急性重症胆囊炎手术时机选择分析

目的:探讨急性重症胆囊炎手术时机的选择。方法:回顾性分析156例急性重症胆囊炎(ASC)行腹腔镜下胆囊切除术(LC)或行经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流术(PTGBD)后择期LC患者的临床资料。其中21例行急诊LC,89例于PTGBD后2个月内行LC,46例于PTGBD后2个月以上行LC。比较不同手术时机患者的相关临床指标。结果:与PTGBD后择期LC患者比较,急诊LC患者的中转开腹例数、住院总费用差异无统计学意义(均P0.05),但在术中出血量、手术时间、术后住院时间、术后抗生素使用天数、术后疼痛需用镇痛药者、术后并发症发生率均明显增加(均P0.05)。PTGBD后不同择期LC患者比较,以上指标差异均无统计学意义(均P0.05)。结论:对于ASC,不宜早期行急诊LC术,而行PTGBD后2个月内或2个月以上的择期LC术更为合理。     

Surgical Outcomes of Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy for Severe Acute Cholecystitis

The aim of this study was to evaluate the surgical outcomes of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) in patients who were diagnosed with severe acute cholecystitis (SAC) and to clarify the useful treatment modalities of SAC. Of 112 patients who presented SAC, we selected 99 patients and divided them into 3 groups: 37 patients who underwent preoperative percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage (PTGBD; group 1), 62 patients with SAC but not indicated for PTGBD (group 2), and 59 patients with acute and chronic cholecystitis (group 3). The conversion rate was 2.7% (1/37) in group 1, 6.5% (4/62) in group 2, and 1.7% (1/59) in group 3. In groups 1 and 2, the postoperative stay and operative time were longer than those in group 3 with significant difference, respectively (P < 0.05). In group 2, there was correlation not only between postoperative stay and age but also between postoperative stay and ASA class (P < 0.05). In group 2, there was no correlation between time to operation and operative time and also between time to operation and postoperative stay, however, there was surprisingly significant correlation between time to operation and conversion rate in SAC (P = 0.018). In conclusion, PTGBD should selectively be performed in patients with severe comorbidities rather than improving surgical outcomes of LC for severe acute cholecystitis. If patients are not indicated for PTGBD, an early laparoscopic cholecystectomy is recommended because it can decrease conversion rate, although it cannot decrease operative time and postoperative stay.     

CT引导下经皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管引流联合择期腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗高龄急性重症胆囊炎效果分析

目的分析CT引导下经皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管引流(PTGBD)联合择期腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)治疗高龄急性重症胆囊炎(SAC)的效果。方法选取2018-01-2019-12间收治的112例高龄SAC患者,对照组行急诊LC,观察组行CT引导下PTGBD联合择期LC,每组56例。比较2组的疗效。结果观察组手术时间、术中出血量,以及术后肛门排气时间、并发症发生率和住院时间均少(短)于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论CT引导下PTGBD联合择期LC术治疗高龄SAC,安全、有效,有利于患者术后康复。     

预康复干预在老年急性胆囊炎序贯性外科治疗中作用研究

目的 评估预康复干预在老年急性胆囊炎病人行急诊经皮经肝胆囊穿刺置管引流（PTGBD）和二期腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）间期的应用价值。方法 收集2019年12月至2021年4月北京医院连续收治的年龄＞65岁的胆囊结石合并急性胆囊炎一期行急诊PTGBD，门诊行预康复干预，二期行LC病人资料，作为预康复组；选取同时期年龄＞65岁、连续入院的胆囊结石合并慢性胆囊炎行择期LC病人作为对照组。比较预康复组和对照组行LC时血实验室检查指标、手术时间、中转开放手术率、严重手术并发症发生率、术后住院日及住院总费用。结果 预康复组共纳入30例病人，对照组纳入33例病人。预康复组相对于对照组，手术时间延长（80 min vs. 60 min，P＜0.01）、放置腹腔引流率高（50.00% vs. 9.09%，P=0.001）、住院总费用增加（21 507.29元 vs. 13 693.07元，P＜0.01）。但两组中转开放手术率（3.33% vs. 0，P=0.223）、手术并发症发生率（6.67% vs. 0，P=0.476）差异并无统计学意义。结论 预康复干预可改善老年急性胆囊炎急诊PTGBD术后至二期LC期间的身体状态，使手术并发症和中转开腹的发生率接近择期LC。     

A 10-year experience with the use of laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis: is it safe?

