小剂量氯胺酮静脉麻醉超前镇痛对术后镇痛的临床观察

目的 观察小剂量氯胺酮静脉麻醉超前镇痛对术后镇痛的临床疗效. 方法 选择80例择期腹部外科手术病人,随机分为两组,每组40人,氯胺酮组在手术开始前静脉滴注氯胺酮30mg,对照组静脉滴注生理盐水.两组均行PCEA吗啡镇痛,记录疼痛出现时间,术后4、8、12、16、24小时VAS评分,24小时镇痛药消耗量及不良反应.结果 氯胺酮组术后疼痛出现时间明显延长(P＜0.05);术后16小时及24小时两组VAs评分有统计学意义(P＜0.05);两组24小时吗啡消耗量有统计学意义(P＜0.05);两组不良反应无明显差异. 结论 小剂量氯胺酮静脉麻醉超前镇痛可加强术后镇痛作用,并可加强吗啡术后镇痛的效果.     

术前硬膜外应用氯胺酮对术后镇痛的影响

目的观察术前应用氯胺酮对术后镇痛的作用。方法选择90例妇产科手术病人,随机分为两组,每组45人,实验组在术前行氯胺酮30mg注入硬膜外腔,对照组注入生理盐水。两组术后均行PCEA镇痛,记录疼痛出现的时间,术后3、6、9、12、16、24小时VAS评分,24小时镇痛液的用药及不良反应。结果实验组术后疼痛出现的时间明显延长(P<0.05);术后16小时及24小时两组VAS评分有统计学意义(P<0.05);两组24小时内吗啡用量有统计学意义(P<0.05);不良反应两组无明显差异。结论术前硬膜外腔应用氯胺酮能加强吗啡术后镇痛的效果。     

氯胺酮超前镇痛用于胆囊切除术术后镇痛的临床研究

目的观察硬膜外腔注入氯胺酮进行超前镇痛用于胆囊切除术术后镇痛效果。方法 60例胆囊切除术患者随机分为两组:Ⅰ组(实验组)30例,氯胺酮0.3 mg/kg+生理盐水稀释成6 m L于手术切皮前硬膜外腔注入;Ⅱ组(对照组)30例,生理盐水6 m L于手术切皮前硬膜外腔注入。观察两组患者术后镇痛效果、并发症的发生。结果术后VAS评分Ⅰ组明显低于Ⅱ组(P<0.05)。呼吸抑制、头痛、恶心、呕吐、皮肤瘙痒、幻觉等不良反应差异无显著性(P>0.05)。结论硬膜外腔注入氯胺酮进行超前镇痛可有效降低创伤导致的疼痛感,镇痛效果确切,且未出现氯胺酮所致的精神异常的不良反应。     

硬膜外舒芬太尼超前镇痛对胆囊切除手术术后镇痛的影响

目的 探讨舒芬太尼超前镇痛对硬膜外麻醉效果及术后镇痛的影响.方法 择期硬膜外麻醉下胆囊切除手术患者40例随机均分为两组.A组切皮前硬膜外注入舒芬太尼10μg,B组注入生理盐水2 ml作为对照.记录BP、HR的变化、硬膜外用药量及术后疼痛的视觉模拟评分(VAS).结果 两组术中生命体征平稳,无呼吸抑制发生.与B组比较,A组术中麻醉药用量明显减少(P<0.05);两组术后VAS评分相似(P>0.05),但A组自控镇痛首次触发时间比B组迟,有效触发次数少(P<0.05).结论 硬膜外舒芬太尼超前镇痛可减少硬膜外用药量,减轻术后疼痛.     

