土壤重金属污染生态风险评价方法研究进展

城市化所导致的土壤环境恶化已成为影响居民健康的一个重要因素,土壤的重金属污染问题已成为研究的热点。该文综述了目前常用的土壤重金属污染生态风险评价方法 [形态分析法、TCLP(Toxicity characteristic leaching procedure)法、体外试验评估法、植物培养法、蚯蚓生态毒理法]。指出今后的研究重点是制定土壤重金属环境质量标准和建立完善的评价体系,确定植物重金属污染指示作用的重要性,利用地理信息系统(GIS)技术开展重金属污染填图及建立土壤重金属污染信息系统,这些研究可为土壤管理提供科学指导依据。     

Heavy Metal Contamination and Ecological Risk Assessment of Swine Manure Irrigated Vegetable Soils in Jiangxi Province,China

Heavy metal are often added to animal fodder and accumulate in the soils with swine manure. In this study, heavy metal (Cu, Pb, Cd, Zn, As and Cr) concentrations were determined in agricultural soils irrigated with swine manure in Jiangxi Province, China. Results showed that the average concentrations of Cu, Zn, As and Cr (32.8, 93.7, 21.3 and 75.8 mg/kg, respectively) were higher than the background values, while Pb and Cd (15.2 and 0.090 mg/kg, respectively) were lower than the background values. Contamination factors \(\left( {C_{f}^{i}} \right)\) indicated that they were generally moderate for Cu, Zn, As and Cr and generally low for Pb and Cd. The contamination degree (C _d ) was calculated to be 7.5–10.0 indicating a moderate degree of contamination. The geoaccumulation index (I_geo) indicated that the soils were unpolluted with Zn, Cd and Pb, while unpolluted to moderately pollute with Cr, Cu and As. The single ecological risk factor \(\left( {E_{r}^{i}} \right)\) revealed that the six heavy metals all belonged to low ecological risk. The ecological risk indices suggested that all the sampling sites were at low risk level.     

Heavy Metal Contamination and Its Environmental Risk Assessment in Surface Sediments from Lake Dongting, People's Republic of China

No abstract available.     

Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Roadside Surface Soil and Vegetation from the West Bank

Concentrations of heavy metals (Pb, Cd, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Cr) were investigated in roadside surface soil and the common perennial herb inula (Inula viscosa L., Compositae). Samples were collected at different distances (0–200 m) perpendicular to a main road that connects two main cities in the West Bank. Average concentrations of metals in soil samples were: Pb, 87.4; Cd, 0.27; Cu, 60.4; Zn, 82.2; Fe, 15,700; Mn, 224; Ni, 18.9; and Cr, 42.4 g · g^–1. In plant leaves, concentrations were: Pb, 7.25; Cd, 0.10; Cu, 10.6; Zn, 47.6; Fe, 730; Mn, 140; Ni, 4.87; and Cr, 7.03 g · g^–1. Roadside contamination was obvious by the significant negative correlations between concentrations of metals in soil and plant samples and distance from road edge. Only cadmium concentrations in soil and plant samples were not associated with roadside pollution. Roadside contamination in plants and soil did not extend much beyond a 20 m distance from road. I. viscosa reflected roadside contamination better than soil and their metal concentrations showed much less fluctuations than those in soil samples. Washing plant leaves decreased Pb and Fe concentrations significantly, indicating a significant aerial deposition of both. I. viscosa can be considered as a good biomonitor for roadside metal pollution.     

Heavy Metal Sources,Contamination and Risk Assessment in Legacy Pb/Zn Mining Tailings Area: Field Soil and Simulated Rainfall

This study investigated heavy metal(HM) soil pollution and evaluated the risk and sources at a legacy tailings pond’s area in Meizhou, China. Result shows that HM accumulation in soil, particularly Cd, Pb, and Zn, were serious. Zn and Cd in tailing soil and all studied elements in field soil had a significant release potential. Four HM sources were identified by positive matrix factorization (PMF) model: cinder and vehicle emissions (11.3%), natural sources (16.3%), tailings pond and human activities (32.8%), tailings pond (39.7%). The soil was severely polluted with Cd, Pb, and Zn, which posed a high potential environmental risk near surrounding area. Column leaching tests showed that large quantities of HMs were released from the tailings soil during simulated rainfall with different pH. This study indicates that the study area has been severely polluted and continues to have a great risk of HM pollution under natural conditions.

