Right gastro-omental artery reconstruction after pancreaticoduodenectomy for subtotal esophagectomy and gastric pull-up

IntroductionThere are no reports on vessel reconstruction of right gastro-omental artery deficits due to pancreatic tumor resection. Here, we describe successful arterial reconstruction using the middle colic artery in a patient who had undergone esophageal reconstruction with a gastric tube and whose right gastro-omental artery had been resected.Presentation of caseA 70-year-old man underwent subtotal esophagectomy and reconstructive surgery with a retrosternal gastric tube for esophageal cancer. A follow-up computed tomography (CT) scan revealed a tumor on the pancreatic head that was adjacent to the right gastro-omental artery. Pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) was subsequently performed. The gastro-omental artery was resected along with the tumor, creating a 7-cm deficit. The anastomosis was performed between the right branch of the middle colic artery and the distal end of the right gastro-omental artery. No complications that involved blood flow to the reconstructed esophagus were postoperatively observed. Four months after surgery, the blood flow to the gastric tube was confirmed by a contrast CT scan.DiscussionWe reconstructed the right gastro-omental artery using the middle colic artery, and not a vein graft, as that would have required vessel anastomosis at two locations. The middle colic artery branches on the posterior surface of the pancreas, which is located close to the right gastro-omental artery.ConclusionThe middle colic artery provides sufficient blood supply to the pulled-up gastric tube. PD can be performed even in patients who have undergone esophageal reconstruction.     

腹腔镜右半结肠癌CME切除术——尾侧中间联合入路

手术遵循完整结肠系膜切除原则。手术过程包括：探查腹腔;自尾侧从末端回肠系膜根部黄白交界线打开系膜,进入右结肠后间隙,向头侧,外侧拓展该间隙,至十二指肠水平;回到传统中间入路,回结肠血管下方打开结肠系膜,与尾侧方向打开的间隙会师;解剖并高位结扎切断回结肠血管、打开肠系膜上静脉血管鞘,清扫外科干,高位结扎切断右结肠血管、中结肠血管右支,继续拓展分离右结肠后间隙、横结肠后间隙,直至胰腺下缘并进入小网膜囊;打开胃结肠韧带,游离结肠肝曲;打开右侧腹膜,完成肠段游离,体外切除标本、重建消化道。     

结肠中血管根部切断在右侧结肠癌根治术中的价值

目的评估右侧结肠癌根治术中常规根部切断结肠中血管的远期疗效。方法将1981年1月至2004年12月间在我院行右侧结肠癌根治术的患者308例按手术的不同方法,将患者分为两组：A组（103例,1996年1月至2004年12月间）,常规根部切断结肠中血管,清除结肠中血管周围组织;B组（205例,1981年1月至1995年12月间）仅切断结肠中血管右侧支;对两组患者手术的安全性和随访结果进行比较分析。结果A组和B组手术死亡均为1.0％,吻合口瘘发生率分别为2.9％和2.4％,腹腔淋巴瘘发生率分别为8.7％和5.9％,胃潴留发生率分别为9.7％和5.9％,其他并发症发生率分别为4.9％和3.9％;两组比较,差异均无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。254例（82.5％）获得随访,随访时间8-60个月。A组1、3年复发率分别为1.9％和13.6％,B组则分别为19.0％和24.9％,两组比较,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。5年生存率A组为（78.3±3.4）％;B组为（64.8±2.8）％;两组比较,差异也有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论右侧结肠癌根治术中,常规根部切断结肠中血管,不增加手术并发症,可明显减少术后1、3年复发率,提高5年生存率。     

Colon interposition for esophageal replacement: an alternative technique based on the use of the right colon

