城镇青少年关心和遇到的生殖健康问题及寻医行为研究

目的 了解我国城镇15～24岁青少年关心和遇到的生殖健康问题及寻医行为,为有针对性地开展青少年生殖健康教育和服务提供依据.方法 用整群抽样的方法,在黑龙江、江苏、山东、广东、重庆和贵州6个省(直辖市)各选择1个中等发达的县级市(地级市的区、县城),共选取3 361名15～24岁校内、校外未婚青少年接受问卷调查,并从中随机选取调查对象进行专题小组讨论.结果 男青少年最关心生长发育和性发育带来的身体变化和生理现象以及避孕,女青少年对怀孕、生育和避孕的问题感必趣.在青少年可能遇到的生殖健康问题中,生长发育、心理和人际交往方面问题、月经(女)问题是最常遇到的;8.8%～36.8%的青少年遇到过与性有关的问题,男性高于女性,校外高于校内;仅有4.9%～15.6%的青少年表示没有遇到过生殖健康方面的问题,男性高于女性;上述差异均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05).84.4%～96.1%的青少年在遇到生殖健康问题时从来没有拨打过热线电话,64.2%～85.9%的青少年遇到生殖健康问题时从来没有就医,校外女青少年就医比例最高,为36.0%.女青少年因生殖健康问题就医的医疗机构主要是市(县)妇幼保健院和市(县)人民医院/市(县)医院,男青少年还包括市(县)中医院.城镇青少年在性与生殖健康方面想问和想说的内容中,希望加强青少年生殖健康教育在各类青少年中比例最高,为36.7%～55.2%.校内男青少年询问性、与异性关系方面的问题最多(16.5%).结论 青少年生殖健康教育应包括识别问题、寻医技能以及介绍青少年生殖健康服务的内容,并考虑不同类型青少年的特点和各自需求.     

青少年生殖健康问题

青少年时期是指１０岁～１９岁的人生阶段（ＷＨＯ定义）。目前,全世界１０岁～１９青少年已超过１０亿,占世界人口的４０％以上。青少年是未来世界的主宰,其健康关系到未来世界的兴旺与发达。然而,自本世纪７０年代以来,青少年生殖健康问题却日益严重,目前已成为一个全球性的问题。本文将就有关青少年生殖健康问题的调查及研究情况做一综述,旨在提请全社会对此予以充分重视。     

关注青少年健康危险行为——青少年性问题不容忽视

江苏省疾病预防控制中心历时三年对我省泰州、苏州、徐州、南通四个市17所中学共5169名学生进行了“江苏省青少年健康危险行为”调查。结果显示，意外伤害、喝酒、抽烟、情绪障碍成为威胁青少年健康的主要危险因素，专家提醒学校、家庭和社会都必须引起重视。[编按]     

女性校外青少年生殖健康现状及影响因素分析

目的 研究昆明、深圳两地女性校外青少年生殖健康现状,探讨影响生殖健康相关问题发生的因素.方法 采用现况研究的方法,于2012年5月至6月对昆明和深圳共计410名15～24岁的女性校外青少年进行问卷调查,采用x2检验和多因素Logistic回归分析探讨女性校外青少年生殖健康相关问题的影响因素.结果 女性校外青少年对于生殖健康知识的掌握程度总体较差;性交行为的发生率为42.9％ （176/410）;在发生性交行为的调查对象中,最近一次性行为未使用安全套的比例为44.9％ （76/176）;有2个及以上性伴的为48.9％ （86/176）;外阴不适的发生率为48.8％（200/410）;性传播疾病的患病率为2.9％（12/410）;单因素分析发现,调查对象的婚姻状况、居住状况和生殖健康行为（包括牵手、拥抱、接吻、抚摸身体、性交行为）以及曾有过多个性伴的发生对于外阴不适症状的出现存在影响（x2=4.667,10.862,10.032,15.619,17.423,28.239,17.817,21.369;P＜0.05）;Logistic回归发现,居住在集体宿舍、与别人合租、抚摸身体、性交行为和曾有多个性伴是出现外阴不适症状的影响因素（P＜0.05）,OR值分别为0.449 （95％ CI：0.216 ～0.933）,0.377 （95％ CI：0.147 ～0.967）,4.364（95％ CI：1.594～11.949）,0.312（95％ CI：0.111 ～0.877）,2.646（95％ CI：1.417 ～4.941）.结论 昆明、深圳两地女性校外青少年生殖健康状况较差,影响因素涉及自身行为和社会因素等各个方面,应采取综合性的措施加强对女性校外青少年的生殖健康管理.     