胃癌根治术静脉小剂量氯胺酮复合硬膜外吗啡超前镇痛的效果观察

目的　观察胃癌根治术中静脉小剂量氯胺酮复合硬膜外吗啡超前镇痛与对照组术后镇痛效果及吗啡用量。方法　选择胃癌择期手术患者60例,ASAⅠ~Ⅱ级,随机分为三组,每组各20例,三组均采用硬膜外复合全麻。A组(试验组)静脉小剂量氯胺酮复合硬膜外吗啡超前镇痛,B组仅硬膜外吗啡超前镇痛,C组(对照组)未用超前镇痛。三组术后均采用术后镇痛。分别记录术后6、12、24、48小时的BP、RR、HR、SPO2、VAS(疼痛评分)、吗啡用量。结果 A组在4个时间点VAS均为最低,与B组、C组相比差异有显著性(P<0.05)。6h、12hB组与C组VAS比较差异有显著性(P<0.05),24h、48h差异无显著性(P>0.05)。A组PCEA(病人自控硬膜外镇痛)吗啡累积消耗量在4个时间点均为最低,与B组、C组比较差异有显著性(P<0.05);B组与C组的吗啡累积消耗量在4个点比较差异均有显著性(P<0.05)。结论　为胃癌根治术患者达到满意的超前镇痛,并且尽量减少术后吗啡及其它阿片类药物的使用,可使用静脉小剂量氯胺酮复合硬膜外吗啡超前镇痛的方法,这种方法可以同时发挥外周及中枢的镇痛作用。     

曲马多与氯胺酮的超前镇痛作用在剖宫产中的比较

目的：比较剖宫产手术切皮前硬膜外小剂量使用曲马多与氯胺酮的超前镇痛效应。方法：选择72例择期或急诊剖宫产手术病人随机分为3组,每组24例,分别在手术切皮前经硬膜外导管注入曲马多25mg（Ⅰ组）,氯胺酮30mg（Ⅱ组）,生理盐水0.5ml（Ⅲ组）。术后均采用硬膜外病人自控镇痛（PCEA）。观察项目：（1）3组剖宫产手术病人中的手术时间。（2）2%利多卡因麻醉用药总量。（3）术后疼痛开始时间。（4）术后PCEA用药量。（5）PCEA镇痛的不良反应（恶心、呕吐）。（6）PCEA镇痛后VAS评分。结果：3组病人,在手术时间上无统计学意义。术中麻醉药用量,Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组与Ⅲ组相比明显减少,差异有显著性（P〈0.05）。但Ⅰ组与Ⅱ组之间差异无显著性（P〉0.05）。术后疼痛开始时间,与Ⅲ组相比较,Ⅰ组与Ⅱ组均明显延长（P〈0.05）,PCEA术后用量依次为Ⅲ组〉Ⅰ组〉Ⅱ组,3组差异均有显著性（P〈0.05）。PCEA的VAS评分,3组间无差异。结论：手术切皮前经硬膜外小剂量曲马多或氯胺酮均降低术后病人对PCEA镇痛药的需要量,但氯胺酮的硬膜外超前镇痛效果较曲马多更有效。     

氯胺酮和吗啡硬膜外超前镇痛效果的临床对比研究

目的观察比较氯胺酮、吗啡超前镇痛对全子宫切除手术患者围术期应激反应及术后疼痛的影响。方法选择45例硬膜外麻醉下行全子宫切除术的患者,随机分为三组,C、K、M组硬膜外腔分别注入2%利多卡因5ml、2%利多卡因5ml＋氯胺酮30mg、2%利多卡因5ml＋吗啡1mg。术毕自控硬腺外镇痛（PCEA）,药物为0.2%罗哌卡因5ml/h。分别于术前、术后第1、2天晨抽取静脉血,用高效液相色谱法测定血浆去甲肾上腺素（NE）、肾上腺素（E）。记录术后不同时间点的疼痛视觉模拟（VAS）评分、首次按压止泵的时间、按压次数以及术后恶心、呕吐和皮肤瘙痒的发生率。结果 K、M两组PCEA泵首次按压时间明显延长,按压次数、止痛剂总消耗量明显减少;M组的不良反应发生率明显高于C、K组。三组患者的NE、E、在术毕第1天显著高于术前（P〈0.05）,术后第1、2天时K、M组NE、E显著低于对照组（P〈0.01）,K、M两组间无差异。结论小剂量氯胺酮、吗啡硬膜外腔超前镇痛能减轻全子宫切除手术后儿茶酚胺的增高反应,提高患者自控镇痛效果,氯胺酮没有阿片类药物的不良反应,用于超前镇痛优于吗啡。     

