蛇床子素对丙泊酚诱导麻醉大鼠认知功能的影响与机制

目的 研究观察蛇床子素(osthole,OST)对丙泊酚诱导麻醉大鼠认知功能的影响,并探讨其作用机制。方法 将雄性SD大鼠分为空白组、模型组、治疗组。大鼠先行腹腔注射丙泊酚(100mg/kg)一次造模,治疗组自麻醉后灌胃给药OST(10mg/kg),每天1次,连续给药14d。Morris水迷宫实验观察大鼠的空间学习及记忆能力,Western blot检测炎症因子白细胞介素(interleukin,IL)-1β和肿瘤坏死因子(tumor necrosis factor,TNF)-α的蛋白表达。结果 Morris水迷宫结果显示,与空白组相比,模型组大鼠的记忆能力下降,逃避潜伏期明显延长;与模型组相比,治疗组大鼠的记忆能力得到改善,逃避潜伏期明显缩短。Western blot结果分析发现,与空白组大鼠相比,模型组大鼠海马组织中IL-1β和TNF-α蛋白表达均增加,给予OST灌胃治疗后,治疗组大鼠海马组织中上述蛋白表达均降低。结论 OST可改善丙泊酚诱导麻醉大鼠引起的认知功能障碍,其作用机制可能与降低大鼠海马组织中炎症因子IL-1β和TNF-α的表达有关。     

糖尿病大鼠认知功能及海马组织GFAP、IL-1β、TNF-α和Aβ表达

目的 研究糖尿病大鼠认知功能的变化及其海马组织胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)、IL-1β、TNF-α和β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)的表达,探讨糖代谢异常在阿尔茨海默病(AD)发病中的可能作用.方法 30只Wistar大鼠随机分为正常组、假手术组和模型组.模型组大鼠腹腔注射链脉佐菌素诱导建立糖尿病大鼠模型,随后根据建模后时间分为模型4、6、8周组.穿梭箱实验、Morris水迷宫实验检测各组大鼠认知行为学改变;ELISA法、Western blotting和免疫组化法检测各组大鼠海马组织GFAP、IL-1β、TNF-α和Aβ表达,并进行相关性分析.结果 与正常组和假手术组比较,各模型组大鼠遭受电击次数显著增加,而主动逃避次数显著减少;学习和记忆潜伏期显著增加;组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).模型组大鼠海马GFAP、IL-1β、TNF-α、Aβ表达明显增加,与正常组和假手术组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).上述检测指标在各模型组组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).相关性分析表明,Aβ表达与记忆潜伏期呈显著正相关;GFAP、IL-1β、TNF-α表达与Aβ表达呈显著正相关.结论 糖尿病大鼠认知功能受损,其程度与Aβ表达呈正相关;糖尿病大鼠海马组织GFAP、IL-1β、TNF-α表达与Aβ表达均显著增高,且呈正相关.糖代谢异常可能通过激活星形胶质细胞释放炎症因子使Aβ表达增加而参与AD的发病.     

糖尿病大鼠认知功能及海马组织GFAP、IL-1β、TNF-α和Aβ表达

目的 研究糖尿病大鼠认知功能的变化及其海马组织胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)、IL-1β、TNF-α和β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)的表达,探讨糖代谢异常在阿尔茨海默病(AD)发病中的可能作用.方法 30只Wistar大鼠随机分为正常组、假手术组和模型组.模型组大鼠腹腔注射链脉佐菌素诱导建立糖尿病大鼠模型,随后根据建模后时间分为模型4、6、8周组.穿梭箱实验、Morris水迷宫实验检测各组大鼠认知行为学改变;ELISA法、Western blotting和免疫组化法检测各组大鼠海马组织GFAP、IL-1β、TNF-α和Aβ表达,并进行相关性分析.结果 与正常组和假手术组比较,各模型组大鼠遭受电击次数显著增加,而主动逃避次数显著减少;学习和记忆潜伏期显著增加;组间比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).模型组大鼠海马GFAP、IL-1β、TNF-α、Aβ表达明显增加,与正常组和假手术组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01).上述检测指标在各模型组组间比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).相关性分析表明,Aβ表达与记忆潜伏期呈显著正相关;GFAP、IL-1β、TNF-α表达与Aβ表达呈显著正相关.结论 糖尿病大鼠认知功能受损,其程度与Aβ表达呈正相关;糖尿病大鼠海马组织GFAP、IL-1β、TNF-α表达与Aβ表达均显著增高,且呈正相关.糖代谢异常可能通过激活星形胶质细胞释放炎症因子使Aβ表达增加而参与AD的发病.     