OBJECTIVE: To describe the technique and results of an alternative colon interposition procedure in which the ascending and transverse colon is used as graft, but that still relies on the left colonic artery for blood supply. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: The standard procedure to obtain a left colon interposition graft requires ligation of the middle colic artery and mobilization of the left and right flexure. This approach carries a risk because preparation of the left flexure may damage arterial or venous collaterals located at this site that are crucial for graft perfusion. METHODS: The authors modified the standard technique so that mobilization of the left flexure is no longer necessary. To obtain a colon interposition graft that is long enough, the ascending colon was included into the graft by ligating the middle and the right colic artery. The left colic artery remained the blood-supplying vessel. From January 1997 to June 1998, 15 patients underwent modified colon interposition with a cervical anastomosis (12 esophagectomies, 3 esophagogastrectomies). RESULTS: In all cases, intraoperative blood supply from the left colic artery to the proximal ascending colon was sufficient. After surgery, four major complications occurred (27%). Endoscopy demonstrated a vital graft in all patients. In one patient a leakage of the cervical anastomosis was observed. One patient died of herpes pneumonia. Postoperative artificial ventilation was required for an average of 2.8 +/- 4.6 days, the average intensive care unit stay was 6.9+/-4.5 days, and the average total hospital stay was 24.1 +/- 15.1 days. CONCLUSION: An intact left colic artery, including its collaterals at the splenic flexure, supplies sufficient blood to the proximal ascending colon after central ligation of the middle and right colic artery. Even without mobilization of the left flexure, a sufficient graft length can be obtained. Preliminary complication rates with the use of this technique for colon interposition are in the range of those found for the standard colon interposition technique. These modifications may represent an alternative to established procedures for creating a colon interposition graft.     

腹腔镜辅助右半结肠癌根治切除术

采用中间入路五孔法。沿肠系膜上静脉(SMV)表面用超声刀切开后腹膜,暴露SMV。紧贴SMV主干离断回结肠动静脉,在右结肠动脉根部将其结扎切断。游离出结肠中动静脉脉主干、Henle’干、副右结肠静脉(SRCV)和胃网膜右静脉(RGEV)。结扎切断结肠中动静脉右支,解剖出胃网膜右动脉(RGEA),胰头前切开横结肠系膜前叶进入小网膜囊。依次在根部结扎切断SRCV、RGEV及RGEA。沿Todlt’间隙将右半结肠系膜掀向右侧腹,切断部分回肠系膜,沿右结肠旁沟切开侧腹膜。切断胃结肠韧带,清除第6组淋巴结。切断肝结肠韧带,完全游离右半结肠,在右中腹做小切口行标本切除及吻合。     

Clinical study of colic vessels with respect to their significance in the replacement of the esophagus by the colon

In 162 cases of esophageal replacement by colon we observed the configuration, distribution and pulsation of the middle, left, right and marginal colic arteries. Observation showed that the middle colic artery had only one major stem in 120 cases, 2-4 branches in 37 cases, and was absent in 5 cases. The middle colic artery originated from the superior mesenteric artery in 126 cases, had one stem originating from the superior mesenteric artery and another from the right colic artery in 10 cases. The middle and the right colic arteries forming one stem and originating from the superior mesenteric artery were seen in 21 cases. The distributive patterns of the middle colic arteries showing "T" type was seen in 37 cases, "V" type in 28 cases, and multiple paralleled branches in 9 cases. Vascular anastomoses between the ascending branch of the left colic artery and the middle colic artery were available in 157 cases (97%), 12 cases with the arc of Riolan. The nearest distance between the marginal artery and the colic wall was at the splenic flexure. The origin of the right colic artery varied greatly and its distributive area was small. We advocated the use of the ascending branch of the left colic artery for blood supply and the transverse colon for replacement of the esophagus in an isoperistaltic fashion (131/162 cases) to be the procedure of choice.     

