一篇论文讲清楚一个问题

由于工作原因,笔者有机会参与许多论文的撰写、修改和评审工作,深感部分论文的总体设计框架存在缺陷。常见问题是,文章写得很大,涉及面很宽,但都是“蜻蜓点水”式地写一点,内容粗浅,看后不知作者要说明什么问题,也不清楚作者的结论从何而来,论文的质量不高。因此,笔者提出论文撰写和评审应遵从“一篇论文讲清楚一个问题”的原则。以下是笔者对这一原则的简要阐述,希望各方面专家参与讨论。     

推行独生子女政策前与后出生的独生子女间个性对照研究

目的调查推行独生子女政策之前与之后出生的独生子女之间有无个性差异.方法研究组为推行独生子女政策前出生的、1987年调查时已达到16～18岁城市高中部的独生子女;抽样方法:逐班统计出合肥市10所市属高中内的全部独生子女.对照组为推行独生子女政策后出生的、1998年调查时已达到16～18岁城市高中部的独生子女.抽样方法:从上述高中高二和高三年级中,按"逢十抽一"的原则抽样;以MMPI为测试工具.研究组最后共有156名独生子女人组(男87名,女69名);对照组最后有192名独生子女人组(男性114名,女性78名);两组间父、母平均年龄、学历基本相同.结果男生研究组较之对照组表现为MMPI量表中F、Pa、Sc等3个量表高分,K量表低分.女生研究组较之对照组表现为MMPI量表中F、Sc、Ma等3个量表高分.结论推行独生子女政策之前与之后出生的独生子女之间有一定程度的个性差异.     

中国的独生子女政策与家庭理想子女数、子女性别偏好和出生性别比：国家计划生育和生殖健康调查结果

目的分析中国独生子女政策对人口生育率、理想子女数和出生性别比的影响。资料2001年国家计划生育委员会在中国大陆31个省、自治区、直辖市进行了计划生育／生殖健康抽样调查。实际调查访问15～49岁育龄妇女39585人，调查有效率为98．3％。结果在39585名妇女中，共有73202次怀孕，活产56830个婴儿。35岁以上妇女（n=17078）的生育率是1．94，其中，城市地区1．43，农村2．11；35岁以下妇女（n=11543）的生育率是1．73，城乡分别是1．25和1．79。出生性别比从1980至1989年的1．11上升到1996至2001年的1．23，平均为1．15。小型家庭的妇女大多是年龄较轻，受教育程度较高的城市妇女。35％的妇女喜欢一个孩子，57％的喜欢两个，多数妇女的理想子女数为1～2个孩子。结论实行人口控制政策后，出生率已经下降，大多数妇女的理想子女数也减少，但是，人口出生性别比却出现了不平衡。     

以独生子女与非独生子女个性行为特征的对照研究

目的 探讨独生子女的个性和行为特征.方法 分别对研究组300例独生子女儿童和对照组300例非独生子女儿童用儿童版艾森克个性问卷(EPQ)[1]和Acbenbach's儿童行为量表(CBCL) [2]评定.结果 独生子女与非独生子女在EPQ结果 因子分析中无差异.在CBCL中结果 因子分析,独生子女组躯体主诉,焦虑抑郁因子分明显高于对照组,非独生子女组男童违纪攻击行为因子分高于研究组;非独生子女女童组,社交退缩因子分高于研究组.结论 独生子女与非独生子女在个性方面无差异,两组在行为方面有许多差异.这些问题与社会、家庭有关.     

Blastocystis hominis in two children of one family

Two apparently healthy children from the same family were found to have moderate to heavy Blastocystis hominis in their stool samples whilst being investigated for intestinal symptoms: sporadic, painless, rectal bleeding in one and persistent diarrhoea in the other. After treatment with metronidazole, they had no further signs, and stool samples became negative. Eighteen months later, both were asymptomatic, and stool samples continued to be negative for the parasite.     

One hundred and eighty-seven cases of child abuse and neglect

The case histories of 187 abused and neglected children, admitted to the Royal Alexandra Hospital for Children over a three-year-period, were reviewed. Multiproblem families from the lower socioeconomic groups predominated, reflecting the hospital's geographic catchment area. Eight children died and 30 were made state wards. A high proportion of mothers described problems during the pregnancy, a difficult delivery and neonatal problems. The majority of parents in this study were married and had small families. First-born male infants of young isolated mothers were found to be at greatest risk of child abuse and neglect.     

儿童支气管哮喘家庭聚集性分析

目的 探讨儿童哮喘有无家庭聚集现象，以便发现遗传因素在哮喘病病因中的作用，方法 采用病例对照的研究方法，分别调查了１９６对哮喘病患儿和对照者的冢系。结果 病例组Ⅰ、Ⅱ级亲属哮喘患病率明显高于对照组，病例膈有家庭史者为对照组２０倍，母患哮喘其子女哮喘患病率明显高于父患哮喘病其子女哮喘患病率，对哮喘患者家庭用二项分布的数学模型拟合，其分布超出二项分布范围。结论 儿童哮喘前具有明显家庭聚集性。     

From maternity to parental leave policies: women's health, employment, and child and family well-being

Pregnancy and maternity are increasingly viewed as social as well as individual risks that require health protection, employment protection and security, and protection against temporary loss of income. Begun more than a century ago in Germany, paid and job-protected maternity leaves from work were established in most countries initially out of concern for maternal and child physical health. Beginning in the 1960s, these policies have expanded to cover paternity and parental leaves following childbirth and adoption as well. Moreover, they have increasingly emerged as central to the emotional and psychological well-being of children as well as to the employment and economic security of their mothers and fathers. They are modest social policies, but are clearly an essential part of any country's child and family policy. No industrialized country today can be without such provision, and the United States is a distinct laggard in these developments.     

儿童攻击性行为与养育方式、家庭环境和自我意识的相关研究

目的了解儿童攻击性行为与父母养育方式、家庭环境、自我意识之间的关系。方法采用儿童行为量表、父母养育方式评价量表、家庭环境量表、Pier-Harris儿童自我意识量表对181名小学六年级学生（其中男生79名、女生102名）进行测评。结果儿童行为量表中男生的攻击性因子与家庭环境量表的道德宗教观因子、自我意识量表的幸福与满足因子呈显著负相关（r=-0．222，r=-0．224，P〈0．05），与父母养育方式量表母亲的情感温暖与理解因子（M1）、父亲的拒绝否认因子（F5）呈显著正相关（r=0．228，r=0．219，P〈0．05）；女生的攻击性因子与家庭环境量表的亲密度因子、父母养育方式量表的情感温暖与理解因子呈显著负相关（r=-0．286，r=-0．212，r=-0．216，P〈0．01或P〈0．05），与父亲的惩罚严厉因子呈显著正相关（r=0．223，P〈0．05）；逐步多元回归分析表明，父母养育方式量表母亲的情感温暖与理解因子、父亲的拒绝否认因子、自我意识量表的幸福与满足因子对男生的攻击性具有预测作用，家庭环境量表的亲密度因子、父母养育方式量表母亲的情感温暖与理解因子对女生的攻击性具有预测作用。结论良好家庭氛围和教养方式及培养积极的自我意识有助于儿童攻击性行为的预防和干预。