老年人与中青年人大肠不同肠段息肉与腺瘤检出率相关性分析

[目的]探讨老年人及中青年人大肠中不同肠段的息肉检出率与腺瘤检出率之间的关系,为个体内镜医师改善不同肠段的结肠镜检查效率提供数据支持。[方法]回顾性分析9名个体内镜医师2013年1月~2013年6月共进行的2 419例结肠镜检查及病理资料,其中老年组（≥60岁）453例,中青年人组（〈60岁）1 966例;按照不同年龄、不同肠段分别计算9名内镜医师平均息肉检出率和腺瘤检出率,并使用皮尔逊相关系数（r）比较息肉检出率与腺瘤检出率之间的相关性。[结果]老年组平均息肉、腺瘤检出率（53.9%、30.1%）均高于中青年组平均息肉、腺瘤检出率（38.5%、19.5%）。与右半结肠比较,中青年组左半结肠各肠段的息肉检出率与腺瘤检出率更具良好的相关性。老年组回盲部（r=0.66,P〈0.05）、乙状结肠（r=0.77,P〈0.05）及直肠（r=0.47,P〈0.05）的息肉检出率与腺瘤检出率相关性较低;老年组左半结肠的腺瘤检出率（21.8%）与近端结肠（20.3%）无明显差别。[结论]我们应该提高对大肠不同肠段息肉、腺瘤检出率的关注程度;应适当放宽老年人进行结肠镜检查的适应证,提倡老年人尽量进行结肠镜检查,减少腺瘤性息肉癌变的机会,并加强老年人结肠镜检查质量。     

具有进展期组织学的微小和小结直肠息肉的内镜下特征

背景：微小息肉（≤5 mm）和小息肉（6～9 mm）是临床上最常见的结直肠息肉,其中少数具有进展期组织学。目的：分析具有进展期组织学的微小和小结直肠息肉的内镜下特征。方法：回顾性收集2016年6月—2021年9月在宁波市第一医院行结肠镜下息肉切除术的病例,采集临床、内镜和病理资料。采用倾向性评分匹配法为进展期组织学微小和小息肉1:1匹配对照组,以单因素和多因素分析筛选与进展期组织学相关的内镜下特征。结果：2 950例患者检出直径10 mm以下的腺瘤性息肉3 631个,14个（1.2%）微小息肉存在进展期组织学,均为高级别上皮内瘤变(HGIN);114个（4.6%）小息肉存在进展期组织学,包括109个HGIN和5个黏膜下浸润性癌。504例患者检出直径10 mm以下的锯齿状病变755个,均未发现进展期组织学。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,在微小和小息肉中,鸡皮征（OR=3.790, 95%CI:1.767～8.128）、充血（OR=2.802, 95%CI:1.450～5.415）、出血（OR=5.074, 95%CI:1.511～17.035）、分叶改变（OR=2.522, 95%...     