氯胺酮、吗啡硬膜外超前镇痛效果的临床对比研究

目的比较氯胺酮、吗啡超前镇痛对全子宫切除手术患者围手术期应激反应及术后疼痛的影响。方法45例硬膜外麻醉下行全子宫切除术的患者,随机分为三组,C、K、M组硬膜外腔分别注入2%利多卡因5mL、2%利多卡因5mL+氯胺酮30mg、2%利多卡因5mL+吗啡1mg。术毕自控硬膜外镇痛(PCEA),药物为0.2%罗哌卡因5mL/h。分别于术前、术后第1、2天晨抽取静脉血,用高效液相色谱法测定血浆去甲肾上腺素(NE)、肾上腺素(E)。记录术后不同时间点的疼痛视觉模拟(VAS)评分、首次按压止痛泵的时间、按压次数以及术后不良反应的发生率。结果K、M两组PCEA泵首次按压时间明显延长,按压次数、止痛剂总消耗量明显减少;M组的不良反应发生率明显高于C、K组。三组患者的NE、E、在术毕第1天显著高于术前(P<0.05),术后第1、2天时K、M组NE、E显著低于对照组(P<0.01),K、M两组间无差异。结论氯胺酮、吗啡硬膜外腔超前镇痛能提高患者自控镇痛效果。     

舒芬太尼硬膜外超前镇痛在胃癌根治术患者的应用

目的 探讨舒芬太尼硬膜外超前镇痛的临床效果.方法 择期在硬膜外复合全身麻醉下行胃癌根治术38例,随机均分为两组:切皮前,S组硬膜外给予0.2μg/kg舒芬太尼,N组不用舒芬太尼作为对照.记录术中用药量、VAS术后疼痛评分及不良反应情况.结果 与N组比较,S组术中雷米芬太尼和丙泊酚用量减少,术后镇痛总患者自控镇痛( PCA)量减少,术后4、8、12 h的VAS疼痛评分降低(P＜0.05).结论 术前硬膜外注射舒芬太尼0.2μg/kg对胃癌根治术患者可产生明显的超前镇痛作用.     

地佐辛超前镇痛对胆囊切除患者术后镇痛的影响

目的:于硬膜外注入小剂量地佐辛超前镇痛对老年病人胆囊切除手术术后镇痛效果观察。方法:选择40例胆囊结石择期实施胆囊切除手术的老年病人,分超前镇痛组(实验组20例)和术后镇痛组(对照组20例),两组患者均实施气管内全麻,术中丙泊酚,瑞芬,阿曲库胺维持麻醉,于术前1h、术后1h、术后24h、术后72h四个时间点分别记录SPO2,MAP、VAS评分和自控泵使用状况和患者应用泵后生命体征不良反应发生状况。结果:模拟疼痛评分(VAS)评分术后24h两组静止和活动时Ⅱ组VAS评分较Ⅰ组低,两组间比较有明显差异(P<0.05)。PCEA使用情况:通过实验可见第一次按压自控硬膜外镇痛泵的时间Ⅱ组较Ⅰ组略延后,两组组间比较有明显差别(P<0.05);按压自控硬膜外镇痛泵次数Ⅱ组较Ⅰ组略少,两组间比较有明显差别(P<0.05),自控硬膜外镇痛泵镇痛药的用量Ⅱ组较Ⅰ组明显减少,且Ⅱ组较Ⅰ组地佐辛术后72h用量有极大差别(P<0.01)。结论:硬膜外腔地佐辛超前镇痛可减弱术后疼痛程度,减少术后麻醉镇痛药的使用量。     