青少年性与生殖健康咨询热线电话分析

正为提高青少年对生殖健康重要性的认识,树立正确的生殖健康观念,以及获得安全可靠的避孕方法,减少流产次数,尽可能地避免术后并发症和后遗症的发生,同时为思想负担较重的青少年做好心理咨询和心理疏导工作,本文对杭州市计划生育宣传技术指导站性与生殖健康咨询热线数据进行了统计分析,并对如何做好青少年生殖健康教育提出了建议。1对象与方法1.1对象2014—2016年杭州市计划生育宣传技术指导站的性与生殖健康咨询热线人工接听5 054人次     

生殖健康教育与高危青少年和青年女性的性危险

目的：为探索高危青少年和青年女性的样本人群中生殖健康教育的途径、内容、开始的时间与其性相关危险行为和认识之间的关系。     

青少年健康危险行为研究与干预现状

当今，青少年的一些不良行为越来越引起人们的关注，如吸烟、酗酒、药物滥用、过早的不安全的性行为、不合理的膳食、缺乏体育锻炼以及各种导致意外伤害的行为。这些不良行为直接或潜在地威胁着青少年现在及将来的健康，被统称为“健康危险行为”。近年来青少年的健康危险行为有增加的趋势。因此，及早地、有针对性地对青少年进行健康教育是十分必要的。     

中国儿童青少年主要健康问题及应对策略

儿童青少年是生长发育的关键时期,儿童青少年的健康水平不仅关系个人健康和幸福生活,而且关系整个民族未来的健康素质,也是国家人才战略强国的基础.改革开放以来,我国儿童青少年健康得到明显改善,多次全国学生体质与健康调研及相关研究结果显示,中小学生近视患病率居高不下、超重肥胖检出率大幅上升、慢性非传染性疾病早发、体质健康不达标、幼儿园教育小学化、社会情绪能力差等.     

德国儿童和青少年的健康维护

２０００年４月下旬，笔者随中国健康教育杂志社组织的首届赴德健康教育考察团到德国北莱茵·威斯特法伦州考察学习，该州的儿童和青少年健康教育工作给人留下了较为深刻的印象。我们注意到这样一个事实：即使在经济高度发达，健康水平较高的国家，儿童和青少年的健康维护同样面临着诸多亟待解决的问题。１儿童和青少年的健康得到充分关注德国北莱茵·威斯特法伦州面积３４０７９平方公里，人口１７９７．５万，其中１８岁以下儿童和青少年３５０．８万，占总人口的１９．４％，国家和州政府及卫生主管部门十分关注儿童和青少年的健康，１９…     

青少年性与生殖健康研究

目的研究青少年性与生殖健康的现状,了解其观念、知识和行为。方法采用描述流性病学方法,随动抽样调查了5455名15~24岁的未婚青少年。调查采用匿名自填式调查表,数据处理采用MFOXbase,并且采用SPSS统计分析。结果39.73％的调查对象对婚前性行为持赞成或无所谓的态度。54．4％对未婚先孕特可容忍和无所谓的态度。有7．3％已发生婚前性行为,其中,中学生性行为发生率为4．37％,大学生为人43％,非学生为11．81％。对青春期生理知识不懂或略懂的男性占79％,女性占87．2％。对性知识完全不了解或似懂非任的占49．1％。结论目前中国青少年性观念有所转变。婚前性活动发生率有所增加。但是,他们现具有的性知识程度较差,获得性知识渠道也不够理想。这与青少年的意愿有相当大的差距。急待进一步深入开展青少年性与生殖健康方面的研究与工作。     

Trends and issues in child and adolescent mental health

An estimated 11 percent of American children have a mental health impairment, yet they rely upon a piece of the health care system that does not work well. Government policies for children's mental health operate in two ways: by affecting health insurance for children, and by funding services directly. Major changes within both categories have shaped the types, sources, and financing of services for children with mental health problems. These policies, along with scientific advances in child mental health, social changes, and health policy more generally, have contributed to an improvement in child mental health services over the past fifteen years.     

儿少卫生与妇幼保健学科领域科学研究趋势及热点

为总结中国共产党十八大以来在国家自然基金的支持下,儿少卫生与妇幼保健学科的科学研究发展趋势和热点问题。文章梳理了2012—2021年国家自然科学基金(National Natural Science Foundation of China,NSFC)对儿少卫生(原申请代码H2606,现申请代码H3006)和妇幼保健(原申请代码H2605,现申请代码H3005)2个领域资助的常规项目数和项目内容。结果显示项目数有所增加,形成了相对稳定资助规模。根据儿童少年和妇女健康的特殊健康需要,形成了学科整体研究趋势和学科研究热点,推动了中国儿童、妇女健康研究领域的发展水平,并受益于中国的儿童、青少年及妇女健康。     