BACKGROUND: In the era of open surgery, emergency open cholecystectomy has been shown for many reasons to be preferred to delayed surgery for acute cholecystitis. Despite the fact that elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has become the gold standard for the treatment of symptomatic gallstone disease, the same procedure remains controversial for the management of acute cholecystitis because it is considered to be associated with more complications and an increased risk of common bile duct injuries than interval LC after resolution of the acute episode. The purpose of this report is to describe our experience with LC for acute cholecystitis during a 10-year period. METHODS: Patients undergoing laparoscopic surgery have been entered prospectively into a database since 1995. Those who underwent surgery before 1995 were added retrospectively to the same database. Patients were included in this study if they underwent emergency laparoscopic cholecystectomy for suspected acute cholecystitis. The diagnosis was based on clinical, laboratory, and echographic examinations. Analysis was performed to identify risk factors associated with conversion or morbidity. RESULTS: Of the 1,212 patients subjected to LC between 1990 and 1999, 268 (151 women and 117 men), with a mean age of 53 years, underwent surgery on an emergency basis for suspected acute cholecystitis. Their mean age (p = 0.002) and the proportion of men (p < 0.001) were higher than in the elective group. Delay before admission and surgery varied widely, but 72% of the patients underwent surgery within 48 h of admission. An intraoperative cholangiography, attempted in 218 patients, was successful in 207 (95%). Histologic examination confirmed acute cholecystitis in 82% of the patients. Conversion was necessary in 15.6% of the cases. It occurred more frequently in patients who underwent surgery later than 48 (p = 0.03) or 96 h (p = 0.006) after admission. No other predictor of conversion was found. Overall morbidity was 15.3%, and major morbidity was 4.4%. The only risk factor for morbidity was a bilirubin level greater than 20 mmol/l (p = 0.02). Three partial lesions of the common bile duct occurred. All were recognised and repaired immediately with no adverse effect. There was no difference in the overall rate of biliary complications between the patients operated for acute cholecystitis and those who underwent elective surgery. No reoperation was necessary, and there was no mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Although LC is safe and effective for acute cholecystitis, its associated morbidity and conversion rate are higher than for elective LC. The conversion rate decreases with experience. When surgery is performed within 2 or maximally 4 days of admission, in experienced hands, LC represents the treatment of choice for acute cholecystitis. Intraoperative cholangiography should be performed in every case because it helps to clarify the anatomy and allows for early diagnosis and repair of bile duct injuries.     

Can early laparoscopic cholecystectomy be the optimal management of cholecystitis with gallbladder perforation? A single institute experience of 74 cases

Background

Gallbladder perforation is a rare but serious complication of cholecystitis. It was usually managed by percutaneous gallbladder drainage (PTGBD) followed by elective cholecystectomy. However, evidences are emerging that early laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is still feasible under these conditions. We hypothesized that early LC may have comparable surgical results as to those of PTGBD?+?elective LC.

Material and methods

From January 2005 to October 2011, patients admitted to China Medical University Hospital with a diagnosis of perforated cholecystitis were retrospectively reviewed. The diagnosis of gallbladder perforation was made by image and/or intraoperative findings. Those patients who had unstable hemodynamics that were not fitted for general anesthesia or those who had concomitant major operations were excluded. Patients were divided into three groups: early open cholecystectomy (group 1), early LC (group 2), and PTGBD followed by elective LC (group 3). The demographic features, surgical results, and patient outcome were analyzed and compared between groups.

Results

A total of 74 patients were included. All patients had similar demographic features except that patients in group 2 were younger (62 vs. 72 and 73.5?years) compared with group 1 and group 3 (p?=?0.016). There were no differences in terms of operative time, blood loss, conversion, and complication rate between three groups. The length of hospital stay (LOS) was significant shorter in group 2 patients compared with that of groups 1 and 3.