     

Heavy Metal Pollution and Ecological Risk Assessment of the Agriculture Soil in Xunyang Mining Area,Shaanxi Province,Northwestern China

Mining is considered to be one of the most significant sources of environmental pollution with regard to heavy metals. Mineral mining causes large quantities of mercury, cadmium, and other elements to be released into the environment and naturally poses a serious threat to environment. This paper will analyze the pollution status of agricultural soil caused by the mining of heavy metals in various mining areas in the Xunyang County in the Shaanxi Province of China, an area in famous for its resource mining. Equally, it will look at the potential ecological risk assessment process that is used to analyze the ecological risks of mining heavy metals in agricultural soil located in the surrounding areas. Based on the soil investigation, As pose a moderate ecological risk on the Au mining area. In addition, the Hg metals pose a significantly high potential ecological risk and Cd metals pose a considerable potential ecological risk on the Hg mining area. In the Pb–Zn mining area, a significantly high potential ecological risk was mainly posed by Cd. These results suggest that many heavy metals pose a high potential ecological risk on the agricultural soil in these three mining areas in the Xunyang County, and may cause elevated heavy metal contents in crops, eventually jeopardizing the health of local residents who consume food grown in polluted soil.     

公路旁土壤中重金属污染分布及潜在生态危害的研究

[目的]研究公路旁土壤中重金属污染的分布及潜在生态危害。[方法]以319国道龙岩市新罗区路段为研究区,对耕作土采样,用原子吸收光谱法和分光光度法分析土壤中重金属Cd、Pb、Cu、Zn和Cr含量,并与对照区比较,同时采用Lars Hakanson指数法评价重金属的潜在生态危害。[结果]研究区表层土壤cd[(1.48±0.60)mg/kg]、Pb[(160.17±55.99)mg/kg]、cu[(38.44±12.16)mg/kg]、Zn[(80.35±6.60)mg/kg]、Cr[(79.50±23.58)mg/kg]含量显著高于对照区(P<0.001),Cd和Pb为重度污染(100％),Cu和Cr为轻微污染(分别占监测点位的55.8％和35.3％);土壤对重金属元素的吸收及污染程度:Pb>Cd>Cu>Cr>zn。潜在生态危害综合指数为253.0,主要污染为Cd,达到很强的生态危害,其次是Pb、Cu、Cr和Zn,均为轻微生态危害;潜在生态危害地带自公路起向其两侧扩散范围约为150 m。[结论]公路旁土壤中重金属以Cd、Pb污染为主,属于中等生态危害,污染物主要来源于机动车辆燃料和轮胎中所含微量重金属成分。     

Distribution and Bioavailability of Heavy Metals in Soil Aggregates from the Fenhe River Basin,China

Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology - Accumulation, bioavailability and potential ecological risk of seven heavy metals – chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), zinc...     

Sediment Metal Contamination in the Kafue River of Zambia and Ecological Risk Assessment

Zambia’s Kafue River receives wastes from various sources, resulting in metal pollution. This study determined the degree of contamination of 13 metals (Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Cd, Hg and Pb) in Kafue River sediment and the associated ecological risks at six sites in three different seasons. The level of contamination for most metals showed significant site and seasonal differences. The contamination factor and pollution load index indicated that concentrations of most metals particularly copper (Cu), cobalt (Co), manganese (Mn) and arsenic (As) were very high at sites within the Copperbelt mining area. The geoaccumulation index showed an absence of anthropogenic enrichment with Cd and Hg at all the study sites and extreme anthropogenic enrichment with Cu at sites in the Copperbelt mining area. Potential ecological risk showed that Cu and As were likely to cause adverse biological effects to aquatic organisms in the Copperbelt mining region of the Kafue River.     

Spatial-Based Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Agricultural Soils Surrounding a Non-ferrous Metal Smelting Zone

This work aimed to assess the degree of anthropogenic influence and severity of heavy metal from a non-ferrous metal smelting industrial zone. The results suggested that anthropogenic inputs played a dominant role in the enrichment of Cu, Zn, Pb, Sb and Cd. These metals showed similar spatial distribution patterns. Multivariate analysis showed strongly significant relationships between Cu–Zn,Cd–Zn, Cd–Sb, Sb, Sb, Cu, Zn, and Pb. Strong relationship was found between Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, Sb and organic matter in soil. Risk evaluation results within the soil investigated profile was in the following order: Cd > Sb > Cu > Zn > Pb. Nemerow’s synthetical contamination index revealed that there is substantial ecotoxicological risk among the sampling sites with 8 of 9 of these locations exceeding the Nemerow criteria for seriously impacted sites and another site was close to moderately polluted domain.     

