白花地胆草化学成分研究

目的:研究菊科地胆草属植物白花地胆草的化学成分。方法:采用大孔吸附树脂、十八烷基硅烷键合硅胶(ODS)、葡聚糖凝胶Sephadex LH-20和硅胶柱层析等多种色谱技术分离纯化,通过理化性质和波谱数据鉴定所得化合物的化学结构。结果:从白花地胆草中分离得到9个化合物,分别鉴定为:2β-deethoxy-2-hydroxyphantomolin(1)、2β-methoxy-2-deethoxyphantomolin(2)、2β-methoxy-2-deethoxy-8-O-deacylphantomolin-8-O-tiglinate(3)、柔毛地胆宁(4)、白桦酸(5)、厚朴酚(6)、和厚朴酚(7)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(8)、苜蓿素(9)。结论:其中,化合物5～9为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

野菊花心血管活性部位化学成分的研究

目的:研究菊科植物野菊花心血管活性部位中的主要化学成分.方法:采用多种色谱方法进行分离纯化,通过波谱方法结合文献对照鉴定化合物结构.结果:从野菊花心血管活性部位中分离并鉴定了12个化合物,包括7个黄酮类化合物(1～7),5个苯丙素类化合物(8～12),分别鉴定为(2S)-圣草酚-7-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖醛酸苷(1),(2S)-圣草酚-7-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(2),(2S)-橙皮素-7-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖醛酸苷(3),木犀草素-7-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(4),木犀草素-7-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖醛酸苷(5),香叶木素-7-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖醛酸苷(6),槲皮素-7-O-β-D-呲喃葡萄糖苷(7),3,5-二咖啡酰奎宁酸甲酯(8),3,5-二咖啡酰奎宁酸(9),3,5-二顺式咖啡酰奎宁酸(10),1,5-二咖啡酰奎宁酸(11),1,3-二咖啡酰奎宁酸(12).结论:野菊花心血管活性部位中主要成分为黄酮类化合物,共5个化合物分别为2～3,7～8,10;共10个化合物分别为2～3,5～12系首次从该种植物分离得到.     

忍冬叶中咖啡酰奎宁酸类化学成分

目的:研究忍冬Lonicera japanonica叶的化学成分.方法:采用反复硅胶柱色谱法、sephadex LH-20柱色谱法等进行分离纯化,并通过理化常数测定和波谱分析鉴定其化学结构.结果:从忍冬叶中分离得到了5个咖啡酰基奎宁酸类化合物,分别鉴定为3,4-O-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸甲酯(1),5-O-咖啡酰基奎宁酸甲酯(2),3,4-O-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸(3),1,3-O-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸(4),绿原酸(5).结论:化合物2,4为首次从该属植物中分离得到,化合物1,3为首次从该植物中分离得到.     

祁菊秸秆中奎宁酸酯类成分的分离与结构鉴定

[目的]对祁菊非药用部位秸秆70%乙醇提取物的化学成分进行研究,为提高现有药用植物资源的再生能力和内在质量奠定化学基础。[方法]利用正相硅胶、反相ODS、Sephadex LH-20等柱色谱及高效液相色谱等方法进行分离纯化,并通过理化性质及波谱分析鉴定化合物结构。[结果]从祁菊非药用部位秸秆70%乙醇提取物中分离鉴定了8个奎宁酸酯类单体化合物,分别为3-O-咖啡酰基奎宁酸(1),绿原酸甲酯(2),4-O-咖啡酰基奎宁酸(3),1,5-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸(4),1,4-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸(5),3,5-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸甲酯(6),3,4-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸(7),3,4-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸甲酯(8)。[结论]化合物2为首次从该种植物中分离得到,3、5、6、8为首次从秸秆中分离得到。     

