经胸及经食管超声心动图诊断无顶冠状静脉窦综合征

目的:探讨无顶冠状静脉窦综合征(UCSS)的超声心动图特点及诊断价值。方法:回顾性分析经手术证实为UCSS的18例患者的资料。可疑UCSS时结合经食管超声心动图检查,观察经胸超声心动图不同切面(心尖或胸骨旁短轴四腔心切面、右心室流入道切面、剑突下双心房切面)的超声表现,并对其分型。结果:经胸超声心动图明确诊断12例,术前经胸超声心动图结合经食管超声心动图明确诊断17例,超声诊断符合率94.4%(17/18)。18例患者中,Ⅰ型2例,Ⅱ型11例,Ⅲ型5例(术前超声诊断4例,术中经食管超声心动图发现1例)。术前经胸超声心动图3个切面均可显示Ⅰ型患者;心尖或胸骨旁短轴四腔心切面显示Ⅱ型9例,Ⅲ型4例;右心室流入道切面显示Ⅱ型5例,Ⅲ型4例;剑突下双心房切面显示Ⅱ型10例,Ⅲ型4例。结论:经胸超声心动图结合经食管超声心动图检查,有利于术前明确诊断UCSS,减少漏诊、误诊。     

超声心动图对主肺动脉间隔缺损的诊断价值探析

目的探析超声心动图对主肺动脉间隔缺损(APSD)的诊断作用。方法选取2014年1月~2015年9月我院收治的APSD患者17例作为研究对象,回顾性分析其临床资料,对比术前超声心动图和心导管检查、术后结果之间的差异性。结果 17例患者,经超声心动图检查共确诊13例,其中Ⅰ型3例(23.1%),Ⅱ型4例(30.8%),Ⅲ型6例(46.2%),漏诊4例,漏诊率为23.5%;心导管检查确诊Ⅰ型3例,Ⅱ型4例;共15例患者同时合并其他心内畸形情况。结论超声心动图对APSD诊断准确性较高,且具有安全性高、无创无痛、可重复使用等优势,有利于对APSD做出及时诊断和分型,值得临床使用推广。     

肺静脉异位引流的超声心动图的诊断价值及漏误诊分析

【摘要】 目的 分析先天性心脏病肺静脉异位引流（APVC）彩色多普勒超声心动图图像特征,评价超声心动图对APVC的诊断价值,分析漏、误诊的原因,提高超声心动图技术对APVC诊断的准确性。方法 选择经心外科手术明确为APVC的22例患儿为研究对象,对其超声心动图检查结果及手术效果进行回顾性分析。结果 22例患儿中,超声诊断符合18例（81.8%）;超声误诊2例、漏诊2例（18.2%）,其中2例部分型肺静脉异位引流术前超声心动图误诊为房间隔缺损;漏诊的2例患者中,一例漏诊共同肺静脉干梗阻,合并畸形中,1例漏诊动脉导管未闭。22例患儿均合并其他心血管系统畸形。结论 超声心动图技术可以诊断APVC,但容易漏误诊。     

异位引流入上腔静脉的心上型肺静脉异位引流的超声诊断漏诊和误诊原因分析

目的:探讨超声心动图诊断异位引流入上腔静脉的心上型肺静脉异位引流(SAPVC)的漏诊和误诊原因。方法:回顾分析19例均经CT和(或)手术证实且矫治成功的SAPVC异位引流入上腔静脉的超声心动图特征,评估术前和术后上腔静脉内径、血流速度、汇入位置及合并畸形,分析其诊断准确率及漏诊和误诊率。结果:19例SAPVC(14例部分型、3例完全型和2例混合型)的异位肺静脉开口于上腔静脉,超声确诊9例(47.37%)、漏诊7例(36.84%)、误诊3例(15.78%)。肺静脉变异支数共13例(12例5支、1例7支),其变异率为68.42%,且汇入上腔静脉的部位多见近心段。16例合并简单先天性心脏病,3例合并主动脉缩窄、永存左上腔、二叶式主动脉瓣等心内畸形。结论:经胸超声心动图容易漏诊或误诊异位引流入上腔静脉的SAPVC。全面扫查胸骨旁、剑突下及胸骨上窝上腔静脉长轴观察有无异常静脉血流汇入上腔静脉,加强伪像、正常或异常心内结构鉴别及联合CT可降低漏、误诊率。     