Arterial supply in the left colonic flexure

The authors study the behaviour of the middle colic, left colic superior, middle and inferior and the first sigmoidal arteries in the territory of the terminal portion of the transverse colon, the left colonic flexure and the descending colon. The study was carried out on 1200 angiographies of the superior and inferior mesenteric aa. and on 150 anatomical specimens, surgically extirpated in the course of left emicolectomy operations. Contrary to what is believed by most authors, the left flexure is a colonic tract very well supplied by blood while the descending colon results to be poorly supplied, being served only by one artery (the left sup. colic a.) often of limited caliber and with branches (the middle and the inf. left colic aa.) sometimes totally or partially lacking. In this last colonic tract the vascular continuity, represented by the arterial arcades, is often interrupted. The Riolan's arcade, variously shaped, is to be considered a constant vascular structure (only once it was lacking in this study). Sometimes it is doubled by a second more internal arcade which must not be confused with the intermesenteric arcade. In four of the observed cases, the Riolan's arcade resulted strengthened by a second retroperitoneal arcade, derived from a branching of the middle colic a., whose branches of division went to the two colonic flexures and descended along the postero-lateral walls of the ascending and descending colon, often parallel to the regular abdominal branches. Exceptionally the colonic flexure is supplied by the only left colic a., which behaves as a specific artery, by us called "dominant artery". The central branches of the artery go to the flexure while the lateral ones join the branches of the middle colic and the first sigmoidal aa., effecting tenuous connections, surgically unreliable. In this case the arterial continuity of the Riolan's arcade can be considered interrupted, at least for the surgical practice. The intermesenteric arcade, in its three forms (direct, mixed and indirect), was observed in 20% of the cases. The colic marginal a. is considered by the authors a tier of arches formed by the colic aa. The left colonic flexure is also supplied by particular vessels originated from the middle colic and the left colic aa. (angular branches and arcades and bridge-branches) or from the superior mesenteric a. (angular artery of Donati) and from other sources, particularly from the splenic a. These vessels then join the colic "vasa recta" through the phrenocolic ligament and the marginal omental vessels. This research shows that the vascular continuity of the left colon is not a constant element, able to reassure the surgeon, for possible interruptions that may occur in its composition.     

Colorectal neurovasculature and anal sphincter

The varied blood supply of the colon and rectum has been described. It may be stated that the efficiency of any surgeon's hand is primarily dependent on the knowledge that guides it. Significant anatomic facts are described herein. An important blood supply to the terminal ileum comes from the generally unknown ileal artery, which, when absent, creates a critical, poorly vascularized area and thus an inappropriate area for an anastomosis. This right colic artery may be absent in 2 per cent. It may arise in common with the middle colic trunk (52 per cent). The middle colic artery is absent in 3 per cent. It occurs as a separate branch in 44 per cent and may be derived from celiac artery rarely. The inferior mesenteric artery divides into the left colic, which ascends to the splenic flexure, and a descending branch that continues downward as the superior rectal artery. The left colic artery may not reach the splenic flexure. The marginal artery may be interrupted or weakly represented at the splenic flexure. Therefore, one should perform a ligation of the left colic vessel before its bifurcation if the splenic flexure is to be preserved. The superior rectal artery is the main blood supply of the rectum. Its branching on the rectum is varied, but it has a rich anastomosis with the other rectal arteries, namely, the middle rectal and inferior rectal arteries. Sudeck's point is not critical. The middle rectal artery varies in number and origin and is not essential provided the inferior rectal artery is intact. The anatomy of the anal canal is described. The rectum is for a short distance surrounded by the anal canal with the external sphincter. The internal sphincter is the end of circular muscle of the rectum. The external sphincter can be thought of as one continuous muscle divided by longitudinal bands into three main parts: subcutaneous, superficial, and deep. Below the pectinate line in the anal canal, the nerve supply, lymphatic drainage, blood supply, and epithelium are different from that in the rectum.     