日本路边青化学成分的研究

目的:研究日本路边青的化学成分。方法:利用大孔树脂柱色谱、硅胶柱层析、聚酰胺柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱色谱、反相制备高效液相色谱等方法进行分离纯化,并通过理化性质与核磁共振波谱学数据对分离得到的化合物进行结构鉴定。结果:从日本路边青中分离得到14个化合物,分别鉴定为:6-C-β-D-葡萄糖-8-C-β-D-半乳糖芹菜素(1)、柯伊利素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(2)、柯伊利素(3)、金合欢素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(4)、5-反式香豆酰基奎宁酸(5)、4,5-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸甲酯(6)、3,4-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸甲酯(7)、3,4-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸(8)、阿魏酸(9)、阿魏酸-对羟基苯乙醇酯(10)、对羟基桂皮酸(11)、豆甾-4-烯-3-酮(12)、豆甾-22-烯-3,6-二酮(13)、3β-羟基豆甾-5,22-二烯-7-酮(14)。结论:所有化合物均为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

蒙药蓝刺头的化学成分研究

目的研究蒙药蓝刺头(驴欺口Echinops latifolius干燥花序)的化学成分。方法采用溶剂法结合正相硅胶色谱柱、反相硅胶色谱柱以及Sephadex LH-20柱色谱,对蓝刺头的化学成分进行提取和分离纯化,利用理化鉴别及现代波谱分析技术(MS、1H-NMR、13C-NMR)鉴定化合物的结构。结果从蒙药蓝刺头中分离鉴定了14个化合物,分别为伪蒲公英甾醇乙酸酯(1)、芹菜素(2)、胡萝卜苷(3)、13-丙基-二十五烷(4)、芹菜素-7-O-β-D-(6″-p-香豆酰基)葡萄糖苷(5)、芹菜素-7-O-葡萄糖苷(6)、咖啡酸(7)、1,5-O-双咖啡酰基奎宁酸(8)、3,5-O-双咖啡酰基奎宁酸(9)、3,4-O-双咖啡酰基奎宁酸甲酯(10)、3,5-O-双咖啡酰基奎宁酸甲酯(11)、芹菜素-7-O-β-D-(4″-p-香豆酰基)葡萄糖苷(12)、3,4-O-双咖啡酰基奎宁酸(13)、1-O-甲基-3,5-O-双咖啡酰基奎宁酸甲酯(14)。结论化合物1、4、5、12为首次从该植物中分离得到,化合物7~11、13、14为首次从该属植物中分离得到。     

苍耳草的酚酸成分及其抗菌作用研究

目的:研究苍耳草的化学成分及其抑菌活性。方法:采用大孔吸附树脂、Sephadex LH-20和ODS等柱色谱技术分离化合物,运用NMR、MS等波谱法鉴定化合物的结构,通过抑菌实验考察其抗菌活性。结果:从苍耳草中分离得到15个酚类化合物,分别鉴定为:绿原酸(1)、1-O-咖啡酰奎宁酸(2)、4-O-咖啡酰奎宁酸(3)、5-O-咖啡酰奎宁酸(4)、1,4-O-二咖啡酰奎宁酸(5)、1,3-O-二咖啡酰奎宁酸(6)、1,5-O-二咖啡酰奎宁酸(7)、4,5-O-二咖啡酰奎宁酸(8)、3,5-O-二咖啡酰奎宁酸(9)、阿魏酸(10)、咖啡酸(11)、槲皮素-7-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(12)、槲皮素-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(13)、槲皮素-3'-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(14)、山柰酚-3-O-β-D-葡萄糖苷(15)。结论:其中,化合物2、12~15为首次从该植物中分离得到。抑菌实验表明,苍耳草中的咖啡酰基化合物对金黄色葡萄球菌(Ⅰ)、大肠杆菌副氏痢疾杆菌(Ⅱ)、绿脓杆菌(Ⅲ)、志贺氏痢疾杆菌(Ⅳ)有良好的抑制作用。     