Conclusions

Although PTGBD followed by elective LC was still the mainstay for the treatment of gallbladder perforation, early LC had comparable surgical outcomes as that of PTGBD?+?LC but with a significantly shorter LOS. Early LC should be considered the optimal treatment for gallbladder perforation, and PTGBD?+?LC can be preserved for those who carried a high risk of operation.     

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis

From October 1991 to March 1994, 35 patients (20 men and 15 women) with acute cholecystitis (AC) underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC). They ranged in age from 17 to 82 years (mean, 51.7 years). Nine of the 35 patients (25.7%) had either percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage (PTGBD) or percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder aspiration (PTGBA) performed preoperatively. The mean operative time was 183.7 min. Four of the 35 patients (11.4%) required conversion to open laparotomy. The mean postoperative hospital stay was 11.2 days and postoperative morbidity rate was 2.9%. There were no major complications and no deaths. In this retrospective study, we divided the patients into three groups according to the surgical timing of LC in relation to onset. Two of the three groups had LC performed more than 7 days after onset; these groups were termed, collectively, the delayed LC group. The group that had LC performed within 7 days of onset we termed the early LC group. The early LC group had a shorter operative time, less blood loss, and a shorter postoperative hospital stay than the delayed LC group, but the differences were not significant. Nevertheless, we suggest that early LC for AC should be employed for patients who are in a stable condition and who have no preoperative associated medical problems. In the delayed LC group, there were no significant differences in findings between patients who received or did not receive either PTGBD or PTGBA. PTGBD and PTGBA are useful procedures for the relief of acute severe symptoms in patients whose condition is refractory to treatments such as i.v. antibiotic infusion and no oral feeding. We conclude that a laparoscopic procedure for patients with AC, when performed by experienced surgeons, is safe, technically feasible, and useful.     

超声引导下胆囊穿刺引流术治疗老年急性高危胆囊炎

目的 探讨超声引导下胆囊穿刺引流术（percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage,PTGBD）治疗老年急性高危胆囊炎的疗效。方法 回顾性分析2016年1月至2020年1月浙江省台州市立医院肝胆外科收住的67例老年急性高危胆囊炎行PTGBD的临床资料,比较PTGBD术前术后的疼痛评分、体温、白细胞计数、CRP水平、肝功能、CA199水平,分析PTGBD术后并发症、胆汁培养及进一步治疗情况。结果67例老年急性高危胆囊炎患者均顺利完成PTGBD术。与术前比较,PTGBD术后患者疼痛评分、体温、白细胞计数、CRP、总胆红素、谷丙转氨酶、谷草转氨酶、CA199水平均明显下降（P＜0.01）。PTGBD术后出现并发症7例,其中出血4例,拔管后出现胆瘘3例。胆汁细菌培养阳性33例,其中大肠杆菌19例,肺炎克雷伯菌9例,粪肠球菌3例,铜绿假单胞菌2例。PTGBD术后进一步治疗情况：67例中27例于PTGBD术后1周内行腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）,19例于PTGBD术后1～3个月行LC手术,16例因症状缓解拒绝行进一步手术治疗,5例失访。结论对于老年急性高危胆囊炎患者行PTGBD安全有效,不适合急诊手术的患者近期可获得有效缓解。     

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in children with chronic hemolytic anemia

Background The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the outcome in children with chronic hemolytic anemia (CHA) and cholelithiasis undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is related to the operation timing. Methods From June 1995 to December 2004, 46 children with CHA were referred to our division of surgery for cholelithiasis. All 46 children were asymptomatic at the time of the first visit, and an elective LC was proposed to all of them before the onset of symptoms. The operation was accepted in the period of study by 24 children and refused by 22. The patients were divided into three groups (group A, asymptomatic; group B, symptomatic; and group C, emergency admitted) depending on clinical presentation and operation timing, and the respective outcomes were compared. Results Elective LC in asymptomatic children (group A) is safe with no major complications reported. In children who refused surgery (groups B and C), we observed four sickle cell crises, four acute cholecystitis, and two choledocholithiasis, and all these complications were related to waiting. Two sickle cell crises occurred in symptomatic children waiting for surgery during biliary colic. The risk of emergency admission in children with cholelithiasis and CHA awaiting surgery was found to be high: 28% of the children admitted in emergency after a mean of 32 months (range, 22–36). Morbidity rate and postoperative stay increased when children with hemoglobinopathies underwent emergency LC. Conclusions Elective LC should be the gold standard in children with CHA and asymptomatic cholelithiasis in order to prevent the potential complications of cholecystitis and choledocholithiasis, which lead to major risks, discomfort, and longer hospital stay.     

