中学生家长对家庭性教育的态度和行为调查分析

探讨不同文化程度及孩子性别不同父母亲的家庭性教育理念和对家庭性教育的态度,为完善家庭性教育策略和行为干预措施提供参考。方法 随机抽取厦门市某中学的254名中学生家长作为调查对象,采用自编问卷对调查对象进行无记名调查。结果 74.8%的调查对象认为目前网络媒体上的性信息过于泛滥,良莠不齐。87.4%的调查对象认为家庭性教育非常重要或比较重要,但有91.8%的调查对象在家庭性教育上投入时间很少甚至没有,分别只有48.8%和36.6%的调查对象对孩子进行了早期性教育或主动跟孩子谈论性话题。49.6%的调查对象认为初中是最佳的性教育启蒙时间,79.5%的调查对象认为性教育方式应首选学校开设相关课程。性教育的内容方面,59.1%的调查对象认为中学生的性知识需求包括性行为的概念,66.5%的调查对象认为包括生殖器官卫生保健,61.8%的调查对象认为包括身体及性器官结构,53.9%的调查对象认为包括人拥有生育能力的标志,43.3%的调查对象认为包括预防性骚扰和性侵害。大专及以上学历调查对象的性教育理念更加深刻和全面,也愿意投入到家庭性教育中;但家庭性教育中存在“重女轻男”现象,父亲较少参与到家庭性教育中。结论 家长已普遍认可性教育的开展,但真正参与到家庭性教育中的人数比例还比较低。应通过多种渠道和途径加强对家长的家庭性健康教育培训,引导树立正确的性教育理念,提高开展家庭性教育的能力和技巧。     

四川农村幼儿园教师幼儿性教育知识知晓情况及影响因素

  目的  了解四川农村地区幼儿园教师幼儿性教育知识知晓情况及其影响因素,为采取措施提高农村教师幼儿性教育能力提供科学依据。  方法  采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法,在四川省农村地区选取16所幼儿园的160名教师,进行幼儿性教育相关问卷调查。  结果  教师幼儿性教育知识知晓率为73.8%。单项知识正确率较低的依次为“男生的包皮如果可以翻开,需要将包皮翻起来清洗(58.8%)”“家庭的功能中包含休息与娱乐功能(65.6%)”“女生清洗生殖器官需从前往后清洗(68.8%)”。多因素非条件Logistic回归分析结果显示,教龄>4年(OR=4.16,95%CI=1.74~9.98)、发现幼儿有性相关行为(OR=2.97,95%CI=1.19~7.40)、性知识来源途径数目>3条(OR=3.39,95%CI=1.42~8.13)的教师有更高的幼儿性教育知识知晓率(P值均 < 0.05)。  结论  四川农村幼儿园教师的幼儿性教育知识掌握率有待提高。应构建多种性教育途径促使教师尤其是初就业教师获得更多相关知识,关注幼儿性相关行为,提高幼儿性教育能力。     

幼儿园大班儿童性相关知信行及影响因素

  目的  了解泸州市大班幼儿性相关知信行情况及其影响因素,为开展全面幼儿性教育提供参考依据。  方法  于2022年1月,采用多阶段分层整群抽样方法,对泸州24所幼儿园的1 438名大班幼儿及其家长进行性相关知信行的问卷调查。  结果  大班幼儿性相关知信行良好率为27.2%,91.0%的幼儿知道不能让别人看/摸自己的隐私部位,88.0%的幼儿能够正确说出生命的来源,35.1%的幼儿能够正确完整地指出男/女隐私部位的位置,11.5%的幼儿认为女孩不可以玩玩具手枪和1.2%的幼儿认为男孩不能穿裙子。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,公立幼儿园、女生、≥6岁、母亲文化程度为大专/本科及以上、家长性教育态度积极/行为良好的幼儿性相关知信行良好率更高(OR值分别为1.69,1.74,1.86,1.37,1.32,1.48,P值均＜0.05)。  结论  大班幼儿性相关知信行良好率不高,幼儿在防性侵和生命教育方面掌握情况更好。要注重家长对幼儿性教育态度和行为的作用,重点关注私立幼儿园、低年龄段、母亲文化程度低、男童的幼儿性教育,加强幼儿性生理知识和性别平等教育。     