毛冬青叶的化学成分研究

目的 研究毛冬青Ilex pubescens叶的化学成分.方法 采用正相硅胶、反相ODS、Sephadex LH-20等柱色谱及半制备高效液相色谱法进行分离纯化,并通过理化性质与光谱分析法鉴定化合物的结构.结果 从毛冬青叶70％乙醇提取物中分离鉴定了16个化合物,分别为大豆苷元(1)、染料木苷(2)、山柰酚-3-O-β-龙胆二糖苷(3)、山柰酚-3-O-β-刺槐双糖苷(4)、山奈酚-3-O-β-半乳糖苷(5)、槲皮素-3-O-β-龙胆二糖苷(6)、3β,19α-二羟基齐墩果-12-烯-24,28-二酸-28-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(7)、毛冬青皂苷A1(8)、毛冬青素A(9)、2-羟甲基-3-咖啡酰氧-1-丁烯-4-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(10)、2-咖啡酰甲基-3-羟基-1-丁烯-4-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(11)、3,4-O-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸(12)、3,5-O-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸(13)、1,5-O-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸(14)、4,5-O-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸(15)、2-苯乙基-O-α-L-阿拉伯糖基(1→6)-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(16).结论 化合物1～6、12～16为首次从该植物中分离得到.     

穿心莲化学成分的研究（II）

目的研究穿心莲Andrographis paniculata地上部分的化学成分。方法采用反相硅胶柱色谱、聚酰胺柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱色谱、反相制备高效液相色谱等技术对穿心莲水提取物进行分离纯化,并根据理化性质和波谱学手段进行结构鉴定。结果从穿心莲地上部分70%乙醇浸膏的水提物中分离得到15个化合物,分别鉴定为5,4′-二羟基-7-甲氧基-8-O-β-D-葡萄糖黄酮苷(1)、芹菜素(2)、木犀草素(3)、6,8-二-C-β-D-葡萄糖白杨素(4)、异高黄芩素(5)、5-咖啡酰基奎宁酸(6)、3,4-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸(7)、3,4-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸甲酯(8)、3,4-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸丁酯(9)、4,5-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸甲酯(10)、咖啡酸(11)、对羟基桂皮酸(12)、阿魏酸(13)、原儿茶酸(14)、富马酸单乙酯(15)。结论化合物4～6、9、10、14、15为首次从穿心莲属植物中分离得到。     

平卧菊三七的化学成分研究(Ⅰ)

目的研究平卧菊三七Gynura procumbens全草的化学成分。方法利用反复硅胶柱色谱、Sephadex LH-20凝胶柱色谱、中压柱色谱及半制备高效液相色谱等方法分离纯化,通过NMR、MS等鉴定化合物结构。结果从平卧菊三七全草的70%乙醇提取物中分离得到16个化合物,分别鉴定为槲皮素(1)、芹菜素(2)、木犀草素(3)、山柰酚(4)、黄芪苷(5)、山柰酚-5-O-(6″-O-乙酰基)-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(6)、7-甲醚黄芩素(7)、4-甲氧基肉桂酸(8)、苄基葡萄糖苷(9)、2-苯乙基-O-β-D-吡喃葡萄糖苷(10)、3,5-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸甲酯(11)、3,5-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸乙酯(12)、3,4-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸甲酯(13)、4,5-二咖啡酰基奎宁酸甲酯(14)、原儿茶酸(15)和丁香酚苷(16)。结论化合物7、8、12、14和16为首次从菊三七属植物中分离得到,化合物3、6、9~11和13为首次从该植物中分离得到。     

Effect of feeding Mucuna pruriens on helminth parasite infestation in lambs

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Mucuna pruriens is a tropical legume anecdotally reputed to have anthelmintic properties. This study was conducted to examine the validity of such claims.

Aim of the study

The aim of this study was to determine if ingestion of Mucuna seeds reduces helminth parasite infestation in lambs.