Acute cholecystitis and laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) should be the procedure of choice in treating acute cholecystitis. METHOD: A prospective study was conducted over a 4 1/2-year period. There were 187 patients with acute cholecystitis out of 1020 patients with gallbladder disease who required cholecystectomy. These patients were divided into three groups based on the time interval between the onset of pain and the time patients sought medical attention: Group 1, < 3 days; Group 2, 3 to 7 days; Group 3, > 7 days. All the patients underwent LC after a comprehensive preoperative workup. The parameters analyzed included operating time, hospital stay, and conversion rate. The comparison was made among the various groups and with those who had elective LC. RESULTS: One hundred twenty patients (64.17%) presented for treatment within 3 to 7 days of the onset of an attack. Empyema of the gallbladder was seen in 106 (56.68%) patients and phlegmon of the gallbladder in 42 (22.46%) patients. Group 3 patients had an operative time of 56.2 min as opposed to 18.5 min in Group 1 and 17.5 min in the elective LC group. The conversion rate in Group 3 was 19.5% versus 3.8% in Group 1 and 3.48% in the elective LC group. The complication rate was 7.3% in Group 3, 3.8% in Group 1, and 3.7% in the elective LC group. CONCLUSION: Acute cholecystitis is better managed by laparoscopic cholecystectomy, except in the patients presenting with a gallbladder phlegmon later than 7 days after the onset of the attack.     

Routine laparoscopic cholecystectomy after endoscopic sphincterotomy for choledocholithiasis in octogenarians: is it worth the risk?

BACKGROUND: No unanimous consensus has been reached as to the need for routine laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) after endoscopic sphincterotomy (ES) for choledocholithiasis in very elderly patients, who are considered as high-risk subjects for surgery. METHODS: From 1991 through 1997, 170 patients were referred to undergo preoperative ES and routine LC for common bile duct (CBD) stones. The results for 27 patients (age 80 years or older) were compared with those achieved for younger patients. Successively, in a retrospective case-control study, the results for the selected patients were compared with those for 27 very elderly patients who underwent endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), but did not receive LC. The mean follow-up period was 126 months. RESULTS: Octogenarians showed longer surgery time (79 vs 51 min) and postoperative hospital stay (2.8 vs 1.2 days), as well as more early low-grade complications (15% vs 3%), whereas there were no differences in conversion rate or serious complications. Recurrent symptoms or complications developed in 48% of octogenarians not undergoing routine LC, and 30% finally needed surgery. One patient in the control group died after emergency cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis. The results of surgery were significantly poorer for the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Although a "wait-and-see" policy allowed two-thirds of LCs to be avoided in octogenarians, biliary-related events developed for every second patient, often requiring delayed surgery, with poorer results. Sequential treatment (ES followed by elective LC) is a safe procedure for octogenarians, and should be considered as a standard, definitive treatment for cholecystocholedocholithiasis even after the age of 80 years.     

Early scheduled laparoscopic cholecystectomy following percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage for patients with acute cholecystitis