腹腔镜结直肠癌手术中意外大出血的原因及对策

目的探讨腹腔镜结直肠癌手术中意外大量出血的原因及应对措施。方法我院普外科腹腔镜专业组2007年7月～2010年11月完成386例腹腔镜结直肠癌手术。一次出血量>100 ml的术中意外出血17例,发生率为4.4%。出血原因包括:①大血管处理失败导致出血:右结肠动脉出血1例,结肠中动脉右支出血2例,肠系膜下动脉主干出血2例,左结肠血管出血3例,乙状结肠血管或肠系膜下动脉其他分支出血4例;②手术中误伤,右结肠动脉出血1例,左侧阴部内静脉损伤出血3例,骶前静脉出血1例。联合应用纱布填塞、钛夹夹闭、能量刀头等止血。结果中转开腹止血2例,其余15例术中出血均在腹腔镜下止血。结论腹腔镜手术中的意外出血应根据具体出血原因进行相应处理。     

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??Surgical anatomy of superior mesenteric vessels and its distributaries XIAO Yi??LU Jun-yang??XU Lai. Department of General Surgery??Peking Union Medical College Hospital??Peking Union Medical College??Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences??Beijing 100730??China
Corresponding author: XIAO Yi??E-mail: xiaoy@pumch.cn
Abstract Objective To study the surgical anatomy of superior mesenteric vessels and its distributaries in the pancreaticoduodenal area. Methods The prospective observational trial included 27 patients performed laparoscopic complete mesocolic excision (CME) procedure in order to study the anatomical artery-vein relationships of the ileocolic vessels??right colic vessels??middle colic vessels??and the configurationally relationship of the distributaries to Henle’s trunk. Results Ileocolic vessels were found in each patient. The probability of right colic artery and vein were 33.3% and 11.1% respectively. The middle colic artery and vein were found at a rate of 88.9% and 92.6% respectively. The length of middle colic artery was 1.9??0 to 7.2??cm. The probability of Henle’s trunk was 92.6%??with the length of 0.8 ??0.2 to 2.4??cm. There were 2 to 5 branches drained into Henle’s trunk. Conclusion Laparoscopic CME procedure should start at dissecting ileocolic vessles??because of its constant location. Getting familiar with the complicated anatomic configuration of pancreaticoduodenal area would be helpful to precisional surgery.     

内脏动脉瘤的外科治疗

目的 探讨内脏动脉瘤的外科治疗方法。方法 回顾性分析2002年2月至2010年6月收治的19例内脏动脉瘤患者外科治疗的临床资料,包括脾动脉瘤7例、肝右动脉瘤1例、胃左动脉瘤1例、胰十二指肠动脉瘤3例、胃十二指肠动脉瘤2例、肠系膜上动脉瘤、结肠中动脉瘤和左结肠动脉瘤各1例、肾动脉瘤2例。其中破裂12例。按照手术方式分为两组,介入栓塞治疗组13例,开放手术组6例。结果 4例栓塞后再出血,2例行手术探查止血、2例行二次栓塞后都得以成功止血。8例动脉瘤破裂伴休克患者术后均停止出血。1例胰十二指肠动脉瘤栓塞后出现十二指肠不全梗阻。2例脾动脉瘤患者术后出现部分脾梗死。术后随访18例,随访2 ～ 103个月,无动脉瘤复发。结论 以支配脏器和动脉解剖的特点作为内脏动脉瘤选择手术方案的主要依据。腔内治疗和开放手术在治疗内脏动脉瘤方面均有效,而对于假性动脉瘤破裂患者,腔内治疗效果满意。     

Surgical and electrophysiological observations during clipping of 134 aneurysms with evoked potential monitoring

Somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) were monitored during 113 operations for the clipping of 134 cerebral aneurysms. Changes in peak latency and amplitude of early cortical SEP as well as central conduction time were evaluated. In 58 cases surgical occlusion of arterial vessels or other events occurred, and in 17 of these cases such events were associated with SEP changes or loss. Arterial occlusions resulted from temporary clipping of a feeding blood vessel (22), accidental clipping of a vessel (12), and intentional permanent vessel occlusion (8). A total SEP loss was seen in 2 cases of accidental vessel occlusion and in 6 cases of temporary vessel clipping. Significant SEP changes were found in 6 patients with temporary clipping, and once each with retraction of the cerebellum, retraction of the middle cerebral artery, and after intentional permanent vessel occlusion. Response to these changes included reapplication of aneurysm clips, repositioning of retractors, or removal of temporary clips. Stable SEP signals during 13 cases allowed the surgeon to proceed with the surgical course. Despite the limitations of SEP monitoring in certain anatomical locations, it has been found to be helpful in the operative management of some cases such as multilobed aneurysms of the middle cerebral artery, giant aneurysms, trapping procedures, and procedures requiring temporary vessel occlusion.     

