ACC/AHA关于临床心内电生理和导管消融术的指南

<正> 5 电生理检查对窄 QRS 波心动过速诊断的作用窄 QRS 波心动过速(QRS 波时限<120 ms)可以由以下几种情况引起:发生在窦房结(窦性心动过速),窦房结内折返或窦房结与邻近的部分心房肌构成的折返(窦房结折返性心动过速);发生在心房(房性心动过速、心房扑动和颤动);发生在房室结-希氏束(房室交界区心动过速);也可以     

食管心房调搏对室上性心动过速诊断的准确性评价

评价食管电生理检查对室上性心动过速诊断的准确性。方法 比较102例室上性心动过速经心内和食管电生理检查的结果。结果 102例室上性心动过速101例分型诊断一致：房室折返性心运过速（AVRT）58例,房室结折返性心运过速（AVNRT）37例,房内折返性心动过速（IART）5例,窦房结折返性心动过速（SART）1例,房性自律性心动过速（AAT）1例。6例房性心动过速（IART5例,AAT1例）起源于右房还是左房和57例房室折返性心动过速的旁路位于右侧还是左侧,两种检查结果完全一致。结论 食管心房调搏对室上性心动过速的分型诊断和初步定位诊断具有很高的准确性,这对选择射频消融术病例和简化消融术程序具有重要意义。     

食管心房调搏在室上速诊断中价值新探讨

目的：评价食管心房调搏对室上性心动过速诊断的准确性。方法：将111例室上速患者心内和食管电生理检查结果进行比较。结果：111例室上性心动过速患者中，经食管心房调搏检查，诊断为房室结内折返性心动过速（AVNRT）41例，准确率91％；诊断为房室折返性心动过速（AVRT）53例，准确率92％；诊断为房性心动过速（AT包括房内折返陛心动过速和房性自律性心动过速）6例，准确率100％；诊断为窦房结折返性心动过速（SART）1例，准确率100％。根据PE-PV1时距判定房速激动起源点以及左右房室旁道位置与心内电生理检查结果基本一致。结论：食管心房调搏在室上速诊断中具有很高的价值。     

食道心房调搏对窄QRS波室上性心动过速机制研究

目的：了解食道心房调搏（TEAP）对窄QRS波室上性心动过速机制的鉴别。方法：采用无创性TEAP技术,对145例有心动过速史但无器质性心脏病的患者进行检查,诱发窄QRS汉心动过速。结果：检出的窄QES波折返阵性发性室上性心动过速中,房室折返性心;动过速及房室结内折返性心动过速占约大多数,房性折返性心动过速极少。结论：TEAP是鉴别窄QRS波PSVT机制的一种安全,有效的方法。     

食管电生理诊断阵发性室上性心动过速

目的探讨食管电生理诊断阵发性室上性心动过速(paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia,PSVT)及分型的准确性。方法收集经食管电生理和心内电生理检查并行射频消融治疗的PSVT42例,将两种电生理对PSVT的诊断及分型进行比较,用X2检验,以P<0.05为差异有统计学意义。结果两种电生理检查诊断房室结双径路、慢快型房室结折返性心动过速、常见的顺向型房室折返性心动过速差异无显著性,食管电生理对房室旁路的粗略定位准确性较高,但对快慢型房室结折返性心动过速、慢房室旁路参予的房室折返性心动过速与房性心动过速不易辨别。结论食管电生理诊断常见类型的PSVT与心内电生理有相似的价值,且具有无创、简便、费用低等优点;但对不常见或复杂的PSVT不易辨别。     

房室双旁道的食管心脏电生理特征

目的：探讨房室双旁道食管心脏电生理检查的特征性改变。方法：对14例经射频导管消融术证实的房室双旁道的食管心脏电生理检查作回顾性分析。结果：10例房室双旁道的电生理特征为：（1）心房起搏时显示两种不同的预激图形和／或特殊类型室性融合波群，经食管心房起搏有利于显现左侧旁道。（2）诱发出两种逆向型房室折返性心动过速，由两条旁道形成折返环路。（3）顺向型房室折返性心动过速时，出现两种不同的R－P^-间期和P^-波或房性融合波。（4）排除房室结双径路后，逆向型房室折返性心过速的频率快于顺向型房室折返性心动过速。（5）预激旁道的部位与顺向型房室折返性心动过速时P^-波提示的部位不同。（6）双旁道隐匿性传导是造成其中一条旁道丧失传导功能的重要因素之一。另4例未能表现出上述电生理特征，其中右侧隐性旁道合并左侧隐匿性旁道1例，右侧隐匿性双旁道1例，左侧隐匿性双旁道2例。结论：食管心脏电生理检查能够确诊大部分的房室双旁道，采用多导联同步记录及在房室折返性心动过速时仔细分析电生理表现有助于揭示房室双旁道。     

房室结折返性心动过速伴右束支传导阻滞呈交替现象1例

本文报道1例2017年6月19日甘肃省人民医院收治的阵发性心动过速患者,行食管电生理检查诱发出房室结折返性心动过速,QRS波群呈现窄、宽交替的规律,食管导联显示逆行P波（P-波）均隐埋在QRS波群中,RP间期≤70 ms,且RR间期稳定无改变,反映右束支传导阻滞对心动过速无影响,进而表明房室结折返环路中无希氏束及心室参与。     