吡格列酮对脂多糖所致大鼠海马损伤的保护作用及其对iNOS和IL-1β表达水平的影响

目的 研究过氧化体增殖物激活受体.y(PPARΥ)激动荆吡格列酮(pioglitazone,pio)对大鼠脑室注射脂多糖(lipopolysaccharide,LPS)所致海马损伤的保护作用及对诱导型一氧化氮合酶(Inducibh Nitric Oxide Syn-thase,iNOS)和白介素-1β(Intedeukin-1β,IL-1β)表达水平的影响.方法 雄性大鼠40只,随机分为4组,每组10只,即对照组,LPS模型组,LPS Hio40mg/kg组和LPS pio80mg/kg组.大鼠灌胃给予pio(40,80mg/kg)3周,脑室内注射LPS(5μl,30μg)1周后,取脑组织,制成石蜡切片,进行尼氏(Nissl)染色和胶质纤维酸蛋白(glial fibrillary acidic protein,GFAP)免疫组织化学染色.研究海马CA1区锥体神经元形态学改变和星形胶质细胞的活化、浸润情况.采用Western蛋白印迹检测方法观察IL-1β、iNOS的表达情况.结果 大鼠脑室内注射LPS可引起海马CA1区星形胶质细胞的激活和浸润及椎体神经元的损伤,同时伴有IL-1β,iNOS的表达增加.Pio(40、80mg/kg连续应用1周)能减轻海马CA1区椎体神经元的损伤及星形胶质细胞的激活和浸润,抑制鹏引起的IL-1β、iNOS表达增加.侧脑室注射LPS后1周,LPS组大鼠海马CAI区IL-1β蛋白表达水平较对照组差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),LSP pio40mg/kg组和LSP Pio80mg,/kg组大鼠海马CAI区IL-1β表达量较LPS模型组差别有统计学意义(P＜0.01).LSP Pio40mg/kg组和LSP Pio80mg/kg组大鼠海马CA1区iNOS表达量较LPS模型组差别有统计学意义(P＜0.01).结论 Pio能够通过抑制LPS引起的IL-1β、iNOS的表达,减轻海马椎体神经元的损伤.     

达纳康对类老年痴呆大鼠脑组织胶质细胞原纤维酸性蛋白和IL-1β、IL-6及APP mRNA表达的影响

目的研究达纳康(EGb761)对β-淀粉样蛋白(Aβ)25~35所致类老年性痴呆(AD)模型大鼠神经免疫调节的作用机制。方法采用双侧杏仁核注射Aβ25~35造成类AD大鼠模型,观察大鼠莫里斯(Morris)水迷宫空间记忆能力,并分别通过免疫组化和RT-PCR方法研究类AD大鼠神经元胶质细胞原纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)、APP mRNA表达;观察炎性细胞因子IL-1β、IL-6的变化以及EGb761的影响。结果类AD模型大鼠Morris水迷宫测试出现空间记忆能力下降,皮层、海马APP mRNA的表达上调;海马、皮层GFAP阳性胶质细胞和IL-6 mRNA以及海马IL-1βmRNA表达增高。EGb761能够提高模型大鼠定向学习记忆能力,降低海马、皮层GFAP阳性胶质细胞表达,降低海马部位APP mRNA的表达。结论EGb761能显著改善Aβ诱导的痴呆模型大鼠学习记忆障碍,降低海马APP mRNA表达,减轻神经细胞的炎症和免疫联级反应。提示有效控制AD患者脑内Aβ免疫联级反应是EGb761的重要作用机制之一。     

烟碱对AD大鼠星形胶质细胞活性变化的影响

目的 探讨烟碱对Alzheimer病(AD)的防治作用及机制.方法 将Aβ25-35注射于大鼠海马部位建立AD和烟碱AD动物模型,通过Morris水迷宫试验评定大鼠学习记忆功能,采用免疫组化、ELISA方法,分别检测大鼠海马部位GFAP免疫染色阳性星形胶质细胞形态和细胞因子IL-1β含量变化.结果 在平台定位航行试验中,正常对照组、烟碱AD组潜伏期随训练天数的增加而逐渐缩短,而AD组潜伏期无明显缩短的变化趋势.正常对照组在平台象限的游泳时间百分比和游泳距离百分比分别为64.94%、52.36%,烟碱AD组分别为54.67%、50.41%,AD组分别为22.34%、26.92%,烟碱AD组与AD组相比差异显著.AD组大鼠海马部位GFAP免疫染色阳性星形胶质细胞数较烟碱AD组大鼠明显增多.注射Aβ25-35后第1天、第7天、第15天,AD组大鼠海马IL-1β含量为(84.98±15.47)pg/mg、(92.58±17.01)pg/mg、(77.14±18.81)pg/mg;烟碱AD组海马IL-1β含量为(49.74±15.56)pg/mg、(41.46±12.37)pg/mg、(32.96±9.68)pg/mg.AD组海马IL-1β含量较烟碱AD组大鼠明显升高,差异显著.结论 烟碱具有抑制Aβ对星形胶质细胞的激活,使星形胶质细胞分泌炎性细胞因子IL-1β减少,改善AD大鼠认知功能的作用.     