重庆市父母性教育态度对青少年性知识的影响

探讨父母性教育态度、青春期性教育需求和自尊对青少年性知识的影响,为提高青少年性知识知晓率提供参考.方法 使用父母性教养态度问卷、性教育需求问卷、Rosenberg自尊量表中文版以及性知识问卷,对方便抽取的重庆10所中学共2 279名中学生进行调查.结果 除了性知识问卷中的“怀孕避孕”和性教育需求问卷中的“性行为”与父母性教养态度问卷中的“亲子性议题互动”的相关无统计学意义外(r值分别为0.01,0.03,P值均>0.05),其他各量表各个维度之间以及量表各维度与自尊总分的相关均有统计学意义(P值均<0.05);中介效应分析结果显示,自尊和性教育需求的独立模型部分中介作用有统计学意义(x2/df=9.56,NFI=0.98,IFI=0.98,TLI=0.97,CFI=0.98,GFI=0.99,RMSEA=0.06x2/df=7.79,NFI=0.99,IFI=0.99,TLI=0.98,CFI=0.99,GFI=0.98,RMSEA=0.06);自尊和性教育需求的多重中介效应有统计学意义(x2/df=5.53,NFI=0.99,IFI=0.99,TLI=0.99,CFI=0.99,GFI=0.98,RMSEA=0.05).结论 家庭性教育态度可通过自尊和性教育需求的中介作用影响青少年性知识掌握情况.     

武汉市1341名初中女生性知识和性态度现况研究

目的了解武汉市女中学生性知识水平与性态度现况,为中学生性健康教育提供依据.方法采用整群随机抽样法抽取武汉市3所中学初一、初二年级女生1 341名进行问卷调查.结果女中学生性成熟期提前,生殖健康知识、性及性病、艾滋病知识相当缺乏.38.9%的学生完全不知道女性生殖系统的结构,46.2%的学生完全不知道什么是避孕及避孕方法,55.3%的学生不知道什么是性病.影响性知识得分的主要因素有:是否接受过学校性教育,是否来月经,父亲文化程度及母亲文化程度.性知识主要来源于报刊杂志、学校、家庭、广播电视等.结论学校生殖健康教育在学生性知识的获取中起着举足轻重的作用,但不能满足中学生性教育的需求.加强学校性教育及生殖健康教育势在必行.     

青少年性知识态度和行为的性别差异

目的　系统分析中学生性知识、态度及行为的性别差异 ,为开展青少年性教育提供一定的参考依据。　方法对陕西省西乡县高中一、二年级的学生进行问卷调查。　结果　男生知识总分高于女生。男女生知识获得的主要途径基本相同 ,大多数来自医学书刊和生理卫生课。男生知识来源较女生广泛 ,尤其来源于录像和街头广告明显多于女生 ;女生知识来源于家庭明显多于男生。除了在中学生谈恋爱上男女均持较宽容的态度外 ,在其它性态度上 ,男生明显比女生开放。男女生性行为的发生率无显著性差异 ( 4 .5 %和 2 .4 % ) ,但其它与性有关的行为男生多于女生。　结论　青少年在性知识、态度和行为以及对性教育的需求上确实存在性别上的差异 ,在对青少年进行性教育的过程中应考虑到这一点     

基于全面性教育的初中生性知识态度和行为调查

了解初中生性知识、性态度、性行为和性知识获取渠道及其相关影响因素,为性教育课程建设与实践提供参考.方法 采用分层整群抽样的方法,在安徽、福建、甘肃、广西、河南、新疆、云南、浙江、北京抽取7341名初中生,采用自编问卷对初中生性知识、态度和行为进行调查.结果 初中生性知识得分为(61.71±18.79)分,及格率为59.02%,优良率为18.53%;初中生对性少数群体的态度为(65.44±20.01)分,对性与健康行为的态度为(67.04±49.23)分,对性与关系和行为的态度为(70.75±10.46)分;初中生具有恋爱需求与行为(18.70%),已有部分初中生发生了诸如接吻(13.80%)、触摸敏感部位(6.70%)和性交(2.20%)等性行为.多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,学校性知识获取程度与学生的性知识水平正性相关(OR=2.11,P<0.05).结论 初中生存在与性有关的需求和行为,但性知识掌握情况不容乐观;初中生的性知识与性态度存在地区、年级和性别差异;学校应加强性教育课程建设与实践,促进初中生的性健康发展.     