Medially approached radical lymph node dissection along the surgical trunk for advanced right-sided colon cancers

Although laparoscopic surgery is one of the treatment options for colorectal cancer, certain technical problems remain unresolved for the radical dissection of regional lymph nodes (LNs), which is essential to improve treatment outcome. We present a safe procedure for laparoscopic right hemicolectomy to dissect the regional LNs along the superior mesenteric vein (SMV). The key characteristic of our procedure is that all right and middle colic vessels are cut along the surgical trunk using only a medial approach. First, the pedicle of ileocolic vessels is identified and the mesocolon is dissected between the pedicle and the periphery of the SMV to expose the second portion of the duodenum. The ileocolic vessels are then cut at their roots. The ascending mesocolon is separated from the retroperitoneal tissues, duodenum, and pancreatic head up to the hepatocolic ligament cranially. The important detail in this procedure is the wide separation between the pancreatic head and the transverse mesocolon. This procedure uncovers the course of the right colic artery, veins, and the gastrocolic trunk [1]. The right colic artery and veins can then be safely cut at their roots. For an extended right hemicolectomy, the middle colic vessels can easily be identified below the lower edge of the pancreas and cut at their roots [2]. We performed curative resections in this manner for 16 consecutive patients with advanced right-sided colon cancer without any serious intraoperative complications. The median number of retrieved lymph nodes was 31 (range = 9–57). The median operative time and intraoperative blood loss were 274 min (range = 147–431 min) and 45 g (range = 0–120 g), respectively. The postoperative course of all patients was uneventful. Four of 16 patients had node-positive disease. With a median follow-up period of 272 days, all patients are alive without recurrence. We consider this a safe method for radical LN dissection during laparoscopic right hemicolectomy. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

腹腔镜下往复式右半结肠D3/CME根治术

步骤包括:1先切开腹膜显露肠系膜上静脉(SMV)。并于中结肠血管左侧辨认胰颈下缘,进入小网膜囊;2沿SMV左侧缘纵向反复多次切开薄层脂肪组织,以显露可能的结肠动脉分支(回结肠动脉或右结肠动脉及中结肠动脉),并结扎处理,充分显露SMV的全长;3结扎处理中结肠静脉汇入SMV的属支后,与SMV右侧处理回结肠静脉;4沿SMV右侧向胰颈分离,显露胃结肠干的各个分支,单独切断右结肠静脉/或胃网膜右静脉;5分离胰十二指肠前间隙和Toldt间隙,游离结肠,脐周切口完成吻合。特点:1纵向显露SMV左侧缘全长后再处理各静脉属支,简化各静脉属支的显露;2以胰腺颈部为标示,处理静脉属支更加安全。腹腔镜下往复式右半结肠D3/CME根治术简单、安全、可行。     

Cephalic pancreaticoduodenectomy with preservation of a right coronary artery bypass graft using the right gastro-epiploic artery: a case report

Introduction: Pancreatic cancer is a rare disease with a high mortality rate, for which complete surgical resection, when possible, is the preferred therapeutic. Pancreaticoduodenectomy represents the surgical technique of choice. Abdominal surgeons can be faced with the challenge of patients with a history of coronary artery bypass graft in which the right gastro-epiploic artery is used.

Case report: We report the case of a patient with an adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head, stage IIA, having previously undergone a triple coronary artery bypass, one of which being a right gastro-epiploic graft. Our challenge was underlined by the necessity of a complete oncological resection through a cephalic pancreaticoduodenectomy while preserving the necessary cardiac perfusion via the right gastro-epiploic artery.