瑞芬太尼静脉自控镇痛在分娩中的应用研究

目的 比较瑞芬太尼自控镇痛(PCIA)与罗哌卡因硬膜外自控镇痛(PCEA)在分娩镇痛的镇痛疗效和安全性.方法 40例足月临产妇女随机接受瑞芬太尼PCIA(RA组)或者罗哌卡因PCEA(EA组),RA组瑞芬太尼单次剂量为0.5 μg/kg,锁定时间是2 min,输液速度3 mL/min(60 μg/min),无背景输液.EA组为罗哌卡因1.5 mg/mL+芬太尼2 μg/mL,初始剂量是10 mL/h.视觉模拟评分(VAS)用于疼痛的评估.记录孕产妇心率、血压、血氧饱和度(SpO2)、呼吸速率、镇静、恶心/呕吐、瘙痒、满意度和胎心率,以及新生儿结局,进行比较.结果 这2种方法均提供了良好的镇痛,但RA组镇痛后1h时VAS评分更高,产妇镇静发生率更多,当SpO2＜92％需要吸氧.产妇满意度类似.RA组第一产程、第二产程及总产程较EA组缩短,2组产妇剖宫产率、阴道助产率及新生儿Apgar评分差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),脐动静脉血气分析未见异常.结论 2组镇痛方法均有效,但镇痛后1 h VAS评分低于EA组,具有高产妇满意度和可靠的新生儿安全性.但要控制剂量,术中严密监测呼吸和循环功能.     

Patient-controlled analgesia

Using a portable infusion pump, intravenous opioid patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) permits a patient to self-deliver a small bolus of opioid to achieve prompt relief without over sedation. Use of PCA for pain management is increasing in hospitals, largely because it can provide equivalent or better analgesia than conventional nurse-administered opioid analgesia, and patients are more satisfied with its use. There is no decisive pharmacological or clinical argument for the choice of one opioid rather than another. Thus, morphine remains the most frequently used opioid in PCA. The adjunction of non-opioid drugs to morphine in the PCA reservoir is still very controversial. A new investigational PCA transdermal system using iontophoresis to deliver fentanyl seems to provide an adequate pain control with the advantages of needle-free, preprogrammed, self-contained device. Whatever drug or device used, the overall success of the PCA technique relies mainly on the expert supervision of nurses or anesthesiologists in an Acute Pain Service. Indeed, PCA is effective and significant only on the condition that there is careful preoperative patient education and strict postoperative monitoring. In addition, preoperative patient selection allows to exclude patients with evidence of cognitive dysfunction or physical disabilities, making the use of the patient-controlled device impossible. Caution is required among patients with respiratory or renal insufficiency. In the future, the indispensable improvement in the management of postoperative pain should lead to a greater expansion of PCA. However, more pharmaco-economic evaluations will be needed on the cost-effectiveness issue.     

剖宫产术中应用联合药物进行切口局部超前镇痛的疗效分析

目的：探讨一种剖宫产术中应用切口局部超前镇痛的效果及对产妇的影响。方法：本院剖宫产术的初产妇200例,随机分为研究组（100例）及对照组（100例）,研究组术中应用联合药物于腹膜、腹直肌腱膜与皮下组织行局部麻醉,对照组采用0.9%氯化钠溶液,观察两组镇痛效果、泌乳情况、并发症及阿片类药物使用情况。结果：研究组在72h后镇痛效果非常明显,与对照组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0.01）,研究组初次母乳哺乳时间及肛门排气时间明显早于对照组（P〈0.01）,研究组术后应用的阿片药物少于对照组（P〈0.01）。结论：采用局部联合镇痛方法,镇痛效果显著,有利于母乳喂养及产后恢复,且安全、方便,值得推广使用。     

Stress-produced analgesia and morphine-produced analgesia: Lack of cross-tolerance