定期反馈对结直肠癌机会性筛查中 腺瘤检出率的影响

目的探索在全结肠镜检查行结直肠癌机会性筛查中实行腺瘤检出率（adenoma detection rate,ADR）定期反馈制度是否可提高内镜医师ADR。方法本研究为观察性研究,研究分为3个阶段：干预前的基线阶段（简称干预前）、定期反馈阶段（简称干预期）和干预后阶段（简称干预后）。干预前：回顾2017年6月—2018年5月在首都医科大学附属北京世纪坛医院消化内科进行结直肠癌机会性筛查的所有患者资料,计算每名内镜医师的ADR。干预期：2018年6月—2018年11月由参与反馈的内镜医师对结直肠癌机会性筛查的患者进行全结肠镜检查,每个月初计算每名内镜医师前一个月的ADR并以报告单的形式提供反馈。干预后：2018年12月—2019年1月由参与反馈的内镜医师对结直肠癌机会性筛查的患者进行全结肠镜检查,计算反馈干预停止后每名内镜医师的ADR。比较3个阶段的ADR和息肉检出率（polyp detection rate,PDR）。结果干预前、干预期和干预后分别纳入1 768例、1 308例和344例结直肠癌机会性筛查患者。共有8名内镜医师参与研究全过程。总ADR从干预前的23.70%（419/1 768）升高至干预期的33.72%（441/1 308）（χ2=37.449,P＜0.05）。干预后2个月,ADR轻度下降至33.14%（114/344）,但与干预前相比,仍然升高（χ2=13.602,P＜0.05）。总PDR从干预前的47.17%（834/1 768）提高至干预期的52.68%（689/1 308）,两者相比差异有统计学意义（χ2=9.111,P＜0.05）。停止干预后,PDR轻度上升至53.78%（185/344）,与干预前相比差异有统计学意义（χ2=5.035,P＜0.05）。结论在结直肠癌机会性筛查中,对内镜医师进行ADR的定期反馈可以提高结直肠ADR。     

内镜护士参与观察对结肠镜下息肉检出率的影响

目的:探讨结肠镜检查过程中内镜护士辅助观察对内镜下息肉检出率的影响.方法:本研究为前瞻性研究,总结2014-01/06于青岛大学附属医院内镜室行肠镜检查病例,随机分为2组,1组由单独内镜医师观察,另外1组增加1名内镜护士共同观察屏幕寻找病变,分析内镜下息肉及腺瘤检出率,并进行比较.结果:共1192例患者完成结肠镜检查,协作组息肉检出率明显提高(33.19%vs 27.81%,P=0.000),两组的腺瘤检出率无明显差异(20.88%vs 20.55%,P=0.889).协作组的小息肉检出率明显高于医师组(P=0.006),左半结肠及右半结肠的息肉检出率均高于医师组,两组间有明显差异(P=0.017).结论:训练有素的内镜护士作为一个额外的观察者参与观察是一个提高结肠镜下息肉检出率的有效的策略.     

结肠镜检查者临床症状对结直肠息肉和癌的提示作用

背景:通过结肠镜检查发现并治疗结直肠息肉,对结直肠癌的预防至关重要。目的:分析结肠镜检查者的临床症状对结直肠息肉和癌的提示作用,为结肠镜筛查受检者的选择提供参考。方法:2366例接受结肠镜检查者纳入研究,采集其就诊时症状、病变部位、病变性质等信息,分析结直肠息肉和癌的检出率以及不同临床症状与疾病风险和病变部位的相关性。结果2 366例受检者中,结直肠息肉和癌的检出率分别为20.5%和5.4%,有临床症状者检出率显著高于无症状者(息肉:24.2%对4.5%,癌:6.4%对0.9%,P均=0.000)。以腹泻(OR=1.213)、便血(OR=2.076)、粪便性状改变(OR=1.503)为首要症状者的结直肠息肉检出率显著增高(P均0.05),以腹痛(OR=1.568)、便血(OR=2.837)、粪便性状改变(OR=2.206)、里急后重感(OR=1.735)为首要症状者的结直肠癌检出率显著增高(P均0.05)。以便血、粪便性状改变、里急后重感为首要症状者病变主要分布于直肠或左半结肠(P均0.05)。结论:腹泻、便血、粪便性状改变与结直肠息肉风险有关,腹痛、便血、粪便性状改变、里急后重感与结直肠癌风险有关,对有上述症状者强烈推荐行结肠镜检查。     