超声心动图在小儿先天性心脏病复杂畸形诊断中的应用价值

目的探讨超声心动图在小儿CHD复杂畸形诊断中的应用价值。方法对50例CHD复杂畸形患儿术前行超声心动图检查,总结其图像特点,并与手术结果进行对比分析,计算其诊断的准确率。结果手术证实的50例患儿中,超声心动图漏诊3例,部分型肺静脉异位引流漏诊1例,仅诊断为房间隔缺损及动脉导管未闭;合并动脉导管未闭的法乐四联症2例,未做动脉导管未闭(PDA)诊断,超声诊断准确率为94%,余超声检查结果与手术基本相符。结论超声心动图检查对小儿CHD的诊断准确率较高,值得临床广泛推广。     

胎儿超声心动图产前诊断先天性心脏病准确性评价

目的 评价胎儿超声心动图产前诊断先天性心脏病的准确性.方法 回顾2001年1月至2007年12月诊断为先天性心脏病胎儿的超声心动图资料,将产前诊断与胎儿心脏病理诊断或出生后新生儿超声心动图诊断结果进行比较.结果 研究期间共诊断胎儿先天性心脏病113例,初次检查时平均孕周为26.8周.79例(70%)行胎儿心脏病理检查或新生儿超声心动图检查确诊,其中68例产前诊断与产后诊断相符,产前诊断准确率86%.锥干畸形诊断准确率77%(24/31),间隔缺损96%(26/27),瓣膜畸形90%(9/10),单心室畸形83%(5/6).产前假阳性诊断4例,阳性预测值95%(75/79).结论 胎儿超声心动图检查是先天性心脏病产前诊断的有效方法,能够对各种常见类型的先天性心脏病进行准确诊断.完整的分段诊断是降低漏诊及误诊率,提高诊断准确性的关键.     

超声心动图对Berry综合征的诊断价值

目的探讨超声心动图对Berry综合征的诊断价值。方法选取2011-01~2017-07该院6例经外科手术确诊为Berry综合征的患者为研究对象,对其超声心动图特征及诊断情况进行回顾性分析。结果4例(66.7%)超声诊断与手术结果完全符合,2例(33.3%)超声诊断与手术结果部分符合(这2例中1例漏诊右肺动脉异常起源于升主动脉,另1例漏诊主动脉弓离断A型)。结论超声心动图能准确评估Berry综合征及合并其他畸形,是术前诊断及术后复查的首选方法,对于手术的实施方案及预后有着重要意义。     

儿童不完全型Shones综合征的超声心动图分析及文献复习

目的分析不完全型Shone′s综合征患者的超声心动图特征,并分析漏、误诊的原因,旨在提高超声心动图对不完全型Shone′s综合征诊断的准确性。方法收集2016年8月至2018年4月深圳市儿童医院6例经心脏外科手术明确诊断为不完全型Shone′s综合征的患儿为研究对象,回顾性分析其超声心动图检查结果,并复习相关文献。结果 6例不完全型Shone′s综合征患儿的病变包括二尖瓣瓣上环(1例)、降落伞样二尖瓣(6例)、主动脉缩窄(5例)、主动脉瓣下狭窄(肌性狭窄和膜性狭窄各1例)。6例患儿均合并其他心血管系统畸形,最常见的合并畸形有动脉导管未闭(5例)、室间隔缺损(3例)、永存左侧上腔静脉(3例)、二尖瓣关闭不全(3例)、三尖瓣关闭不全(1例)、房间隔缺损或卵圆孔未闭(1例)。6例患儿中,2例漏诊降落伞样二尖瓣。结论超声心动图可准确诊断不完全型Shones综合征,但应该注意左心室流入道的情况,避免漏诊二尖瓣的畸形。     