房室结折返性心动过速伴房室阻滞的心脏电生理特点

目的利用食管法心脏电生理检查探讨房室结折返性心动过速伴房室阻滞的电生理特点。方法回顾分析经食管法电生理检查中房室结折返性心动过速伴房室阻滞18例患者的资料。结果房室结折返性心动过速伴房室阻滞主要表现为2:1房室阻滞,多在诱发开始时出现数秒至数分钟,也可呈持久性存在,2:1传导转为1:1传导时多经过一过性3:2文氏传导并伴一过性束支阻滞。结论P波极向及P波与QRS波群的关系特点是房室结折返性心动过速伴2:1房室阻滞的诊断依据。以此排除房室折返性心动过速,并注意与房速相鉴别。     

食管心房调搏诊断预激综合征宽QRS心动过速

用食管心房调搏结合多导同步描记术对33例预激综合征伴宽 QRS 心动过速进行电生理检查。提出了反向型房室折返性心动过速和正向型房室折返性心动过速伴束支传导障碍的食管调搏诊断标准。讨论了这些标准在诊断和鉴别诊断上的意义与局限性。     

40例宽QRS波心动过速体表心电图及食管电生理诊断分析

目的　探讨体表心电图及食管电生理检查对宽 QRS波心动过速的诊断的准确性。方法　回顾分析 40例宽 QRS波心动过速患者体表心电图、食管心电生理检查特点 ,并与心内电生理检查结果比较 ,检验各传统指标的敏感性、特异性及准确性。结果　在体表心电图及食管电生理检查各项诊断指标中 ,诊断室性心动过速的敏感性、准确性较高的指标有 :胸导联无 RS型、食管心电图房室分离、心房起搏不能终止心动过速。结论　将体表心电图及食管电生理检查结合起来分析可提高对宽 QRS波心动过速诊断的准确性。     

经食道心房调搏术诊治快速型心律失常的应用价值

目的探讨经食道心房调搏诊治快速型心律失常的价值。方法对278例快速型心律失常患者行经食道心房调搏术。结果278例患者检出阵发性室上性心动过速(paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia,PSVT)218例、室性心动过速5例、心房扑动31例、心房纤颤24例,其中PSVT中房室折返性心动过速109例,房室结折返性心动过速65例,阵发性房性心动过速44例。以超速抑制法终止室上性心动过速发作208例(95.4%),失败10例,心房扑动成功27例(87.1%);药物终止快速型心律失常对心脏电生理参数有影响(P0.05)。结论经食道心房调搏术是一种简便、高效和安全的快速型心律失常诊治方法,值得临床推广。     

经食管心房调搏对阵发性室上速诱发与终止的临床价值

目的：研究经食管心房调搏对阵发性室上性心动过速（PSVT）诱发与终止的价值。方法：选择237例有心动过速发作史的患者进行食管心房调搏检查,如果诱发出阵发性室上速,进行12导联心电图记录后,予以短阵快速刺激或程序期前刺激终止之。另外对54例急诊PSVT患者直接予以短阵快速刺激或程序期前刺激终止之。结果：在被检的237例患者中诱发出PSVT148例,占62．4％（其中房室结双径87例,房室折返为61例）。对其202例PSVT患者均采用短阵快速刺激或程序期前刺激。PSVT即刻终止的有196例,转复成功率97％。结论：经食管心房调搏可作为PSVT筛选检查及终止的首选方法。     

Transesophageal electroconversion of atrial reentrant tachycardias early or late following surgery for congenital heart disease

Atrial reentrant tachycardias (ART) are a potentially life-threatening complication in survivors of congenital heart disease surgery. From July 1993 to December 1997, temporary transesophageal pacing was used to convert 29 tachycardia episodes in 19 patients. At the time of the first tachycardia episode, patients' ages were 1 month to 26 years (mean 9.8 yrs). Time from operation to onset of first tachycardia episode ranged from 1 day to 19 years. Onset was within the first 2 weeks postoperatively in 6 patients and occurred later in 13 patients (1 to 19 years after operation). Postoperative pacemaker implantation had been performed in 2 pts; 17 of 19 pts were receiving antiarrhythmic medication. After placing a quadripolar transesophageal catheter, atrial and ventricular signals were recorded and atrial stimulation performed. Atrial cycle length of tachycardia ranged from 160-380 ms with 1:1 to 4:1 AV conduction. Temporary transesophageal pacing was performed following an algorithm starting with 4 extrastimuli (20 ms below atrial cycle length of tachycardia). Tachycardia terminated in 27 of 29 cases (93%) without complications. In 3 cases, conversion was achieved by pacing after amiodarone 5 mg/kg i.v. After tachycardia conversion, sinus- or pacemaker rhythm was present in 20 cases. In 9 cases atrial fibrillation was recorded; spontaneous conversion to sinus rhythm occurred after a maximum of 3 min (7 cases) or persisted and required direct current cardioversion (2 cases). In conclusion, transesophageal atrial pacing is an effective, relatively noninvasive method for conversion of atrial reentrant tachycardias after operation for congenital heart disease.     