体外模拟法在土壤-人途径重金属污染的健康风险评价中的应用

目的 对某重金属污染区域的土壤经土壤-人途径的健康风险进行评估,从而为相关环境决策提供理论依据.方法 采集重金属污染区和对照区农田和路旁土壤,通过体外模拟装置模拟人体消化系统进行消化,分别取胃和小肠阶段反应液样本离心过滤后检测其Cd、Pb、Zn含量并计算其生物可给性;根据重金属生物可给量进行健康风险评价.结果 污染区土壤在模拟胃阶段的Cd、Pb、Zn的生物可给性分别为21%～33%,21%～28%,33%～43%;对照区分别为27%,23%,95%.污染区土壤在模拟小肠阶段的Cd、Pb、Zn的生物可给性分别为16%～19%,3.4%～4.9%,14%～8%;对照区分别为11%,2.6%,18%.污染区儿童在模拟胃阶段Cd、Pb、Zn的生物可给量分别为0.04～1.46、3.09～55.53、3.86～39.39 μg/d,成人分别为0.01～0.36、0.77～13.88、0.97～9.85μg/d.对照区儿童分别为0.01、0.74、5.64 μg/d,成人分别为0.00、0.19、1.41μg/d.污染区儿童在模拟小肠阶段Cd、Pb、Zn的生物可给量分别为0.03～0.71、0.50～9.92、1.26～9.55μg/d,成人分别为0.01～0.18、0.11～2.48、0.31～2.39μg/d;对照区儿童分别为0.00、0.08、1.07 μg/d,成人分别为0.00、0.02、0.27μg/d.结论 污染区V2土壤中Pb对当地儿童的健康具有较大的潜在风险,其他数据虽然在相应限量以下,但由于通过土壤-人途径的摄入会增加人体对重金属摄入的总量,从而使健康风险的总量增加.     

Utility of Caenorhabditis elegans for Assessing Heavy Metal Contamination in Artificial Soil

There is an increasing need for the development of soil bioassay protocols. Currently the only internationally standardized soil test organism is the lumbricid earthworm Eisenia fetida. Many alternate soil test organisms have been proposed. This work compares Caenorhabditis elegans to several other test organisms, including E. fetida, for heavy metals in soil. In this evaluation, such factors as ease of testing and culturing, duration of testing, soil volume needed, and the sensitivity of the organism were considered. Results show that C. elegans is more sensitive than most other organisms evaluated and is similar in response to E. fetida. The second issue compares C. elegans LC₅₀ values to heavy metals criteria specified in the US EPA regulations for land application of sewage sludge. Currently, the regulations are set on total metals in the soil and do not consider bioavailability of the metals. Regulations do not consider soil physiochemical properties, such as organic matter content, clay content, and cation exchange capacity, which have been shown to affect the availability of metals to soil organisms. While the C. elegans LC₅₀ values are above standard values in artificial soil, work in our lab indicates that the LC₅₀s are below regulation values for other soil types. Due to the ease of culturing and testing, good sensitivity, along with the wealth of biological information and ecological relevance, C. elegans is a good organism for use in soil bioassays. Received: 2 June 1999/Accepted: 13 January 2000     

Sources and Assessment of Mercury and Other Heavy Metal Contamination in Soils Surrounding the Wuda Underground Coal Fire Area,Inner Mongolia,China

Concentrations of mercury and other heavy metals were measured in soils surrounding the Wuda Coalfield, Inner Mongolia where underground coal fires are regarded as an important contamination source. Soil samples at the downwind direction were nearly all enriched mercury in surface layers, with their concentrations ~ 10 times higher than those from upwind soils. Mercury concentrations generally increased along soil profiles upward, indicative of increasing atmospheric mercury deposition in recent decades. We suggest that underground coal fire emissions were the potential mercury contamination source and the key factor controlling mercury enrichment in soils. Other heavy metals showed no clear spatial and vertical trends, suggesting that underground coal fire emissions may not the main factor for their enrichment in soils. Antimony showed the highest enrichment followed by tin, while chromium, mercury and cadmium only exhibited slight enrichment. Risk evaluation indicated that heavy metals in the studied soils pose no ecological threats.