Aim: The present study was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of early scheduled laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) following percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage (PTGBD) for patients with acute cholecystitis. Patients and methods: 31 patients with acute cholecystitis were treated by early scheduled LC following PTGBD (group 1). These patients were compared with 9 patients treated by early LC without PTGBD (group 2) and with 12 patients treated by delayed LC following conservative therapy (group 3) for the success rate of intraoperative cholangiography, the conversion rate to open cholecystectomy, operative time, and hospital stay. Early scheduled LC following PTGBD was defined as scheduled LC when the patient's condition recovered and it was performed 1–7 days (mean: 4 days) after admission. The patients' age in group 1, 2, and 3 was 66 ± 13, 65 ± 10, and 64 ± 9 years, respectively, without significant difference. Most of the patients had additional diseases. Results: The success rate of intraoperative cholangiography was 97% (30/31) in group 1, 67% (6/9) in group 2, and 67% (8/12) in group 3. The conversion rate to open cholecystectomy was 3% (1/31) in group 1, 33% (3/9) in group 2, and 33% (4/12) in group 3. The operative time for LC was 89 ± 33 min in group 1, 116 ± 24 min in group 2, and 135 ± 30 min in group 3. The mean hospital stay after LC was 9 ± 4 days in group 1, 9 ± 3 days in group 2, and 17 ± 7 days in group 3. In group 1, the success rate of intraoperative cholangiography was higher, the conversion rate to open cholecystectomy was lower, and operative time was shorter than in groups 2 and 3 with significant difference (p <0.05, p <0.05, and p <0.01, respectively). Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that early scheduled LC following PTGBD is a safe and effective therapeutic option for patients with acute cholecystitis especially in elderly and complicated patients.     

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy in acute cholecystitis

BACKGROUND: The aim of this prospective study was to compare the outcome of laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) in patients with acute cholecystitis versus those with chronic cholecystitis and to determine the optimal timing for LC in patients with acute cholecystitis. METHODS: From January 1991 to July 1998, 796 patients (542 women and 254 men) underwent LC. In 132 patients (67 women and 65 men), acute cholecystitis was confirmed via histopathological examination. These patients were divided into two groups. Group 1 (n = 85) had an LC prior to 3 days after the onset of the symptoms of acute cholecystitis, and group 2 (n = 47) had an LC after 3 days. RESULTS: There were no mortalities. The conversion rates were 38.6% in acute cholecystitis and 9.6% in chronic cholecystitis (p<10(-8)). Length of surgery (150.3 min vs. 107.8 min; p<10(-9)), postoperative morbidity (15% vs. 6.6%; p = 0.001), and postoperative length of stay (7.9 days vs. 5 days; p< 10(-9)) were significantly different between LC for acute cholecystitis and elective LC. For acute cholecystitis, we found a statistical difference between the successful group and the conversion group in terms of length of surgery and postoperative stay. The conversion rates in patients operated on before and after 3 days following the onset of symptoms were 27% and 59.5%, respectively (p = 0.0002). There was no statistical difference between early and delayed surgery in terms of operative time and postoperative complications. However, total hospital stay was significantly shorter for group 1. CONCLUSIONS: LC for acute cholecystitis is a safe procedure with a shorter postoperative stay, lower morbidity, and less mortality than open surgery. LC should be carried out as soon as the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis is established and preferably before 3 days following the onset of symptoms. Early laparoscopic cholecystectomy can reduce both the conversion rate and the total hospital stay as medical and economic benefits.     

Asymptomatic cholelithiasis in children with sickle cell disease: early or delayed cholecystectomy?

SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: Our study aimed to evaluate the role of elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) in children with sickle cell disease (SCD) and asymptomatic cholelithiasis and, furthermore, to determine whether the outcome is related to the operation timing. METHODS: The records of 30 children with SCD diagnosed with cholelithiasis from June 1995 to September 2005 were retraspectively reviewed. All 30 children were asymptomatic at the time of the first visit, and an elective LC was proposed to all of them. The operation was accepted in the period of study by 16 children and refused by 14. During medical observation, 10 of the 14 children who refused surgery were admitted for severe biliary colics. Acute cholecystitis was diagnosed by abdominal ultrasound in 3 cases and in 1 case choledocholithiasis, ultrasonographically suspected, was confirmed by magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) and treated during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). All children, emergency admitted, underwent LC after the onset of symptoms. The patients were divided up into 2 groups (A: asymptomatic; B: symptomatic) depending on clinical presentation and operation timing and the respective outcomes were compared. RESULTS: Elective LC in asymptomatic children (group A) is safe with no major complications reported. During medical observation in children who refused elective surgery (group B), 6 biliary colics, 3 acute cholecystitis, and 1 choledocholithiasis were observed. Three sickle cell crises occurred in symptomatic children during biliary colics. The correlation between cholecystectomy performed in asymptomatic children (group A) and cholecystectomy performed in symptomatic children (group B) showed significant differences in the outcome. Morbidity rate and postoperative stay increased when children with SCD underwent emergency LC. CONCLUSIONS: Elective LC should be the gold standard in children with SCD and asymptomatic cholelithiasis to prevent the potential complications of biliary colics, acute cholecystitis, and choledocholithiasis, which lead to major risks, discomfort, and longer hospital stay.     