胎儿冠状静脉窦扩张的超声心动图诊断及误诊原因分析

目的:探讨胎儿冠状静脉窦扩张的超声心动图诊断临床意义及误诊原因分析。方法:2010年3月至2013年5月间,7 639例孕妇于我院接受产前胎儿超声心动图检查。结合出生后随访结果,回顾性分析冠状静脉窦扩张胎儿的超声心动图表现。结果:7 639例中共检出胎儿冠状静脉窦扩张60例(0.8%),其中单纯左位上腔静脉(PLSVC)28例(47%,28/60);合并心内其他畸形32例(53%,32/60)。初诊时误诊为原发孔房间隔缺损3例。结论:产前胎儿超声心动图可以诊断冠状静脉窦扩张及其合并心内畸形,对妊娠期胎儿的管理具有重要诊断价值和意义。     

胎儿超声心动图检查对胎儿心律失常和心脏结构异常的诊断价值评估

目的评估胎儿超声心动图在胎儿心律失常和心脏结构异常中的诊断价值。方法选取2012年1月~2015年5月我中心疑似有先天心血管畸形胎儿心脏结构异常或心律失常的孕妇480例作为研究对象,均采取胎儿超声心动图检查,进一步对胎儿心律失常、心脏结构异常检出率进行评估,并分析胎儿心律失常与心脏结构异常间的关系。结果 (1)胎儿心律失常30例,检出率为6.25%。类型分布:房性期前收缩14例、室性期前收缩6例、窦性心动过速5例、窦性心动过缓3例、完全性房室传导阻滞2例。(2)胎儿心脏结构异常28例,检出率为5.83%。类型分布:室间隔缺损12例、房室共同通道7例、房间隔缺损6例、法络四联症2例、心脏肿瘤1例。(3)室性期前收缩合并室间隔缺损3例、窦性心动过缓合并共同通道2例;表明胎儿心律失常与心脏结构异常有合并的情况发生,临床诊断需仔细,以避免漏诊或误诊。结论胎儿超声心动图检查是筛选、诊断胎儿心律失常和心脏结构异常的无创影像技术,值得临床应用。     

无顶冠状静脉窦综合征的超声影像学及临床特征分析

目的:分析无顶冠状静脉窦综合征(unroofed coronary sinus syndrome,UCSS)患者超声影像学及临床特征.方法:回顾我院2007年1月至2020年1月临床确诊的140例UCSS患者超声影像资料,对其超声影像特征、合并畸形及继发改变进行分析.结果:140例UCSS患中,女性占62.1％(87/...     

Heart malformations in trisomy 13 and trisomy 18]

Congenital heart diseases were studied in children diagnosed of trisomy 13 and trisomy 18 in our hospital between January 1973 and July 1990. Twenty patients with trisomy 18 were diagnosed (18 females and two males). All had cardiac malformations. The findings were: ventricular septal defect in 16 cases (80%), valvular anomalies in 12 (63%), patent ductus arteriosus in nine (47%) and atrial septal defect or patent foramen ovale in 7 cases (36%). We found some complex congenital cardiac diseases: one atrioventricular canal, one tetralogy of Fallot, one hypoplastic left ventricle with mitral atresia and double outlet right ventricle, one case of univentricular heart with aortic outlet from a rudimentary cavity, a right ventricular atresia with pulmonary and tricuspid valves atresia. Nine cases of trisomy 13 were diagnosed (seven females and two males). We found: ventricular septal defect in 7 cases (77%), valvular disease in five (100% of the necropsy studies), secundum atrial septal defect in 4 patients (80%) and patent ductus arteriosus in two. Two cases presented hypoplastic left ventricle with aortic arch hypoplasia, one of them had subaortic stenosis and left superior vena cava being connected to the right atrium via coronary sinus; one case showed fibroelastosis. Our results have been similar to the previously reported and confirm the invariably presence of cardiac malformations in these syndromes. These malformations are an important sign of suspicion in fetal ultrasonography.     

Non-invasive diagnosis in clinically suspected atrial septal defect of secundum or sinus venosus type. Value of combining chest x-ray,phonocardiography, and M-mode echocardiography.