哈尔滨市家庭性健康教育现况及其对策的研究

目的了解哈尔滨市家庭性健康教育的现状及存在的问题,为有针对性地开展家庭性健康教育提供科学依据。方法通过分层抽样的方法,对哈尔滨市4个地区1181名家长对孩子家庭性教育的态度、行为等进行问卷调查。结果对于开展家庭性教育有86.6%家长认为有必要,有初中生的最高(92.7%);支持学校开课的,以有初中生的最高(91.6%);初中以下文化程度的家长有意识学习相关知识的比例最低,为52.8%;有初中女生的家长告诉过自我保护的比例最高(94.5%);有初中生、健康爱好的家长认为自己胜任教育的比例分别为54.3%和50.1%;幼儿园孩子的家长最低,为39.4%。结论哈尔滨市家长对性教育态度积极,但应重点加强对有不良嗜好、文化水平低、有幼儿园孩子的家庭性教育意识的提高和知识普及,有初中生的家长急需提高处理实际问题的能力。     

对抗早产全攻略

在准备生育之前,您要知道怀孕期间要注意的事项是很繁杂的,其中很重要的一项就是要避免早产的发生.很明显,早产或流产对孕妇的身体和心理都会造成不可估量的伤害,将直接影响到女性的生育观和育后的情感情绪,甚至对家庭内部关系也会带来不少负面的影响,所以在怀孕之前及怀孕期间,您一定要了解自己身体各方面的状况并掌握充足的生育方面的科学知识,用科学的态度和正确的观念来调整自己孕期的心态,等待宝宝的到来和新的生命阶段的开始.     

北京市海淀区中学生性知识、性观念和性行为现状

目的了解海淀区中学生性知识、性态度和性行为现状,为开展中学生性健康教育提供依据.方法分层随机整群抽取海淀区1361名中学生进行自填式问卷调查.结果性知识中,"卵子产生的部位"知晓率最高,"何时容易怀孕"知晓率最低;对中学生发生性行为的态度分为反对、赞同和矛盾,比例分别为64.0%,24.6%和7.8%;20.5%的中学生曾与异性朋友有亲密接触的行为,拥抱、接吻、抚摸和性交行为的发生率分别为11.8%,10.1%,8.3%和2.1%.结论中学生对性知识掌握不足;部分中学生性观念比较开放;中学生谈恋爱和发生性行为的现象客观存在.今后应加强对中学生的性道德教育,对谈恋爱和发生性行为的中学生要加强避孕、生育和性传播疾病等知识的教育.     

Tuberculosis in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, in the 1990s

The characteristics of tuberculosis (TB) cases and deaths were analyzed in order to characterize the epidemiological profile of TB (incidence and mortality) in Salvador, Bahia, Brazil, in the 1990s. Annual incidence and mortality rates were calculated by gender, age bracket, and clinical forms of the disease using databases from the Tuberculosis Information System of the Bahia State Health Secretariat and the Mortality Information System of the Brazilian Ministry of Health. TB spatial distribution was analyzed according to health district. Cases and deaths were predominantly in males in the 15 to 39 year group. The pulmonary form showed the highest incidence and mortality. The existing data did not corroborate the hypothesis that AIDS/TB co-infection might contribute to maintaining the high mortality rates. The greater occurrence of tuberculosis in certain health districts may be associated with population density and unfavorable living conditions.     

Arsenic,cadmium, cobalt,copper, lead,mercury, molybdenum,selenium and zinc concentrations in liver,kidney and muscle in Australian sheep

Matched muscle, liver and kidney samples from 152 sheep in different states of Australia were analysed for trace elements. Mean levels found in muscle, livers and kidneys were 0.010, 0.010 and 0.011 mg kg⁻¹ (fresh weight) for arsenic; 0.0035, 0.280 and 0.853 mg kg⁻¹ for cadmium; 0.006, 0.060 and 0.044 mg kg⁻¹ for cobalt; 0.74, 66.0 and 2.72 mg kg⁻¹ for copper; 0.007, 0.040 and 0.057 mg kg⁻¹ for lead; 0.0025, 0.0034 and 0.0061 mg kg⁻¹ for mercury; 0.014, 1.05 and 0.44 mg kg⁻¹ for molybdenum; 0.09, 0.31 and 0.95 mg kg⁻¹ for selenium; and 40.4, 37.2 and 20.8 mg kg⁻¹ for zinc. The lead, mercury and arsenic concentrations in meat and organs may be regarded as low, but the concentrations of cadmium in kidney and livers are sometimes relatively high. Apart from cadmium, lead and selenium, tissue trace element concentrations were not related to the age of the investigated animals. Differences in essential and non-essential trace element accumulation in sheep reared in different regions (states and territories) of Australia were also evaluated. Cadmium, lead and selenium were the only elements that appeared to show significant regional differences. Overall the results show that concentrations of the elements considered are within current acceptable ranges.     