Materials and methods

Thirty-six Dorper × Katahdin ram lambs were assigned to three treatments, a cottonseed meal based control diet, a diet in which Mucuna replaced cottonseed meal and the control diet with levamisole (7.5 mg/kg body weight) administration. All diets were isonitrogenous and isocaloric. The 12 lambs in each treatment were assigned randomly to 4 pens, each containing 3 lambs. Lambs were trickle infected three times per week by gavage with infectious Haemonchus contortus larvae (2000 larvae/lamb) for 3 weeks.

Results

Levamisole treatment decreased fecal egg counts by 87% and abomasal worm counts by 83%. Mucuna intake did not statistically affect fecal egg counts or abomasal worm counts, though numerical (P > 0.10) reductions of 7.4% and 18.1%, respectively were evident. Anemia indicators, feed intake, and lamb growth were unaffected by treatment.

Conclusions

Levamisole reduced the Haemonchus parasite burden in lambs significantly but feeding Mucuna reduced the burden by levels unlikely to eliminate the clinical effects of parasitism.     

Investigation of plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts

Aim of the study

To investigate the activities of the 217 plant extracts in traditional medicine of the Brazilian Cerrado against protozoans and yeasts.

Materials and methods

Plant extracts were prepared by the method of maceration using solvents of different polarities. The growth inhibition of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain (FcB1) was determined by measuring the radioactivity of the tritiated hypoxanthine incorporated. Activity against Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and Trypanosoma cruzi was measured by the MTT colorimetric assay. The antifungal tests were carried out by using the CLSI method. The active extracts were tested also by cytotoxicity assay using NIH-3T3 cells of mammalian fibroblasts.

Results

Two hundred and seventeen extracts of plants were tested against Plasmodium falciparum. The eleven active extracts, belonging to eight plant species were evaluated against L. (L.) chagasi, Trypanosoma cruzi, yeasts and in NIH-3T3 cells. The results found in these biological models are consistent with the ethnopharmacological data of these plants. The ethyl acetate extract of Diospyros hispida root showed IC₅₀ values of 1 μg/mL against Plasmodium falciparum. This extract demonstrated no toxicity against mammalian cells, resulting in a significant selectivity index (SI) of 435.8. The dichloromethane extract of Calophyllum brasiliense root wood was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 1.95 μg/mL; and Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Candida krusei LMGO 174, both with MIC of 7.81 μg/mL. The same extract was also active against Plasmodium falciparum and L. (L.) chagasi with IC₅₀ of 6.7 and 27.6 μg/mL respectively. The ethyl acetate extract of Spiranthera odoratissima leaves was active against Cryptococcus gattii LMGO 01 with MIC of 31.25 μg/mL, and against Plasmodium falciparum with IC₅₀ of 9.2 μg/mL and Trypanosoma cruzi with IC₅₀ of 56.3 μg/mL.

Conclusion

The active extracts for protozoans and human pathogenic yeasts are considered promising to continue the search for the identification and development of leading compounds.     

真菌的中药干预研究近5年进展

近年来真菌感染率逐年上升,传统抗真菌药物易产生耐药性,而中药在防治真菌感染方面具有一定的优势。本文就近5年来中药对白念珠菌、皮肤癣菌、曲霉菌、马拉色菌、串珠镰孢菌、申克孢子丝菌、新生隐球菌及真菌生物膜的干预研究进展进行综述。     

α-Glucosidase inhibitory activity of selected Philippine plants

Ethnopharmacological relevance

Antidesma bunius Spreng. (Phyllantaceae), Averrhoa bilimbi L. (Oxalidaceae), Biophytum sensitivum (L.) DC. (Oxalidaceae), Ceriops tagal (Perr.) C.B. Rob. (Rhizophoraceae), Kyllinga monocephala Rottb. (Cyperaceae), and Rhizophora mucronata Lam. (Rhizophoraceae) are used as remedies to control diabetes. In the present study, these plants were screened for their potential α-glucosidase inhibitory activity.

Materials and methods

The 80% aqueous ethanolic extracts were screened for their α-glucosidase enzyme inhibitory activity using yeast alpha glucosidase enzyme.