Animals exposed to cold-water swims, rotation, inescapable shocks, abrupt food deprivation and other stressors display temporary analgesia. Since repeated exposures result in adaptation of this analgesia in much the same way that repeated administration of opiates results in tolerance, the possibility of cross-tolerance between cold-water stress-induced and morphine-induced analgesia was investigated. Flinch-jump thresholds were determined in ten experimental groups of six rats each. Three groups showed dose-dependent analgesia following single injections of morphine at 5, 10 and 15 mg/kg, respectively. A fourth group, subjected to a single cold-water swim at 2°C for 3.5 min, displayed analgesia comparable to that produced by 10 mg/kg of morphine. Groups subjected either to 14 daily cold-water swims or to 14 daily morphine injections at 10 mg/kg showed normal thresholds on the 14th day indicating that adaptation and tolerance had developed, respectively. The cross-over groups were exposed to either 13 days of cold-water swims followed by morphine or the reverse arrangement. Both groups showed profound analgesia instead of cross-tolerance, suggesting that a non-opiate neural mechanism may mediate stress-induced analgesia.     

硬膜外麻醉用于分娩镇痛的临床分析及护理

目的探讨硬膜外麻醉在分娩镇痛中的效果及价值,以寻找一种理想的分娩镇痛方式。方法将2011年7—11月分娩的单胎头位足月临产孕妇100例分为两组,对照组（50例）不进行任何镇痛处理;研究组（50例）进行硬膜外阻滞加硬膜外自控镇痛。对两组患者镇痛效果、产程时间、分娩方式及新生儿Apgar评分进行比较。结果研究组镇痛效果好,与对照组比较,活跃期明显缩短,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）;两组第二产程、新生儿Apgar评分比较,差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。结论硬膜外麻醉用于分娩镇痛安全、有效,对新生儿的Apgar评分无影响。     

Epidural analgesia.

The process of nociception, the anatomy of the epidural space, and the placement of the epidural catheter are reviewed, and the pharmacology and pharmacokinetics, analgesic efficacy, and potential adverse effects of epidurally administered narcotics and local anesthetics are discussed, as well as patient monitoring standards and solution preparation guidelines for these agents. The epidural space is located between the dura mater (the outer-most membrane surrounding the spinal cord) and the vertebral canal. The site of catheter placement is determined by the dermatomes corresponding to the site of desired analgesia. The primary factors that differentiate epidural narcotics are related to their pharmacokinetic profiles. Morphine, which is hydrophilic, has a slower onset of action and a longer duration of analgesia than lipophilic compounds such as fentanyl; morphine also results in less segmentalization (the degree to which analgesia is limited to discrete dermatomal segments corresponding to the level of the epidural narcotic injection) than is seen with lipophilic compounds. Studies have shown that epidural narcotics provide superior pain relief compared with systemic narcotics. Common adverse effects associated with therapeutic doses of intraspinal narcotics include itching, nausea and vomiting, urinary retention, and sedation; respiratory depression is uncommon after epidural administration of narcotics. The most bothersome adverse effect encountered with analgesic doses of local anesthetics is paresthesia. Solutions for epidural administration must be sterile and preservative free. Epidural administration of narcotics and local anesthetics seems to provide better pain relief than conventional methods but may be associated with more bothersome adverse effects.     

Peripheral opioid analgesia

Opioids have long been thought to act exclusively within the central nervous system. An increasing number of studies recently reported the existence of opioid receptors outside the central nervous system and therefore suggested that opioids are also able to produce analgesic effects in the periphery. Such effects are particularly prominent under painful inflammatory conditions, both in animals and in humans. During inflammatory processes, opioid receptors are transported from dorsal root ganglia towards the peripheral sensory nerve endings. At the same time, immune cells containing endogenous opioid peptides accumulate within the inflamed tissue. Environmental stimuli (e.g. stress) as well as releasing agents (e.g. corticotropin releasing factor, cytokines) can liberate these opioid peptides to interact with the neuronal opioid receptors and elicit local analgesia. The inflammation-induced activation of opioid production and the release of endogenous opioids from immune cells may lead to novel approaches for the development of peripherally acting analgesics. Clinical investigation now focuses on the development of new peripheral opioid agonists as well as on ways to stimulate the endogenous analgesic system in order to induce effective peripheral analgesia with reduced central side effects typically associated with opioids.