Homocysteine, folate, vitamin B12, and cardiovascular risk in Indians, Malays, and Chinese in Singapore

OBJECTIVE: To examine the hypothesis that the higher rates of coronary heart disease (CHD) in Indians (South Asians) compared with Malays and Chinese is partly attributable to differences in blood concentrations of homocysteine, and related blood concentrations of folate and vitamin B12. DESIGN: Cross sectional study of the general population. SETTING: Singapore. PARTICIPANTS: Random sample of 726 fasting subjects aged 30 to 69 years. MAIN RESULTS: Mean plasma total homocysteine concentrations did not show significant ethnic differences; values were Indians (men 16.2 and women 11.5 mumol/l), Malays (men 15.0 and women 12.5 mumol/l), and Chinese (men 15.3 and women 12.2 mumol/l). Similarly, the proportions with high plasma homocysteine (> 14.0 mumol/l) showed no important ethnic differences being, Indians (men 60.0 and women 21.9%), Malays (men 53.9 and women 37.8%), and Chinese (men 56.6 and women 30.6%). Mean plasma folate concentrations were lower in Indians (men 8.7 and women 10.9 nmol/l) and Malays (men 8.5 and women 10.8 nmol/l), than Chinese (men 9.7 and women 13.8 nmol/l). Similarly, the proportions with low plasma folate (< 6.8 nmol/l) were higher in Indians (men 44.9 and women 36.6%) and Malays (men 45.3 and women 24.5%) than Chinese (men 31.4 and women 12.6%). Mean plasma vitamin B12 concentrations were lowest in Indians (men 352.5 and women 350.7 pmol/l), then Chinese (men 371.1 and women 373.7 pmol/l), and then Malays (men 430.5 and women 486.0 pmol/l). CONCLUSION: While there were ethnic differences for plasma folate and vitamin B12 (in particular lower levels in Indians), there was no evidence that homocysteine plays any part in the differential ethnic risk from CHD in Singapore and in particular the increased susceptibility of Indians to the disease.     

Vitamins, selenium, iron, and coronary heart disease risk in Indians, Malays, and Chinese in Singapore

STUDY OBJECTIVE: To examine the hypothesis that the higher rates of coronary heart disease (CHD) in Indians (South Asians) compared with Malays and Chinese is partly because of differences in antioxidants (vitamins A, C, and E, and selenium) and pro-oxidants (iron). DESIGN: Cross sectional study of the general population. SETTING: Singapore. PARTICIPANTS: Random sample of 941 persons aged 30 to 69 years. MAIN RESULTS: There were moderate correlations between vitamin A and vitamin E, and between these vitamins and selenium. Mean plasma vitamins A and E were similar by ethnic group. Vitamin A concentration for Indians were (men 0.66 and women 0.51 mg/l), Malays (men 0.67 and women 0.54 mg/l), and Chinese (men 0.68 and women 0.52 mg/l). Vitamin E concentrations for Indians were (men 12.9 and women 12.8 mg/l), Malays (men 13.6 and women 13.3 mg/l), and Chinese (men 12.6 and women 12.6 mg/l). In contrast, mean plasma vitamin C concentrations were lower in Indians (men 5.7 and women 6.9 mg/l) and Malays (men 5.1 and women 6.4 mg/l) than Chinese (men 6.3 and women 8.4 mg/l). Mean serum selenium was lower in Indians (men 117 and women 115 micrograms/l) than Malays (men 122 and women 122 micrograms/l) and Chinese (men 126 and women 119 micrograms/l). Mean serum ferritin was much lower in Indians (men 132 and women 50 micrograms/l) than Malays (men 175 and women 85 micrograms/l) and Chinese (men 236 and women 92 micrograms/l). MAIN CONCLUSIONS: Lower vitamin C and selenium in Indians, particularly in combination, could play a part in their increased risk of CHD. Vitamins A and E, and ferritin (iron) have no such role. Lower vitamin C in Indians and Malays is probably because of its destruction by more prolonged cooking. In Indians, lower selenium is probably because of a lower dietary intake and the much lower ferritin to a lower dietary intake of iron and its binding by phytates.

 

     

Passive smoking in bars, restaurants, and discotheques in Florence, Italy

BACKGROUND: "Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) exposure in a sample of European cities" is the first European multicentre project intended to measure ETS exposure in public places in a number of European cities. OBJECTIVES: To present results of measurements of nicotine concentration in a number of bars, restaurants and discotheques in Florence, Italy. METHODS: The ETS marker was vapour-phase nicotine sampled by passive monitors. At least two monitors were placed in each of seven bars (five in hospitals; one at an airport; one at a railway station), and seven restaurants (three with smoking and non-smoking sections), and left in place for several days. In each of four discotheques two nicotine passive monitors were used as personal samplers. RESULTS: The average nicotine concentration in discotheques, restaurants and bars was respectively 26.78 micro/m3, 2.32 microg/m3 and 0.83 microg/m3. In the smoking section of restaurants with separated areas for smokers and non-smokers the average nicotine concentration was 2.54 microg/m3, which was similar to that measured in non-smoking sections (2.14 microg/m3).