异氟醚全身麻醉对腰椎间盘突出症大鼠海马区小胶质细胞活化及炎症的影响

目的 探讨异氟醚全身麻醉对腰椎间盘突出症(LDH)大鼠海马区小胶质细胞活化及炎症的影响.方法 将40只大鼠随机分为对照组10只、模型组30只.模型组大鼠在异氟醚全身麻醉下行自体髓核移植术以建立LDH模型,对照组不进行麻醉和手术操作.建模后1 d,采用旷场实验及条件恐惧实验观察大鼠的行为学表现;检测对照组(实验后2 d)和模型组(建模后2、4、8 d)海马CA1区小胶质细胞数量,小胶质细胞中含NLR家族Pyrin域蛋白3(NLRP3)活化情况,海马组织中的白细胞介素1β(IL-1β)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)水平,以及NLRP3、凋亡相关斑点样蛋白(ASC)及含半胱氨酸的天冬氨酸蛋白水解酶1(Caspase1)蛋白表达情况.结果 模型组环境诱发僵直时间占比较对照组降低(P<0.05),但两组大鼠中心区域活动时间、声音诱发僵直时间占比差异均无统计学意义(均P>0.05).模型组建模后2、4、8 d小胶质细胞数量均多于对照组,且建模后2、4、8 d小胶质细胞数量依次减少(均P<0.05).对照组海马组织细胞质内活化NLRP3较少,模型组建模后2 d海马组织细胞质内NLRP3大量激活,但随着时间的延长,细胞质内活化NLRP3逐渐减少.模型组建模后2 d海马组织IL-1β、TNF-α水平及建模后4 d TNF-α水平均高于对照组,且建模后4、8 d海马组织IL-1β、TNF-α水平均低于建模后2 d(均P<0.05).模型组建模后2、4、8 d海马组织NLRP3、ASC及Caspase1蛋白相对表达量均高于对照组,且建模后2、4、8 d大鼠海马组织NLRP3、ASC及Caspase1蛋白相对表达量依次降低(均P<0.05).结论 异氟醚全身麻醉可能通过促进LDH大鼠海马区小胶质细胞胞质中NLRP3的活化以上调IL-1β、TNF-α表达,从而导致中枢神经系统炎症反应的发生.     

烟碱对阿尔茨海默病大鼠海马小胶质细胞活性的影响及意义

目的探讨烟碱对β-淀粉样蛋白（AS）所致小胶质细胞活性的影响。方法通过Aβ25-35注射大鼠海马区建立阿尔茨海默病（Alzheimer’s disease，AD）大鼠模型，用免疫组化、ELISA方法观察烟碱AD组和AD组大鼠海马部位小胶质细胞及炎性细胞因子IL-1β、IL-6变化。结果烟碱AD组大鼠在Morris水迷宫试验中显示学习记忆能力比AD组增强。AD组大鼠海马小胶质细胞数及海马组织IL-1β、IL-6的含量较烟碱AD组大鼠明显增多。结论烟碱具有抑制A0所致小胶质细胞炎性反应，改善认知功能作用。     

戊四氮致痫大鼠脑和脑脊液IL-1β、TNF-α含量的变化及大脑皮质和海马内GFAP和cyclin D1表达

目的　探讨白细胞介素-1β(IL -1β)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF -α) 与癫痫发病及其与胶质细胞的关系。方法将SD大鼠随机分为2组: 1 生理盐水对照组, 腹腔注射与致痫剂等容量的生理盐水; 2 戊四氮(PTZ) 组, PTZ 60mg/kg腹腔注射后2、4、8、12 h取脑, 每个时间点、每项检测各8 只。①采用行为学观察方法观察大鼠的行为表现; ②用免疫组织化学方法(SABC法) 显示大鼠大脑皮质和海马星形胶质细胞胶质原纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP) 含量的变化; ③用Western blot方法测定大鼠大脑皮质和海马匀浆后细胞周期素D1 (cyclin D1) 表达的变化; ④采用放射免疫分析方法测定大鼠大脑皮质和海马组织匀浆及脑脊液中IL -1β、TNF -α含量的变化。结果　PTZ组大鼠在注射PTZ 1~2 min后出现癫痫发作, 而对照组无癫痫发作; 注射PTZ 4 h后GFAP含量升高, 与对照组比较GFAP表达明显增强(P<0 .05); 注射PTZ 2 h后cyclin D1 表达增加, 与对照组比较差异有显著性意义(P<0. 05); IL- 1β、TNF- α在大鼠大脑皮质和海马组织匀浆及脑脊液中的含量在注射PTZ后均有不同程度的升高, 与对照组比较差异有显著性意义(P<0 .05)。结论　大鼠癫痫发作时星形胶质细胞被激活, 胶质细胞增殖并合成和分泌IL -1β、TNF -α等细胞因子, 从而促进癫痫的发生和     

脑啡肽对培养新生大鼠海马胶质细胞IL-1α基因表达的影响

本室初步研究表明海马内微量注射脑啡肽能增强大鼠细胞免疫功能，其机制可能与脑啡肽抑制大鼠海马内白细胞介素1α(IL-1α)基因表达有关。为对此进一步证实，我们观察了脑啡肽及阿片受体阻断剂纳络酮对脂多糖(LPS)诱导的培养新生大鼠海马胶质细胞IL-1α基因表达的影响。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.