Results

Except for A. bilimbi with IC₅₀ at 519.86±3.07, all manifested a significant enzyme inhibitory activity. R. mucronata manifested the highest activity with IC₅₀ at 0.08±1.82 μg mL⁻¹, followed by C. tagal with IC₅₀ at 0.85±1.46 μg mL⁻¹ and B. sensitivum with IC₅₀ at 2.24±1.58 μg mL⁻¹.

Conclusion

This is the first report on the α-glucosidase inhibitory effect of the six Philippine plants; thus, partly defining the mechanism on why these medicinal plants possess antidiabetic properties.     

European medicinal polypores – A modern view on traditional uses

Ethnopharmacological relevance

In particular five polypore species, i.e. Laetiporus sulphureus, Fomes fomentarius, Fomitopsis pinicola, Piptoporus betulinus, and Laricifomes officinalis, have been widely used in central European folk medicines for the treatment of various diseases, e.g. dysmenorrhoea, haemorrhoids, bladder disorders, pyretic diseases, treatment of coughs, cancer, and rheumatism. Prehistoric artefacts going back to over 5000 years underline the long tradition of using polypores for various applications ranging from food or tinder material to medicinal–spiritual uses as witnessed by two polypore species found among items of Ötzi, the Iceman. The present paper reviews the traditional uses, phytochemistry, and biological activity of the five mentioned polypores.

Materials and methods

All available information on the selected polypore taxa used in traditional folk medicine was collected through evaluation of literature in libraries and searches in online databases using SciFinder and Web of Knowledge.

Results

Mycochemical studies report the presence of many primary (e.g. polysaccharides) and secondary metabolites (e.g. triterpenes). Crude extracts and isolated compounds show a wide spectrum of biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, and antimicrobial activities.

Conclusions

The investigated polypores possess a longstanding ethnomycological tradition in Europe. Here, we compile biological results which highlight their therapeutic value. Moreover, this work provides a solid base for further investigations on a molecular level, both compound- and target-wise.     

厚朴与凹叶厚朴群体遗传学研究

目的:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴的群体遗传学进行研究,为中药厚朴的质量控制提供分子生药学方面的依据。方法:对厚朴与凹叶厚朴15个居群应用2个叶绿体基因间序列psbA-trnH和trnL-trnF进行PCR扩增并测序,计算厚朴与凹叶厚朴单倍型频率,用程序HaploNst分析遗传多样性和遗传结构,应用TCS version 1.13软件构建单倍型网状进化树。结果:厚朴与凹叶厚朴均无特有单倍型存在,但单倍型频率存在显著差异,已开始出现遗传分化的趋势,NST略大于GST。结论:厚朴与凹叶厚朴在遗传上已出现遗传分化的趋势,但尚未完全分化成彼此独立的单系。     

Antiplasmodial activity of extracts from seven medicinal plants used in malaria treatment in Cameroon

Aim of the study

In a search for new plant-derived biologically active compounds against malaria parasites, we have carried out an ethnopharmacological study to evaluate the susceptibility of cultured Plasmodium falciparum to extracts and fractions from seven Cameroonian medicinal plants used in malaria treatment. We have also explored the inhibition of the Plasmodium falciparum cysteine protease Falcipain-2.

Materials and methods

Plant materials were extracted by maceration in organic solvents, and subsequently partitioned or fractionated to afford test fractions. The susceptibility of erythrocytes and the W2 strain of Plasmodium falciparum to plant extracts was evaluated in culture. In addition, the ability of annonaceous extracts to inhibit recombinant cysteine protease Falcipain-2 was also assessed.

Results and discussion

The extracts showed no toxicity against erythrocytes. The majority of plant extracts were highly active against Plasmodium falciparumin vitro, with IC₅₀ values lower than 5 μg/ml. Annonaceous extracts (acetogenin-rich fractions and interface precipitates) exhibited the highest potency. Some of these extracts exhibited modest inhibition of Falcipain-2.

