小儿注射性坐骨神经损伤31例临床分析

坐骨神经是人体最粗大、最长的神经,临近臀部肌肉注射区,发生注射性神经损伤的机会较其它部位多[1],由于小儿对臀部注射的恐惧而不合作更易造成坐骨神经损伤.现对我院2002～2006年收治的31例小儿注射性坐骨神经损伤的临床资料进行分析,并探讨其发生机制和预防损伤的方法.     

立体定向外科进展

随着科学技术水平的发展 ,立体定向技术也在不断前进 ,目前立体定向外科应用范围明显扩大 ,诊断和治疗水平明显提高。这些主要依赖于计算机硬件、软件、网络和影像显示技术的进展 ,带来了许多手术的革新和更多、更复杂的手术的开展 ,它将继续推动立体定向外科的前进。立体定向外科包含三个部分 :立体定向神经外科 ;立体定向放射外科 ;立体定向辅助显微外科。一、立体定向神经外科 [1～ 3 ]利用立体定向仪上固定系统和导向系统将手术器械或特殊装置送入脑内预定靶点进行毁损、慢性电刺激、脑内神经细胞介质测定或进行脑组织移植等 ,使病人神…     

立体定向放射外科引起的脑损伤

立体定向放射外科与常规放疗不同 ,它是在立体定向仪的引导下将高能射线聚焦照射到脑内较小的靶区内。由于其照射形状非常接近所照射的靶区 ,而靶区周围的剂量呈梯度锐减 ,周围正常脑组织接受高剂量范围减少 ,因此 ,引起的脑损伤与常规放疗有所不同。近几年有关放射外科治疗引起的脑损伤有增多趋势[1- 5] ,本文就放射外科引起的放射性脑损伤进行回顾分析。一、放射外科引起放射性脑损伤的相关因素1.照射容积　放射外科照射的容积增大时 ,放射性损伤也随之增加。当脑动静脉畸形 (AVM )直径小于 15mm ,肿瘤直径小于 2 0mm时 ,未见到明显脑损…     

立体定向放射外科动物模型

立体定向放射外科的概念已提出四十余年,在临床上亦治疗了数以万计的病人,但其某些放射生物学机制尚不清楚。为了更充分了解放射外科的放射生物学效应,除了对大量治疗病人进行长期随访和总结外,更需借助于对动物模型进行研究。本文对有关文献予以综述。     

立体定向放射外科

Leksell在50年代初提出立体定向放射外科(SRS)的理论,60年代用于临床.目前,SRS已广泛用于颅内肿瘤、颅内血管畸型、精神病、疼痛等治疗.作者综述了SRS的原理、设备及其临床应用.     

立体定向放射外科专业培训现状

立体定向放射外科(SRS)是神经外科的一个重要组成部分,治疗神经外科疾病的适应证不断扩大。从技术诞生至今,神经外科医师一直占主导地位。但SRS技术不仅在发达国家神经外科专科医师的培训中明显不足,在国内神经外科专业从业人员关于SRS的培训基本上为零。神经外科专科医师应该掌握SRS基本原理,了解SRS的适应证、禁忌症,治疗流程,并发症的认识及处理等。本人对几个发达国家的培训现状做一阐述,并建议国内有关部门能在神经外科专科医师规范化培训中加入SRS相关内容,塑造高素质、高层次的神经外科专业人才,更好服务于广大患者。     

立体定向放射外科治疗的放射生物学探讨

以立体定向放射外科治疗的４例临床病理改变为基础，探讨有关放射生物学效应。认为治疗后早期改变是血脑屏障紊乱和靶细胞超微结构改变，逐步转入水肿期、坏死期、吸收期及瘢痕期。在坏死期，自靶中心向外依次为坏死区、变性与反应区、水肿区，与ＣＴ或ＭＲＩ影像上表现的中央无强化区，强化环、周围低密度或长Ｔ１长Ｔ２水肿样信号区可能相对应。坏死是肿瘤细胞辐射损伤和血管效应相结合的结果。     

立体定向放射外科治疗颅内肿瘤

伽玛刀(γ-刀)治疗颅内肿瘤已成为神经外科领域重要的治疗手段之一。我中心自1999年6月至2002年6月应用OUR—XGD旋转式伽玛刀治疗颅内肿瘤934例，疗效满意，现报告如下。     