结直肠锯齿状息肉40例临床、内镜和病理学特征分析

背景:结直肠锯齿状息肉是一组具有恶性潜能的组织学异质性病变,包括增生性息肉(HP)、广基锯齿状腺瘤/息肉(SSA/P)和传统锯齿状腺瘤(TSA)。SSA/P是散发性结直肠癌的主要癌前病变之一。目的:分析结直肠锯齿状息肉的临床、内镜和病理学特点,提高临床和内镜医师对该病的认识水平。方法:复习江苏省南通和苏州地区三家医院2012年1月—2017年10月的结肠镜检查资料,筛选出内镜或外科手术切除且病理确诊的锯齿状息肉病例40例,进行回顾性分析。结果:结直肠锯齿状息肉占近5年结肠镜检查的0. 1%(40/39 607),男性患者多于女性,平均年龄(56. 5±13. 4)岁。对46枚有代表性的息肉进行分析(SSA/P 9枚,TSA 13枚,HP 24枚),不同类型锯齿状息肉的临床特征以及内镜下部位、形态和大小差异均无统计学意义(P 0. 05),SSA/P与TSA的异型增生检出率及其严重程度、癌变检出率差异亦无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。结论:结直肠锯齿状息肉临床上相对少见,不同类型病变的内镜和病理学表现有其自身特点。SSA/P和TSA有重度异型增生和癌变风险。     

各肠道节段退镜时间与结肠镜质量的关系

目的 探讨各个肠道节段合理的退镜时间。方法 前瞻性观察研究自2019年11月—2020年11月于本消化内镜中心行结肠镜检查的465例患者,再回顾性分析自2017年7月—2017年9月本中心的结肠镜检查记录,以作验证集。结果 采用受试者工作特征（receiver operating characteristic,ROC）曲线确定升结肠段、横结肠段、降结肠段以及乙状结肠直肠段的退镜时间阈值分别为77 s、61 s、56 s及109 s。升结肠段中,当退镜时间≥77 s时,升结肠段的腺瘤检出率（adenoma detection rate,ADR）显著增加（17.3%比2.8%,P＜0.001）。同样,横结肠段退镜时间≥61 s时的ADR（6.9%比2.8%,P=0.036）,降结肠段段退镜时间≥56 s的ADR（6.3%比1.7%,P=0.019）,乙状结肠直肠段退镜时间≥109 s时的ADR（31.0%比7.9%,P＜0.001）,均显著增加。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,升结肠段退镜时间≥77 s（OR=6.427,P＜0.001）,降结肠段退镜时间≥56 s（OR=3.564,P=0.045）,乙状结肠直肠段退镜时间≥109 s（OR=5.073,P＜0.001）是各肠段ADR增加的独立影响因素。验证集中,当升结肠段、横结肠段、降结肠段及乙状结肠直肠段退镜时间分别≥77 s、61 s、56 s、109 s时,全肠道的ADR（48.3%比17.6%,OR=2.952,P<0.001）及息肉检出率（polyp detection rate,PDR）（63.2%比23.0%,OR=4.191,P<0.001）均显著增加。与退镜时间>6 min的结肠镜检查相比,二者ADR（P=0.563）及PDR（P=0.770）差异无统计学意义。结论 当升结肠段、横结肠段、降结肠段及乙状结肠直肠段的退镜时间分别≥77 s、61 s、56 s、109 s时,各肠段及全肠道的ADR及PDR均显著升高。     

消化内镜日间手术病房患者入院后行结肠镜肠道准备的可行性研究

目的：探讨患者入住日间病房后行结肠镜肠道准备的可行性。方法：对 2018年5月25日至7月13日在复旦大学附属中山医院内镜日间病房住院行结肠镜诊疗的352例患者进行问卷调查,除8例因第一次肠道准备失败未能完成结肠镜诊疗,分析其余344例患者的资料（包括一般资料、肠道准备相关资料、波士顿肠道准备量表评分）和患者主观感受。采用卡方检验和Logistic回归分析,分析肠道准备质量及其影响因素。结果：消化内镜日间手术病房患者肠道准备不合格发生率为18.0%（62/344）。结肠镜诊疗时间在上午（P=0.005,OR=2.505,95%CI：1.312~4.781）和末次排便性状为黄色有残渣（P=0.045,OR=0.475,95%CI：0.230~0.982）是肠道准备不合格的独立影响因素。患者耐受度88.1%（303/344）,满意度77.9%（268/344）,54.9%（189/344）愿意在必要时再次入住日间病房。结论：消化内镜日间病房患者入院后行结肠镜肠道准备可行但尚未达理想状态。     