Conclusion: We have been able to preserve a right gastro-epiploic artery as a coronary bypass during a cephalic pancreaticoduodenectomy for a cephalic pancreatic adenocarcinoma. We have successfully been able to preserve and re-implant the right gastro-epiploic artery to the origin of the gastroduodenal artery while insuring R0 resection of the tumor. A coronary artery bypass using the right gastro-epiploic artery should therefore not be considered as an obstacle to a Whipple’s procedure if total oncological resection is obtainable.     

Emergency preoperative embolization using coils of ruptured sylvian aneurysm. Apropos of a case

The authors report a case of a 73 year old patient who presented with a right temporal lobe hematoma secondary to rupture of a right middle cerebral artery bifurcation aneurysm. Treatment consisted of partial thrombosis of the aneurysm by the endovascular introduction of metallic coils followed by surgical hematoma evacuation and aneurysm clipping. Thrombus of the aneurysm done probably diminished the risk of intraoperative rupture. Partial endovascular treatment has a very small risk and may be done on a emergency basis at the same time as the diagnostic arteriogram. It can also be suggested for patients in poor condition to diminish the risk of recurrent hemorrhage until the patient is well enough to undergo definitive surgical clipping.     

腹腔镜右半结肠切除术中血管解剖辨识及意义研究

目的 探讨腹腔镜右半结肠切除术中肠系膜上血管主干及对应分支与属支的解剖规律、变异类型及临床意义。方法 回顾性分析2017年3月至2021年1月中国医科大学附属盛京医院结直肠肿瘤外科200例腹腔镜右半结肠切除术病人资料,通过影像学读片、手术记录查阅、术后视频回放方式观察肠系膜上血管主干、回结肠血管、右结肠血管、结肠中血管、Henle干的出现概率、走行特点、毗邻关系以及变异情况。结果 肠系膜上血管主干变异按肠系膜上静脉（SMV）数量分为单支型与双支型,按SMV与肠系膜上动脉（SMA）的空间位置关系分为右位、左位、交叉3种类型。回结肠动脉（ICA）与回结肠静脉（ICV）出现率均为100.0%,2例ICV直接汇入Henle干,62.0%病人ICA走行于SMV背侧。术中解剖出右结肠动脉（RCA）73例（36.5%）,右结肠静脉（RCV）195例（97.5%）,单支型、双支型、三支型RCV分别占48.2%、43.6%和8.2%,RCA走行于SMV腹侧者62例（84.9%）,RCA走行与SMV背侧者11例（15.1%）。解剖出结肠中动脉（MCA）192例（96.0%）,结肠中静脉（MCV）196例（98.0%）,单支型、双支型与三支型MCV分别占63.8%、33.2%与3.0%,MCV有4种汇入情况：汇入SMV、Henle干、脾静脉（SV）和第一支空肠静脉（FJV）,其中汇入到SMV最常见占95.4%,当MCV汇入FJV时,FJV均走行于SMA前方,当MCV为多支型时,RCV多支型占比更高。按胰十二指肠上前静脉（ASPDV）与胃网膜右静脉（RGEV）是否共干以及结肠支的数量将Henle干分为基本型（0~Ⅲ型）和特殊型,其中基本Ⅰ型最为常见（43.6%）。结论 肠系膜上血管主干变异情况较少,分支与属支变异常见。术中操作应始终遵循精细解剖的原则,避免辨识不清晰的情况下导致出血及副损伤。     

Profunda Femoris as an Access Site Vessel for a Hybrid Approach to the Treatment of a Para-Anastomotic Common Iliac Artery Aneurysm and Intermittent Claudication,Occurring after Previous Abdominal Aortic Tube Graft Repair and Femoro-Femoral Bypass Graft. A Case Report