立体定向伽玛刀治疗泌乳素腺瘤

采用立体定向伽玛刀治疗垂体泌乳素瘤２７例，其中手术证实者３例，其余２４例靠影像学和内分泌学确诊。伽玛刀治疗后３个月开始对病人随访，随访时间６至１２个月。有随访结果者２３例，有影像学复查结果者１５例。结果表明病人症状控制率和肿瘤大小控制率均为１００％，并且随访１２例ＰＲＬ变化，结果７例恢复正常，４例下降，仅１例略高于治疗前，无死亡及严重并发症发生。     

Evaluation of artificial nerve conduit and autografts in peripheral nerve repair in the rat model of sciatic nerve injury

Objective: To investigate the therapeutic effect of artificial nerve conduit in the sciatic nerve injury and repair in the rat model.

Methods: A total of 60 adult male Sprague Dawley rats were evenly randomized into five groups to build the model of sciatic nerve injury and perform the injury repair experiment. The five groups were: group A which was treated with artificial nerve conduit, group B which was treated with common carotid artery (CCA) autograft, group C which was treated with sciatic nerve autograft, group D which was treated with sham operation, and group E as the normal control. The injury was repaired by direct coaptation of the nerve ends. Postoperatively, the rats’ behavior, motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV), incubation period, amplitude, remaining rate of wet weight of the gastrocnemius muscle, the diameter and section area of the gastrocnemius cell, and the histological changes were assessed. The results were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and two-way ANOVA.

Results: Twelve days postoperatively, 36 rats in groups A, B, and C presented with denervated adermotrophia on the injured ankle. The electrophysiological indicators in groups D and E were constant and similar. The values of MNCV and amplitude were group C > group A > group B, with an increasing tendency. The values of the incubation period were group C < group A < group B with statistical difference (p < 0.05) and showed a decreasing tendency. The wet gastrocnemius muscle in groups D and E showed plump morphology with luster and elasticity. Groups A and C had similar atrophic gastrocnemius muscles and reduced flexibility while the phenomena were more severe in group B. Progressive decrease of the cell diameter and sectional area was observed in groups A, B, and C. The adhesion between the sciatic nerve and the surrounding area in groups A, B, and C had statistical significance (P < 0.05), with group B the most serious.

Conclusions: The results suggest that artificial nerve conduit facilitated functional and morphological regeneration of the nerve. It seemed more effective than CCA but inferior to sciatic nerve autograft in repairing sciatic nerve injury in the rat model.     

坐骨神经及其分支损害的临床电生理分析

目的回顾性分析坐骨神经及其分支损害的病因及电生理表现。方法结合70例患者病因,分析腓神经和胫神经传导速度及健、患侧胫骨前肌、腓肠肌针电极肌电图表现。结果外伤导致的有36例(51%),其次是肌肉注射,占20例(29%),外科手术并发5例(7%),不明原因9例(13%)。单纯腓神经损害25例,单纯胫神经损害13例,坐骨神经损害32例。结论外伤是本组坐骨神经及其分支损伤的主要原因,电生理检测对确定受损神经、损害性质、损害程度及评价预后有重要价值。     

Electrophysiological,functional and histopathological assessments of high dose melatonin on regeneration after blunt sciatic nerve injury

The aim of this study was to determine the curative effects of high-dose (100 mg/kg) melatonin on peripheral nerve injury. Forty male Wistar albino rats were randomized into four groups as sham, vehicle, melatonin, and ischemia and their right sciatic nerves were exposed. The process was terminated in the sham group. In the other groups, nerve injury was induced by clip compression. The vehicle group was intraperitoneally administered ethanol 0.1 cc (melatonin solvent), while the melatonin group was intraperitoneally administered a single dose of melatonin (100 mg/kg). Following the surgery, sciatic nerve functional index (SFI) was measured using walking track analysis on days 7, 14, and 21, and latency, amplitude, and muscle action potentials (MAP) field values were measured using electroneuromyography (ENMG) on day 21. Histopathologically, edema, axonal degeneration, myelin damage, and inflammatory response were evaluated in all groups. SFI values were noted to be statistically significantly different among the vehicle, melatonin, and ischemia groups, and the melatonin group showed a faster recovery. In the ENMG evaluations, higher amplitude and field values in the melatonin group indicated that melatonin accelerated peripheral nerve recovery. Histopathologically, although fibers with loss of myelin were identified in the melatonin group, the myelin sheath was preserved in general and the axonal structure was noted to be normal. A single injection of high-dose melatonin was found to preserve myelin sheath, prevent axonal loss, and accelerate functional recovery during the nerve regeneration in peripheral nerve injury.     