经食道心房调搏术诊治心律失常1159例的分析

目的：探讨经食道心房调搏（TEAP）对心律失常的诊断价值。方法：对1159例患者的食道与心内电生理检查（EPS）结果进行分析。结果：1159例检出房室结双径路299例（25．8％）,房室结多径路伴房室结折返性心动过速（AVNRT）3例,旁道伴房室折返性心动过速（AVRT）120例（占10．3％）．房性心动过速23例（2．0％）．窦房结折返性心动过速2例,迷走神经张力增高性过缓性心律失常152例（13．1％）,病态窦房结综合征11例（1．0％）;检查结果正常者414例（35．7％）。以超速抑制法终止阵发性室上性心动过速发作,成功144例（99．3％）,失败1例。结论：TEAP是一种简便、易行和高效、安全的心律失常诊治方法,值得临床广泛应用。     

房内折返,房室结内折返,房室折返性心动过速的拖带现象

为观察房内折返，房室结内折返，房室折返怀心动过速的拖带现象并讨论其临床意义，对１６例有明确阵发性室上性心动过速病史的患者用食和心房调搏Ｓ１Ｓ２法对诱发心动过速，用超速终止心运过速。结果显示：１６例患者在心房起搏时均出现拖带现象。     

Comparative study of transesophageal atrial pacing and intracardiac electrophysiology in patients with supraventricular tachycardia

The diagnostic value of transesophageal atrial pacing in supraventricular tachycardia (SVT) has been discussed according to the comparison of the results of intracardiac and transesophageal electrophysiological study. Some quantitative criteria for the differential diagnosis of atrioventricular node reentrant tachycardia (RT-AVN) and atrioventricular reciprocating tachycardia (RT-AP) has been proposed. We found that RT-AVN and RT-AP could be separated by noninvasive transesophageal atrial pacing. We also suggested that induced SVT would be RT-AVN if (1) SR conductive curve was not continuous and SR jump greater than 70 ms, (2) AV interval less than 60 ms, and it would be RT-AP if (1) SR curve was continuous and there was no SR jump phenomenon, (2) VA interval greater than 100 ms. Thus, transesophageal atrial pacing was very helpful in distinguishing the mechanisms of SVT and could provide a simple clinical cardiac electrophysiological procedure in diagnosing SVTs.     

Determinants of QRS alternans during narrow QRS tachycardia

This study was designed to prospectively determine the incidence of QRS alternans during various types of narrow QRS tachycardia and to clarify the determinants of QRS alternans. An electrophysiologic study was performed in 28 consecutive patients with a narrow QRS tachycardia. Persistent QRS alternans was observed in 6 (43%) of 14 patients during orthodromic reciprocating tachycardia, 5 (71%) of 7 patients during atrial tachycardia and 3 (43%) of 7 patients during atrioventricular (AV) node reentrant tachycardia. Incremental atrial pacing during sinus rhythm resulted in QRS alternans in patients who had QRS alternans during tachycardia, unless the shortest pacing cycle length associated with 1:1 AV conduction exceeded the tachycardia cycle length. In patients without QRS alternans during narrow QRS tachycardia, incremental atrial pacing during sinus rhythm resulted in persistent QRS alternans in five patients in whom the shortest pacing cycle length associated with 1:1 AV conduction was 60 to 180 ms less than the tachycardia cycle length. In an additional 20 patients without a narrow QRS tachycardia, persistent QRS alternans was observed during incremental atrial pacing in 11 (55%) of the patients. In six of six patients who had QRS alternans during abrupt rapid atrial pacing, QRS alternans was not observed when the same pacing rates were achieved gradually. Among the patients with narrow QRS tachycardia, the mean tachycardia cycle length in those who had QRS alternans (mean +/- SD 288 +/- 44 ms) was significantly shorter than in those who did not (369 +/- 52 ms, p less than 0.001). The presence of QRS alternans was not related to the tachycardia mechanism, relative or functional refractory period of the His-Purkinje system (at a drive cycle length of 500 ms), age, presence of structural heart disease, direction of input into the AV node or concealed retrograde conduction in the His-Purkinje system. In conclusion, QRS alternans during narrow QRS tachycardias is a rate-related phenomenon that depends on an abrupt increase to a critical rate and is independent of the tachycardia mechanism.     

食管心房调搏诊断室上性心动过速的临床研究

为探讨食管心房调搏揭示室上性心动过速发生机制的价值和局限性,回顾性分析成功射频导管消融的１３８例隐匿性单房室旁道参与的顺向型房室折返性心动过速和１００例单一类型房室结折返性心动过速的食管心房调搏结果。结果显示：前１３８例中,３例前间隔旁道引起者食管心房调搏均诊断为房室结折返性心动过速余为左右侧其它部位的旁道,诊断正确。后１００例中,５例为慢－慢型,２例为快－慢型,食管心房调搏均诊断为房室折返性心动