Twenty-three consecutive patients with clinical (auscultatory and electrocardiographic) signs of uncomplicated atrial septal defect of secundum or sinus venosus type were examined by chest x-ray, phonocardiography, and echocardiography, before right heart catheterisation. Seventeen (74%) had atrial septal defect, two patients (9%) had insignificant pulmonary stenosis, and four subjects (17%) were normal. No false positive diagnosis of atrial septal defect was made by chest x-ray examination, whereas increased vascular markings were incorrectly interpreted as pulmonary congestion in one case. Four patients had x-ray films showing questionable signs of left-to-right shunt. Six of 15 patients with a large left-to-right shunt were correctly selected for surgery based on radiological findings. One false negative but no false positive diagnosis of atrial septal defect was made by phonocardiography. Four cases with and four cases without atrial septal defect were classified as having questionable phonocardiographic signs of atrial septal defect. Echocardiographic distinction between those with atrial septal defect and those without atrial septal defect was correct in all cases; quantitative measurement of left-to-right shunt, however, was unsatisfactory. Combined normal findings by x-ray film and echocardiography appeared adequate in all cases for the exclusion of atrial septal defect (six patients). When the six patients who were correctly identified for surgery from the radiological findings are included, there was a total of 12 patients out of 23 (52%:95% confidence limits 31 to 73%) who were evaluated definitively by the non-invasive tests.     

不同类型无顶冠状静脉窦综合征手术治疗13例临床观察

目的:分析无顶冠状静脉窦综合征(UCSS)的外科手术方法,包括经右腋下剖胸小切口入路手术的治疗经验,为此类疾病的手术处理提供参考。方法 :回顾性分析2010年3月至2013年6月于北京安贞医院小儿心脏中心行手术矫治的13例UCSS患者的临床资料,本组病例术前经超声确诊率为54%(7/13),经手术中探查,其中I a型7例,II b型1例,III a型4例,III b型1例。合并左上腔静脉(LSVC)引流入左心房11例,采用自体心包缝制心内隧道9例,左心房后壁折叠式隧道窦顶重建1例,直接结扎LSVC 1例。全组病例均合并其他心内畸形,手术同期根治合并畸形。10例经右腋下剖胸小切口入路行根治术。结果:本组手术无死亡病例。1例术后并发肺部感染,1例术后并发右侧膈肌麻痹行膈肌折叠术,分别治疗18天和24天后痊愈出院。其余11例患儿术后早期恢复顺利,术后呼吸机使用时间平均33.8小时;住院天数(11.6±5.3)天;全组病例均行随访,随访时间平均18.9个月,其中10例经右腋下剖胸小切口入路行矫治术,无死亡及并发症。结论:UCSS的术前漏诊率较高,需经术中仔细探查。根据分型及合并畸形选择最佳处理方法。右腋下剖胸小切口入路手术根治多数心内畸形合并UCSS,治疗效果良好。     

Infradiaphragmatic total anomalous pulmonary venous return. Review of clinical and pathological findings and results of operation in 28 cases.

Twenty-eight cases of infradiaphragmatic total anomalous pulmonary venous return are presented, 17 without associated complex intracardiac anomalies (group A), and 11 with additional complex lesions (group B). The anomalous site of connection was to the portal vein in 19 cases (68%), to the inferior vena cava in 4 (14%), the ductus venosus in 2 (7%), to the left hepatic vein in 2 (7%), and unknown in one. A patent foramen ovale was present in 82 per cent of cases in group A and 40 per cent in group B and was frequently associated with a small left atrium and left ventricle. Nine cases (8 in group A; 1 in group B) had surgical correction, with 3 long-term survivors. The surgical mortality was 66 per cent. The postoperative haemodynamic status of the 3 surviving patients is very satisfactory, though 1 had a residual atrial septal defect. Factors which adversely affected the surgical outcome were: (1) a critically ill infant, (2) small left atrium and left ventricle, (3) a patent foramen ovale rather than atrial septal defect, (4) systemic arterial oxygen saturation less than 70 per cent, and (5) pulmonary arterial pressure in excess of systemic arterial pressure. The mortality for the entire series was 93 per cent.     

Influence of atrial septal defect anatomy in patient selection and assessment of closure with the Cardioseal device; a three-dimensional transoesophageal echocardiographic reconstruction.