QOL research in child health. Present state and issues

The evaluation of QOL (Quality of Life) in the medical field has revolved around the development of self-measurement scales comprising two or more questions based on psychometric theory. QOL research in the field of child health progressed in the latter half of the 80s in the United States, and aspects of ambiguity and adaptation to the environment of children were recognized. Objective health and subjective health differ significantly among children and are strongly influenced by environmental factors. In addition, QOL in early life anticipates the later health status in adolescence and youth. For these reasons, QOL research in the field of child health is very important. More than 20 scales, exemplified by CHQ, PedsQL, TACQOL/TAPQOL, and COOP charts, exist as standard generic QOL indices for children. Disease-specific scales cover epilepsy, asthma, and allergic disease, as discussed in a number of early studies. Diabetes, skin disease, and cancer are also major research subjects. Self-evaluation is one of the principles of QOL research; it is stated that children in the age group of 5-6 years are already capable of expressing pain and their physical condition and that the competency to describe abstract concepts such as pride and happiness matures around the age of 9-10 years. Sources of information such as the computer have developed and spread remarkably in recent years. The use of such technology facilitates the evaluation of young children with a high level of accuracy. The problems currently faced are the low reliability of responses of children, difficulties in cross-cultural comparison, and transformation of the sense of values according to growth. In conclusion, the development of QOL research in the field of child health should allow realization of an improved health situation in which children's points of view are included in the decision-making process for required treatments and health care policy. Further, health administration can be expected to thereby become more effective and balanced.     

Major issues in miner health.

As recently as the last few decades, thousands of miners died in explosions, roof collapses, fires, and floods each year, and lung disease caused by inhaling mineral dusts was ubiquitous. Miners worked virtually unprotected, and were often treated as expendable bodies fulfilling critical roles in this important industry, which in the United States comprises about 5% of the gross domestic product.     

Developments in child and adolescent mental health services

This paper highlights the main issues that are present in the field of child and adolescent mental health services with regard to strategic development. It identifies the major themes that have emerged concerning the commissioning and delivery of services, and also highlights the difficulties faced by particular groups of children.

The authors present their views of the developments within this field from the perspective of their professional experiences.     

Translational research in child and adolescent transportation safety

Motor vehicle crash (MVC)-related injury is the leading cause of death among youths age 1 to 19 years. Advances in MVC and injury prevention depend on interrelated combinations of technology, policy, and education, and research on these topics can inform policy and lead to improvement in safety. This article presents two examples of translational research in transportation injury prevention. In the first example of child passenger protection, the authors describe a program of research designed to reduce the gap between the theoretical and practical effectiveness of safety methods. In the second example of novice teen drivers, the authors examine translational research related to two complementary approaches to reducing the exposure of novice teen drivers to high-risk driving conditions-graduated driver licensing policy and parental management of novice teen drivers. The examples suggest the utility of systematic programs of research designed to improve the translation into practice of MVC and injury prevention technology and policy.     

Cultural issues in maternal and child health and nutrition

Social science research on cultural issues in maternal and child health has stressed some aspects and neglected others. From the perspective of both policy applications and theory development, new research efforts could profitably be directed to the following areas: cultural adjustments to changed energy and nutrient requirements in pregnancy and lactation; maternal illness; the mother/infant dyadic interaction; emic views of growth and development; determinants of infant and young child feeding; management of childhood illnesses; popular medicine and childhood illnesses; intra-household food distribution; household composition and maternal and child health; and macrolevel/microlevel linkages and health.     

Life cycle approach to child and adolescent health

Young people are our human capital for the future, therefore child and adolescent health has attracted considerable political and professional attention in recent years. Health is indivisible, requires holistic approach throughout the individual's life. Healthy outcome at one point in the life cycle, provides a positive determinant for health elsewhere in the cycle. Health and development of the 0-19 age group links intimately, at both ends of the range, with reproductive health. Health during childhood is in part determined by the health of the mother, and affected also by factors such as the nutrition of adolescent girls and the avoidance of early pregnancy. These factors, in turn, are influenced by healthy growth and development in childhood. The paper presents main environmental and socio-cultural challenges for each of the stages of child and adolescent life. Main challenge described are: unsafe abortion, malnutrition, anaemia, malformations, and infections during pregnancy; low birth weight, asphyxia, hypothermia, infection, failure to initiate early and full breastfeeding in the neonatal period; poor nutrition, growth and development, frequent illnesses, injury, abuse and neglect in the early childhood; poor nutrition, growth and development, injury, abuse, neglect, and helminth infections in the early school age; poor nutrition, poor development, chronic conditions, mental disorders, injury, drug abuse, and violence in the adolescence. Both, prevention of ill health and care for illnesses are important at all times but the balance between them shifts over time during the childhood and adolescence. Main actions needed to meet the child and adolescent needs are presented as well.