A true para-anastomotic right common iliac artery aneurysm and intermittent claudication developed in a 76-year-old man 5 years after open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair with a Dacron tube graft. Following the initial operation the patient developed acute left iliac occlusive disease necessitating an immediate right-to-left femoro-femoral crossover bypass graft. The patient was a poor open surgical candidate because of multiple medical comorbidities. Therefore, a hybrid approach was used consisting of exposure and catheterization of the right profunda femoris artery, which was used as the access site vessel for the deployment of a covered stent graft extending from the ostium of the common iliac artery into the external iliac artery. Simultaneously, the right profunda femoris provided inflow for an open above-knee profunda femoro-popliteal bypass graft to perfuse the right lower extremity. Postoperative angiography demonstrated primary technical success, with exclusion of the aneurysm and no endoleak. The patient is doing well 34 months postoperatively, with a patent endograft and no sign of intermittent claudication. Profunda femoris proved to be an excellent alternative to the common femoral artery for the application of a hybrid technique in a high-risk patient with complicated anatomy.     

Surgical approach to right colon cancer:From open technique to robot.State of art

This work is a topic highlight on the surgical treatment of the right colon pathologies,focusing on the literature state of art and comparing the open surgery to the different laparoscopic and robotic procedures.Different laparoscopic procedures have been described for the treatment of right colon tumors: Totally laparoscopic right colectomy,laparoscopic assisted right colectomy,laparoscopic facilitated right colectomy,hand-assisted right colectomy,single incision laparoscopic surgery colectomy,robotic right colectomy.Two main characteristics of these techniques are the different type of anastomosis: Intracorporeal(for totally laparoscopic right colectomy,single incision laparoscopic surgery colectomy,laparoscopic assisted right colectomy and robotic technique) or extracorporeal(for laparoscopic assisted right colectomy,laparoscopic facilitated right colectomy,hand-assisted right colectomy and open right colectomy) and the different incision(suprapubic,median or transverse on the right side of abdomen).The different laparoscopic techniques meet the same oncological criteria of radicalism as the open surgery for the right colon.The totally laparoscopic right colectomy with intracorporeal anastomosis and even more the single incision laparoscopic surgery colectomy,remain a technical challenge due to the complexity of procedures(especially for the single incision laparoscopic surgery colectomy) and the particular right colon vascular anatomy but they seem to have some theoretical advantages compared to the other laparoscopic and open procedures.Data reported in literature while confirming the advantages of laparoscopic approach,do not allow to solve controversies about which is the best laparoscopic technique(Intracorporeal vs Extracorporeal Anastomosis) to treat the right colon cancer.However,the laparoscopic techniques with intracorporeal anastomosis for the right colon seem to show some theoretical advantages(functional,technical,oncological and cosmetic advantages) even if all studies conclude that further prospective randomized trials are necessary.Robotic technique may be useful to overcome the problems related to inexperience in laparoscopy in some surgical centers.     

Retroperitoneale Lymphadenektomie – pro robotisch

The indications to perform primary retroperitoneal lymph node dissection (RPLND) in patients with clinical stage I non-seminomatous germ cell tumors have changed. An initial surgical staging can be justified only for exceptional situations, such as a pure teratoma. Other indications can be the surgical staging and treatment of high risk patients in elective surgery. In this situation, however, only sparse data are available regarding the oncological and therapeutic effect of a minimally invasive approach compared to open surgery. Data are available on the feasibility of laparoscopically performed post-chemotherapy RPLND; however, patients for this approach must be highly selected. In general, robotic-assisted RPLND potentially offers major advantages in terms of safety and oncological efficiency compared to a classical laparoscopic approach. Especially in post-chemotherapy RPLND, the division of lumbar vessels and the control of great vessel lesions may be facilitated. However, only surgeons who are capable of handling a major vessel lesion endoscopically should consider using a robotic-assisted technique. Only patients with relatively small residual tumors without a major involvement of great vessels can be considered as candidates for robotic-assisted post-chemotherapy RPLND.