单中心结肠镜质量控制的回顾性横断面研究

目的　全面评价甘肃省人民医院内镜中心结肠镜检查质量,为评估我国目前消化内镜检查质量提供基线数据和理论依据。方法　依托甘肃省人民医院内镜中心数据库,采用单中心、回顾性、横断面研究方法,收集2021年1月1日—2021年12月31日在甘肃省人民医院消化内镜中心行结肠镜检查的全部患者资料,分析息肉检出率、腺瘤检出率、盲肠插管率、肠道准备充分率等质控指标,评价本中心结肠镜检查质量。结果　研究共纳入7 562例结肠镜检查患者,年龄（51.61±13.59）岁,其中男4 286例（56.7%）、女3 276例（43.3%）。门诊患者4 924例（65.1%）,住院患者2 638例（34.9%）。由专职内镜医师完成检查患者6 456例（85.4%）,由非专职医师（消化科或肛肠科医师）完成检查患者1 106例（14.6%）。总体腺瘤检出率、息肉检出率、盲肠插管率、肠道准备充分率分别为11.9%（900/7 562）、32.9%（2 488/7 562）、93.0%（7 030/7 562）、91.3%（6 906/7 562）。男性、高年龄段、住院患者以及由专职内镜医师完成检查患者的腺瘤检出率、息肉检出率更高,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。结论　甘肃省人民医院结肠镜检查的盲肠插管率、肠道准备充分率均能达到现有指南要求,但仍需进一步提高腺瘤检出率。高龄、男性是结肠镜筛查的重点人群。此外,应重视对内镜检查医师规范化培训,以进一步提高结肠镜检查质量。     

胶囊内镜在儿童小肠疾病中的临床应用价值

目的　评估胶囊内镜（capsule endoscopy,CE）在儿童患者小肠疾病诊断中的安全性和有效性。方法　回顾性分析2018年10月—2020年9月在西安市儿童医院接受胶囊内镜的113例患儿临床资料,分析胶囊内镜检查的完成率、胃及小肠通过时间、病变检出率、不良反应和并发症。结果　113例患儿中男78例（69.03%）、女35例（30.97%）,年龄（99.8±44.7）个月（9~195个月）,7岁以下31例（占27.43%）;体重最低9 kg,身高最低70 cm。患儿中经口吞入胶囊87例（76.99%）,为经口吞入组,最小年龄4岁3个月;经胃镜置入胶囊26例（23.01%）,为经胃镜置入组,最大年龄9岁2个月。患儿中以不明原因腹痛（47.79%）及不明原因消化道出血（31.89%）多见。胶囊内镜检查完成率97.35%（110/113）,小肠阳性病变检出率31.81%（35/110）。经胃镜置入组小肠通过时间显著长于经口吞入组［（461.04±129.27）min比（288.23±107.84）min,t=5.646,P<0.01］。不同性别、不同年龄组及不同镜检结果组胃及小肠通过时间差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）。胶囊阳性结果与吞入方式（P=0.401,OR=2.562,95%CI：0.284~23.077）、性别（P=0.154,OR=2.352,95%CI：0.726~7.616）、年龄（P=0.949,OR=1.007,95%CI：0.816~1.242）、检查原因（P=0.246）、小肠通过时间（P=0.219,OR=1.003,95%CI：0.998~1.008）等均无相关性。所有患者在检查中无胶囊滞留等并发症发生。结论　胶囊内镜检查在儿童的开展具有无创、快速、简单等优点,能够提升儿童小肠疾病阳性诊断率,可在儿童患者中进一步推广。     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.