Conclusion

These results support continued investigation of components of traditional medicines as potential new antimalarial agents.     

中国石斛属植物文献计量研究

石斛是珍稀濒危中药材,目前正处于快速发展阶段。为全面了解我国石斛属植物研究的历史和发展现状,作者以1954～2010年"中国知网中国学术期刊网络出版总库"收录的石斛研究文献为依据,采用文献计量学的原理和方法,对我国石斛属植物研究文献从文献年代分布、期刊分布与被引频率、主题分布、研究对象分布、作者与研究机构分布等方面进行了统计与分析。结果表明,我国石斛研究明显分为起步(2个)、停滞、平稳发展、快速上升5个阶段;期刊分布存在离散性与集中性并存的现象,已形成核心期刊研究群,并以《中国中药杂志》、《中草药》和《陕西中医》为代表;研究主题广泛涉及临床与药理、组织培养与种苗繁育、成分分析等多个领域,已经形成比较稳定的研究机构和团队,但研究对象差异显著,以铁皮石斛、金钗石斛和霍山石斛最为集中。我国石斛属植物的研究已取得显著成果,但种植产业发展缓慢,供需矛盾突出,预计种苗繁育与人工种植、产品开发、化学与药理等方面是未来的研究热点,其文献报道仍将进一步上升。     

列当属、肉苁蓉属和草苁蓉属植物传统药物学调查

通过野外资源调查、整理各大标本馆标本原始记录和查阅文献记载等方法,系统整理、总结、归纳了列当属、肉苁蓉属和草苁蓉属民族药用植物种类、功效及民间使用情况,结果表明列当属6种药用植物在4个少数民族间作为7种民族药应用,草苁蓉属2种药用植物在8个少数民族间作为10种民族药应用,肉苁蓉属2种药用植物在3个少数民族间作为3种民族药应用,且同种药用植物常作不同民族药;发现3属植物的传统疗效主要集中在补肾壮阳、止血和止痛3个方面,并且该传统疗效与现代药理研究结果基本吻合。因此深入研究植物种类丰富的列当属植物资源对缓解肉苁蓉植物资源匮乏局面和扩大药源具有积极意义。     

金银花类药用植物IspE和IspH基因克隆和生物信息学分析

目的:克隆金银花类药用植物4-二磷酸胞苷-2-C-甲基赤藓糖激酶(4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol kinase,IspE)和4-羟基-3-甲基-2-邻苯基二磷酸还原酶(4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-enyl diphosphate reductase,IspH)基因,并对其基因序列、蛋白特性和转录活性进行分析、比较.方法:从忍冬Lonicera japonica转录组测序结果中分析获得了IspE,IspH基因.分别以忍冬、红白忍冬L.japonica var.chinensis、红腺忍冬L.hypoglauca和水忍冬L.dasystyla新鲜花蕾为材料,利用RT-PCR技术克隆获得了4种金银花类药用植物IspE和IspH基因的全长cDNA.运用生物信息学分析软件,预测编码蛋白的结构和功能,并通过RT-PCR检测IspE和IspH在忍冬、红白忍冬、红腺忍冬、水忍冬花蕾中的转录情况.结果:金银花类药用植物IspE基因含有1个完整的开放阅读框,长度为1 221 bp,编码406个氨基酸;IspH含有一个完整的开放阅读框,长度为1 380 bp,编码459个氨基酸.IspE和IspH均为非分泌蛋白,均定位于叶绿体中.RT-PCR分析结果表明在忍冬、红腺忍冬和水忍冬的花蕾中IspE,IspH基因的转录水平没有显著差异,但红白忍冬花蕾中IspE,IspH基因的转录水平均显著高于忍冬.结论:克隆获得忍冬、红白忍冬、红腺忍冬和水忍冬中IspE,IspH基因,并证实了其在不同金银花类药用植物中的表达,为进一步研究IspE,IspH基因对萜类化合物生物合成和花香气以及颜色的影响奠定了基础.