回顾性分析经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流治疗高危急性胆囊炎患者疗效

目的:了解经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流(PTGBD)治疗高危急性胆囊炎患者的临床疗效.方法:回顾性分析217例高危急性胆囊炎患者的临床资料,其中急诊行开腹或腹腔镜胆囊切除手术治疗125例(对照组),PTGBD治疗92例(治疗组),观察两组间治疗效果.结果:对照组术后并发胆漏2例、胆管炎3例、肝周积液1例、不完全性肠梗阻1例、2例胆囊床渗血,伤口脂肪液化延迟愈合6例,死亡4例.治疗组92例均穿刺置管成功,术后24～72 h内腹痛缓解,体温降至正常,并发1例胆漏,2例侧孔堵塞,1例引流管脱出;死亡2例.与对照组相比并发症发生率具有统计学意义(P <0.05).结论:对于高危急性胆囊炎患者,经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流术和急诊胆囊手术都是有效的治疗措施,PTGD简便、安全、有效,减少并发症发生率.     

损伤控制理念在老年中重度急性胆囊炎治疗中的应用

目的探讨损伤控制理念在老年中重度急性胆囊炎治疗中的应用。方法回顾性收集2014年1月至2016年1月上海市浦东医院收治的148例老年中重度急性胆囊炎患者的临床资料;比较患者行经皮经肝胆囊穿刺引流术(PTGBD)后择期行LC(择期LC组,n=52例)和急诊行LC(急诊LC组,n=96例)的有效性及安全性。结果 PTGBD后择期LC组患者术中出血量较少(P0.05);两组中转开腹率差异虽无统计学意义(P0.05),但PTGBD后择期LC组中转开腹率较低(5.77%vs 12.50%);PTGBD后择期LC组并发症总发生率为40.38%,显著低于急诊LC组的59.38%(P0.05)。结论结合损伤控制理念,对老年中重度急性胆囊炎患者PTGBD后行择期LC手术能有效降低手术风险,是治疗老年中重度急性胆囊炎的优选方案。     

What is the optimal time for laparoscopic cholecystectomy in gallbladder empyema?

Purpose

With the accumulating experience in laparoscopic surgery, early laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is increasingly offered for acute cholecystitis. However, early LC without percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage (PTGBD) for gallbladder empyema is still believed to be unsafe. The purpose of this study was to determine the optimal time for LC in gallbladder empyema.

Methods

A retrospective analysis was carried out of patients who underwent LC without PTGBD for gallbladder empyema between August 2007 and December 2010. All cases were confirmed by biopsy. The patients were divided into two groups on the basis of a cutoff of 72 h.

Results

LC for gallbladder empyema was performed without PTGBD in 61 patients during the study period. The overall conversion rate was 6.6 %. Based on the 72 h cutoff, there were 33 patients in the early group and 28 in the delayed group. There were no significant differences between early and late patients with respect to operation duration (75.5 vs. 71.4 min, p = 0.537), postoperative hospital stay (4.2 vs. 3.3 days, p = 0.109), conversion rate (12.1 vs. 0 %, p = 0.118), and complication rate (12.1 vs. 3.6 %, p = 0.363). However, the early group had a significantly shorter total hospital stay (5.3 vs. 8.7 days, p = 0.001).

Conclusions

Early LC without PTGBD is safe and feasible for gallbladder empyema and is associated with a low conversion rate. Delayed LC for gallbladder empyema has no advantages and results in longer total hospital stays. LC should be performed as soon as possible within 72 h after admission to decrease length of hospital stay.     