     

Historical Characteristics of Contamination and Risk of Heavy Metals in Weishan Lake,China

Combined with the dating analysis of ²¹⁰Pb and ¹³⁷Cs, the historical concentration and risk of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb and Zn in the core sediment of Weishan Lake were determined. Pollution concentrations, enrichment factor, geo-accumulation index, and ecological risk index of these metals and C/N ratio indicate that the natural inputs prevailed till early 1900s. From late 1970s onwards, the risk posed by these metals was significantly increased. Cu and Hg might cause adverse biological effects. The increase of soil erosion and wastewater discharge in the watershed promoted input and accumulation of these metals in the lake. The coal and petroleum industry in the catchment led the more accumulation of Hg, Cd and Cu in the lake.     

Ecotoxicological Assessment of Persistent Organic and Heavy Metal Contamination in Hong Kong Coastal Sediment

The effects of sublethal treatments (20% and 60% of LC₅₀/24 h) with plant-derived molluscicides on the reproduction of the giant African snail Achatina fulica were studied. Azadirachta indica oil, Cedrus deodara oil, Allium sativum bulb powder, and Nerium indicum bark powder singly and binary combinations on reproduction and survival of A. fulica were investigated. Repeated treatment occurred on day 0, day 15, and day 30. These plant-derived molluscicides significantly reduced fecundity, egg viability, and survival of A. fulica within 15 days. Discontinuation of the treatments after day 30 did not lead to a recovery trend in the next 30 days. Day 0 sublethal treatment of all the molluscicides caused a maximum reduction in protein, amino acid, DNA, RNA, and phospholipid levels and simultaneous increase in lipid peroxidation in the ovotestis of treated A. fulica. It is believed that sublethal exposure of these molluscicides on snail reproduction is a complex process, involving more than one factor in reducing the reproductive capacity of A. fulica. Received: 12 March 2000/Accepted: 31 May 2000     

广州主城区土壤砷元素污染及健康风险评价

[目的]了解广州主城区土壤砷(As)含量、空间变异性及其影响因素,评价土壤As污染程度和人体健康风险. [方法]采用网格布点法选择广州主城区土壤为研究对象,采用原子荧光光谱法测定土壤As含量;基于ArcGIS地统计模块研究土壤As空间变异性;采用单因子污染指数评价As污染程度以及美国环保署(EPA)风险评价模型评价人体健康风险. [结果] 广州主城区土壤As平均含量(23.40 mg/kg)高于广州市、广东省和中国土壤背景值(P＜0.05),不同城区土壤As分布差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);土壤As呈中等空间相关关系,主要受结构性因素和随机性因素的影响;土壤As含量与土壤有机质、pH不呈相关关系(P＞0.05);土壤As污染程度从无污染到中度污染范围变化,66.13％土样遭受污染,平均污染程度为轻度污染;广州主城区土壤As的儿童平均非致癌风险值大于风险限值1,成人平均非致癌风险值小于风险限值1;儿童和成人土壤As致癌风险指数在1×10-5～1×10-6范围,均在致癌风险阈值1×10-6～1×10-4范围. [结论]广州主城区土壤As遭受不同程度污染;广州主城区土壤As对儿童非致癌风险存在潜在健康风险;对儿童和成人致癌风险均在致癌风险阈值范围内,对人体健康不会造成明显危害.     

Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Vegetables Grown Using Paper Mill Wastewater in Wonji Gefersa,Ethiopia

Heavy metals are among the major contaminants of vegetables. A study was conducted at Wonji Gefersa farms where paper wastewater is used for cultivation of vegetable crops. Four vegetable samples, namely Swiss chard, carrot, tomato, green pepper, as well as paper wastewater were examined for heavy metal [Lead (Pb), Zinc (Zn), Cadmium (Cd), Iron (Fe), Copper (Cu), Chromium (Cr) and Cobalt (Co)] contamination using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The levels of Pb, Cd and Cr in paper wastewater were all above the safe limit for FAO standards for wastewater quality for irrigation. The concentration of Pb in Swiss chard and Green peeper was exceeded the permissible limits. The study reveals that Pb metal contamination in the study area which poses health risk with time unless an urgent step is taken by relevant agencies to address this issue.     

An Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination in Vegetables Grown in Wastewater-Irrigated Areas of Titagarh,West Bengal,India

The effects of municipal wastewater irrigation on the accumulation of heavy metals (Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, Cu and Ni) in soil and vegetables were investigated by monitoring wastewater-irrigated agricultural field of Titagarh, 24-Parganas (North), West Bengal, India. The mean concentrations of Pb, Ni, Cu in the irrigation water and the mean Cd content in soil were much above the recommended level. The concentrations of Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr and Ni in all the examined vegetables were beyond the safe limits. The study reveals that heavy metal-contaminated vegetables grown in wastewater-irrigated areas may pose public health hazards.