Injection injury of the sciatic nerve (370 cases)

Injury to peripheral nerves due to injections of therapeutic and other agents is common. The postulated mechanisms of injury include direct needle trauma, secondary constriction by scar, and direct nerve fiber damage by neurotoxic chemicals in the injected agent. Neurological sequelae can range from minor transient sensory disturbance to severe sensory disturbance and paralysis with poor recovery. The recommended treatment has ranged from a conservative approach to immediate operative exposure and irrigation, and has also included early neurolysis of delayed exploration with neurolysis or resection and anastomosis. We present 370 cases of injection injury of the sciatic nerve in children treated during the last 20 years at the Neurosurgical Department of the Hospital La Paz in Madrid, Spain. Pathology, clinical course, treatment, and results are discussed.     

注射性坐骨神经损伤患者的肌电图观察

目的　探讨注射性坐骨神经损伤患者的电生理特点。方法　对 10 4例因肌肉注射引起坐骨神经损伤患儿的患肢腓总神经及胫神经或胫后神经的运动传导速度 (MCV)、末端运动潜伏期 (dML)、感觉传导速度 (SCV)和末端复合肌肉动作电位波幅 (dCMAPA)、感觉神经动作电位波幅 (SNAPA)等进行检测 ;同时检测坐骨神经支配肌针极肌电图 (EMG) ,以及 2 1例患儿双下肢H反射。结果　肌注后 2～ 7天已可检出多项电生理异常。腓总神经支的神经传导速度 (NCV)异常率 (6 8.0 % )明显高于胫神经支 (4 3.5 % ) (P <0 .0 5 )。腓总神经SCV、SNAPA和dML、dCMAPA异常程度与病期正相关 (r =0 .30 6 8,P <0 .0 0 5 ;r =0 .2 96 3,P <0 .0 0 5 ;r =0 3376 ,P <0 .0 0 1;r=0 .2 15 7,P <0 .0 5 )。 8个月以上病期的NCV值异常程度明显加重 (P <0 .0 5 )。腓总神经NCV各项配对t检验发现运动纤维dML和dCMAPA异常程度重于感觉纤维SCV和SNAPA(P <0 0 5 ,P <0 .0 0 1)。 11例 (5 2 .4 % )患儿H反射异常。结论　化学药物对神经髓鞘传导功能有直接损伤。坐骨神经运动纤维的电生理异常早于且重于感觉纤维。腓总神经运动传导功能检测是本病早期诊断的重要依据。 8个月以上病期的损伤神经恢复难度增加。     

Neuroprotective effects of high-dose vs low-dose melatonin after blunt sciatic nerve injury

Introduction Melatonin, the secretory product of the pineal gland, has potent antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of low-dose (10 mg/kg) vs high-dose (50 mg/kg) melatonin on early lipid peroxidation levels and ultrastructural changes in experimental blunt sciatic nerve injury (SNI). We believe this to be the first study to assess the dose-dependent neuroprotective effects of melatonin after a blunt peripheral nerve injury. Materials and methods Rats were randomly allocated into 5 groups of 10 animals each. The SNI only rats underwent a nerve injury procedure. The SNI plus vehicle group received SNI and intraperitoneal injection of vehicle (diluted ethanol) as a placebo. The SNI plus low-dose or high-dose melatonin groups received intraperitoneal melatonin at doses of 10 mg/kg or 50 mg/kg, respectively. Controls had no operation, melatonin or vehicle injection. SNI was induced by clamping the sciatic nerve at the upper border of the quadratus femoris for 2 min. Results Sciatic nerve samples were harvested 6 h after nerve injury and processed for biochemical and ultrastructural analysis. Trauma increased the lipid peroxidation of the sciatic nerve by 3.6-fold (153.85 ± 18.73 in SNI only vs 41.73 ± 2.23 in control rats, P < 0.01). Low (P = 0.02) and high (P < 0.01) doses of melatonin attenuated the nerve lipid peroxidation by 25% and 57.25%, respectively (65.76 ± 2.47 in high-dose vs 115.08 ± 7.03 in low-dose melatonin groups). Discussion Although low-dose melatonin reduced trauma-induced myelin breakdown and axonal changes in the sciatic nerve, high-dose melatonin almost entirely neutralized any ultrastructural changes. Conclusion Our results suggest that melatonin, especially at a dose of 50 mg/kg, has a potent neuroprotective effect and can preserve peripheral neural fibers from lipid peroxidative damage after blunt trauma. With further investigations, we hope that these data may prove useful to clinicians who treat patients with nerve injuries.     

