therapy that consists of hydroxyurea and aspirin is a safe and effective alternative to anticoagulation to prevent recurrent thrombosis in MPD patients with BCS after liver transplantation. For patients with a hypercoagulable state corrected by OLT, antithrombotic therapy probably is not required. For those patients with conditions not corrected by OLT or with idiopathic BCS, anticoagulation or other therapy to control the hypercoagulable state should be given.     

PROPHYLAXIS AGAINST VENOUS THROMBOSIS AFTER TOTAL HIP ARTHROPLASTY

Venous thrombosis rates were compared in 200 patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty and randomized to receive either fixed mini-dose warfarin (1 mg daily) or adjusted-dose warfarin to maintain an international normalized prothrombin ratio (INR) of 2.0–4.0. Bilateral lower limb venography was performed between days 11 and 13 inclusive. Fixed mini-dose warfarin was associated with a significantly higher rate of total thrombosis (P < 0.05). General anaesthesia was associated with a significantly higher rate of thrombosis than spinal anaesthesia (P < 0.05). Adjusted-dose warfarin was associated with more bleeding complications than mini-dose warfarin although these were not attributable to excessive anticoagulation. A single death from pulmonary embolus occurred in the early postoperative period in a patient receiving adjusted-dose warfarin.     

Extended thromboprophylaxis reduces incidence of postoperative venous thromboembolism in laparoscopic bariatric surgery

BackgroundVenous thromboembolism (VTE) after laparoscopic bariatric surgery is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. The objective of the present study was to study the incidence of symptomatic VTE in extended thromboprophylaxis regimens using dalteparin at an independent hospital in England, United Kingdom.MethodsA prospective database of all patients undergoing bariatric surgery was retrospectively analyzed. All patients underwent VTE prophylaxis regimen using perioperative and extended postoperative low-molecular-weight heparin (dalteparin 2500 IU preoperatively, followed by 5000 IU daily postoperatively). The treatment period was 1 week for laparoscopic gastric banding or 3 weeks for all other procedures. Inferior vena cava filters were used in selected patients with thrombophilia, a history of pulmonary embolism, or >1 episode of deep vein thrombosis. The endpoint was the incidence of symptomatic VTE.ResultsA total of 735 patients underwent laparoscopic bariatric surgery, all of whom received dalteparin. The postoperative VTE incidence was 0%. The 30-day and 90-day all-cause mortality rate was 0%. A total of 3 adverse bleeding events occurred.ConclusionAn extended VTE prophylaxis regimen using low-molecular-weight heparin is simple and effective and was associated with a low incidence of bleeding complications.