BACKGROUND: The maximal diameter of the defect and the dimensions of the septal rims are essential parameters for the selection of optimal cases for device closure. Neither two-dimensional echocardiography nor balloon catheter sizing provide optimal data. Unique three-dimensional echocardiography might help to improve patient selection and assessment of results. Our aim was to optimize transcatheter closure of secundum type atrial septal defects using three-dimensional echocardiography. METHODS: Sixteen patients enrolled in a protocol for atrial septal defect transcatheter closure with the Cardioseal device underwent transoesophageal two- and three-dimensional echocardiography. Maximal diameter and tissue rim of the atrial septal defect were measured and compared by both methods. In the 12 patients selected for closure, the balloon stretched diameter was compared to three-dimensional echocardiography measurements. Device placement was assessed by two- and three-dimensional echocardiography. RESULTS: The shape of the atrial septal defect appeared variable on three-dimensional views: round in nine patients but complex (oval, raquet-shaped, multiple) in seven patients. The surface area of the atrial septal defect varied by 68+/-15% during the cardiac cycle. The correlation between atrial septal defect maximal diameters measured by two-dimensional transoesophageal echocardiography and three-dimensional echocardiography was better in round defects (y=1 x +1.6, r=0.99) than in complex defects (y=0.7 x -0.5, r=0.88). The antero-superior rim could only be properly assessed by three-dimensional echocardiography. In 12 patients the correlation between stretched diameter and three-dimensional echocardiography maximal diameter was poor (y=0.3 x +13, r=0.41). After placement of the device, three-dimensional echocardiography enabled the mechanism of residual shunting to be understood in three patients. CONCLUSIONS: Dynamic three-dimensional echocardiography enhances the understanding of the anatomy and physiology of atrial septal defect and should be an important process in future initiatives for device closures.     

Tricuspid atresia. An anatomical study of 17 cases.

This is a report on the anatomical characteristics of 17 cases of tricuspid atresia. Three of these cases had a discrepancy between the type of bulboventricular loop (dextro) and the position of the great arteries (the aorta being to the left of the pulmonary artery). In these a characteristic type of ventricular septal defect, located just beneath the tissue of the semilunar valves was found. In 3 cases with cardiac dextroversion and juxtaposition of the atrial appendages the great arteries were on the same frontal plane and there was a separation between the semilunar and the anterior mitral leaflet. One case was associated with a double outlet left ventricle, a D-malposition of the great arteries, and a bilateral subaortic and subpulmonary conus. Among the 6 cases with transposition of the great arteries, the ventricular septal defect was large in 2 (34.4%) only. In the analysis of the 13 cases with intact ventricular septa (2 cases) or restrictive (small and medium-sized) ventricular septal defects (11 cases) obstructive anomalies of the vessel arising from the right ventricle were found in 12 (92.3%). These anomalies involved the aorta in 4 cases. (34.4%) and the pulmonary artery in 8 (66.6%). In the study of the 4 cases with a large ventricular septal defect, obstructive anomalies in the vessel arising from the right ventricle were present in 2 cases (50%), and were located in the aorta in 1 case (25%) and in the pulmonary artery in the other case (25%). The 2 cases with intact ventricular septum were associated with a hypertrophy of this septum and an absent pulmonary valve. In 1 of these cases, a third ventricular chamber was disclosed within the ventricular septum. This chamber communicated with the right ventricle through a very small opening. In 82.3% of the cases, the projection of the dimple, the rest of the tricuspid orifice, was located either on the ventricular septum or over the left ventricle. In the 3 cases with juxtaposition of the atrial appendages there was a positive transillumination of the floor of the right atrium, which corresponded, to the rest of the tricuspid valve in one case and to the atrioventricular portion of the membranous septum in the other 2.     

Abnormalities of left ventricular function and geometry in adults with an atrial septal defect. Ventriculographic, hemodynamic and echocardiographic studies.