经皮肝穿刺胆囊引流联合腹腔镜胆囊切除术与急诊腹腔镜胆囊切除术对中度急性胆囊炎疗效的Meta分析

目的 系统评价经皮肝穿刺胆囊引流联合腹腔镜胆囊切除术与急诊腹腔镜胆囊切除术的治疗方案选择对中度急性胆囊炎的治疗效果及不良反应。方法 检索PubMed、EMBASE、Web of Science、Cochrane Library、中国期刊全文数据库（CNKI）、维普中文科技期刊数据库（VIP）、中国生物医学文献数据库（CBM）、万方数据库中有关经皮肝穿刺胆囊引流术联合腹腔镜胆囊切除术与急诊腹腔镜胆囊切除术对中度急性胆囊炎治疗的随机对照试验研究，检索时限为建库之日起至2018 年5 月。所有检索出并纳入研究的文献均由2 名研究者进行独立的文献质量评价和数据提取。文献数据统一采用RevMan 5.3 软件进行分析，对无法进行Meta分析的文献指标进行描述性分析。结果 总共纳入11 篇文献，包括1 283 例中度急性胆囊炎患者。Meta分析结果显示：在发生中度急性胆囊炎时经皮肝穿刺胆囊引流术联合腹腔镜胆囊切除术与急诊腹腔镜胆囊切除术相比可降低中转开腹率（RR 0.45，95%CI 0.23～0.85，P=0.01），减少术中出血量（SMD -41.50，95%CI -51.18～-31.82，P＜0.001）和术后并发症发生率（RR 0.50，95%CI0.31～0.81，P＜0.001），但两种治疗方式在手术时间上的差异并无统计学意义（SMD 1.10，95%CI -4.27～6.47，P=0.69）。此外，经皮肝穿刺胆囊引流术联合腹腔镜胆囊切除术比急诊腹腔镜胆囊切除术能够更好地缩短患者术后住院时间（SMD -1.21，95%CI -2.17～-0.25，P=0.01）。结论 在治疗中度急性胆囊炎时，经皮肝穿刺胆囊引流术联合腹腔镜胆囊切除术比急诊腹腔镜胆囊切除术具有更好的效果。     

Timing of laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis: evidence to support a proposal for an early interval surgery

We evaluated the safety and feasibility of delayed urgent laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) performed beyond 72 hours to overcome the logistical difficulties in performing early urgent LC within 72 hours of admission with acute cholecystitis (AC), and to avoid earlier readmission with recurrent AC in patients awaiting delayed interval. Patients admitted with AC were scheduled for urgent LC. Patients who underwent early urgent LC were compared with those who had delayed urgent surgery. Fifty consecutive patients underwent urgent LC for AC within 2 weeks of admission. There were no conversions and no bile duct injuries. Delayed surgery (n=36) neither prolonged operating time (90 vs. 85 minutes), nor increased operative morbidity (9.7% vs. 7.7%) or mortality (2.4% vs. 7.7%) compared with early surgery (n=14). Although delayed surgery was associated with shorter postoperative hospital stay (1 vs. 2 days, P = 0.029), it prolonged total hospital stay (9 vs. 5 days, P < 0.0001). Delay of LC beyond 72 hours neither increases operative difficulty nor prolongs recovery. It might be more cost effective to schedule patients who could not undergo early urgent LC but are responding to conservative treatment for an early interval LC within 2 weeks of presentation with AC.     

Acute cholecystitis: when is the best time for laparoscopic cholecystectomy?

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is no more an elective procedure. The question is when to perform laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the face of acute cholecystitis. The last decade (1995-2004) 297 patients had a laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis. One hundred forty six of them were operated in the first 24-48h after the onset of symptoms (group I), 68 were operated in less than 4 weeks time after the attack of the acute cholecystitis (group II), while the rest 83 patients had a history of acute cholecystitis at least four weeks before their elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy (group III). Analysis of the operative time, complications and hospital stay showed that laparoscopic cholecystectomy in acute cholecystitis is the recommended surgical procedure. The success of the operation depends on the degree of the inflammatory changes in the gallbladder and the expertise of the operator both in emergency and laparoscopic surgery. Timing of the operation is crucial to executing a successful procedure. The operation is easier, faster and safer when performed in first 4-5 days of the onset of symptoms.