Clinical, electrophysiological, and prognostic study of postinjection sciatic nerve injury: An avoidable cause of loss of limb in the peripheral medical service

Background:

Post injection sciatic nerve injury is a common cause of sciatic nerve mononeuropathy in the developing world largely due to inadequate health care facilites in the rural regions.

Objective:

The study was conducted to analyse the pattern of this nerve lesion in clinical and electrophysiological parameters and also to study the outcome in a conservatively treated cohort.

Materials and Methods:

One hundred and six patients who underwent evaluation at our laboratory from 2000 to 2006 for post injection sciatic neuropathy formed the study population. Twenty two of these were followed up (mean 6.6 months) for the outcome.

Results:

In the cases with full data, common peroneal division of the sciatic nerve was affected alone or predominantly. On follow up, 72% cases showed little or partial recovery. Thirty two percent patients had residual trophic changes and causalgia at their last visit.

Conclusion:

The majority of cases of postinjection sciatic nerve injury have poor prognosis on conservative treatment.     

Assessment of neuroregenerative effect of dihydrotestosterone,on peripheral nerve regeneration using allografts: a rat sciatic nerve model

Abstract

Objectives:

Effects of dihydrotestosterone on nerve allograft were studied in a rat sciatic nerve model.

Methods:

30 healthy male white Wistar rats were castrated and randomised into three experimental groups (n?=?10): Normal control group (NC), autograft group (AUTO), allograft group (ALLO) and dihydrotestosterone-treated group (ALLO/DHT). In NC group, left sciatic nerve was exposed and left intact. In autograft group, a segment of sciatic nerve was transected and reimplanted reversely. In the ALLO group, the left sciatic nerve was exposed and transected where a 10-mm segment was excised. The same procedure was performed in the ALLO/DHT group. The harvested nerves of the rats of ALLO group were served as allograft for ALLO/DHT group and vice versa. The NC, AUTO and ALLO groups received 300?μl phosphate buffered saline (PBS) intraperitoneally once a day for 1?week and the ALLO/DHT group received 300?μl DHT (1?mg/kg/day) interaperitoneally once a day for 1?week.

Results:

The results showed earlier regeneration of axons in ALLO/DHT than in ALLO group (P?<?0.05). Histomorphometic and immunohistochemical studies also showed earlier regeneration of axons in ALLO/DHT than in ALLO group (P?<?0.05).

Discussions:

Administration of DHT could accelerate functional recovery after nerve allografting in sciatic nerve and may have implications in clinical practice.     

硫酸软骨素酶ABC(ch ABC)对大鼠坐骨神经损伤后神经再生功能的实验研究

目的观察硫酸软骨素酶ABC(chABC)对坐骨神经再生功能的影响。方法将72只SD大白鼠双侧坐骨神经切断造成0.8 cm缺损,用甲壳素导管桥接神经缺损后随机分为3组,每组24只。A组(实验组):管内注入聚乳酸-聚乙醇酸—chABC缓释微球(chABC-PLGA);B组(赋形剂组):管内注入聚乳酸-聚乙醇酸微球;C组(空白对照组):管内注入等渗盐水。术后4周、8周取材作神经电生理、神经组织学观察。结果术后4周、8周组织学观察见有再生神经通过再生室,其间有新生血管;神经电生理检查A组再生神经传导速度优于B、C组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),B、C组再生神经传导速度差别无统计学意义,组间比较(P>0.0167)组间多重比较行Bonferroni法检验,取校正α=0.0167)。S-100免疫组织化学及Loyez氏神经染色法显示:A组神经纤维数多于B、C组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),B、C组再生神经纤维数差别无统计学意义,组间比较(P>0.0167)。结论硫酸软骨素酶ABC(chABC)具有促进周围神经再生的作用。