Left ventricular function and motion in 12 adults with an ostium secundum atrial septal defect were analyzed utilizing biplane cineangiography. Values for left ventricular end-diastolic volume index, stroke volume index, ejection fraction, left ventricular end-diastolic pressure and mean rate of circumferential fiber shortening were compared with values in an age-matched group of 11 normal subjects. Comparisons of ventriculographic and echocardiographic data were also made in 5 patients and 10 control subjects. Cardiac index was smaller in patients than in the normal subjects (3.6 vs. 4.5 liters/min per m2, P less than 0.01). Although left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was similar (8 mm Hg in both groups), the end-diastolic volume index was significantly smaller in patients than in normal subjects (56 vs. 76 ml/m2, P less than 0.05). Stroke volume index was also significantly smaller in patients (40 vs. 52 ml/m2, P less than 0.01). The two groups had similar values for ejection fraction (65 +/- 2 percent [standard error of the mean] in patients vs. 68 +/- 2 percent in normal subjects), circumferential fiber shortening velocity (1.67 +/- 0.13 vs. 1.81 +/- 0.15 circumferences/sec.), heart rate (91 +/- 7 vs. 90 +/- 5 beats/min) and mean systemic arterial pressure (92 +/- 5 vs. 87 +/- 3 mm Hg). Early systolic bulging of the upper ventricular septum toward the right ventricle was seen in 10 of 12 patients with an atrial septal defect but in no normal subject. Echocardiographic data supported these findings. No other abnormalities of motion were consistently noted. It is concluded that the left ventricle of patients with an atrial septal defect is subnormal in volume and abnormal in sequence of contraction of the septum and is characterized by apparent decreased distensibility.     

Echography in aneurysm of the interatrial septum

Atrial septal aneurysm can be detected by subcostal echocardiography as a bulge of the intermediate interatrial septum, ballooning toward the right atrium. We retrospectively revised 5412 echo examinations, consecutively performed in our laboratory, and we found 14 cases of atrial septal aneurysm (0.26%), mean age 36 +/- 15 years, 9 males and 5 females. In 7 patients atrial septal aneurysm was wide, including the whole atrial septum; in 5, only cranial two-thirds of the septum were involved and in 2, it regarded only the intermediate septum. No patients referred to arrhythmias, syncope, embolism, endocarditis or transient ischemic neurologic disorders. Cardiac abnormalities or defects were associated to atrial septal aneurysm in 12/14 patients: they consisted of atrial septal defect, mitral valve prolapse, false ventricular tendons or persistent Chiari network. Atrial left-to-right shunt was detected in all 6 cases with atrial communication. Considering each single associated cardiac abnormality, the prevalence of atrial septal aneurysm was 7% in patients with atrial septal defect, 1.7% in those with mitral valve prolapse, 6.6% in persistent Chiari network and 0.9% in false ventricular tendons. In conclusion, echocardiography is the first-choice technique to detect atrial septal aneurysm and other related cardiac defects.     

超声心动图检查继发孔型房间隔缺损封堵术后并发症的诊断价值

目的:研究超声心动图检查继发孔型房间隔缺损封堵术后并发症的应用价值。方法:选取我院2009年7月至2018年7月确诊继发孔型房间隔缺损并行经导管或经胸封堵术的患者3910例,所有患者术前经胸超声心动图(TTE)或经食管超声心动图(TEE)诊断筛选适应证,术中经经胸超声心动图或经食管超声心动图监测,术后复查经胸超声心动图,观察评价封堵器形态位置,评估相关并发症。结果:3910例行房间隔封堵术的患者中,封堵器脱落8例(0.20%),均急诊转外科修补治疗。心脏穿孔/磨蚀事件共8例,其中主动脉窦-右心房瘘1例(0.03%),经皮封堵治疗成功;二尖瓣前叶穿孔2例(0.05%),予随诊观察7年未特殊处理;心脏穿孔或心房壁损伤5例(0.13%),其中1例死亡(0.03%),4例行心包穿刺引流后好转(0.10%)。术后心包积液102例(2.61%),其中8例为少中量-中量心包积液,术后随访无明显变化或有所增多,患者血流动力学稳定,予随诊观察;94例为微量-少量心包积液,随诊观察积液量未见增加。术后残余分流167例(4.27%),其中多发房间隔缺损共102例;另外残余分流束宽度大于等于5 mm共17例,残余分流束小于5 mm或少量分流共150例,复查后分流均减少或消失。结论:房间隔缺损封堵术相关严重并发症包括封堵器脱落、心脏穿孔/磨蚀,发生率极低但危害大,常见并发症包括心包积液和残余分流,发生率低且预后好,超声心动图在及时诊断并发症和随访观察方面起到了不可替代的作用。