Acceleration with exercise during head-down bed rest preserves upright exercise responses

INTRODUCTION: This study was designed to elucidate the effect of short-arm centrifuge-induced artificial gravity with exercise training during ground-based simulated spaceflight, i.e., prolonged head-down bed rest (HDBR), on respiratory and cardiovascular responses to upright exercise. METHODS: There were 10 healthy men who underwent 20 d of -6 degrees HDBR, and were assigned to either a countermeasure (CM) group (n = 5) or a no countermeasure (No-CM) group (n = 5). The subjects in the CM group performed two sessions (20 min each session, 40 min total) of short-arm centrifuge-induced artificial gravity with exercise training in a supine position on alternate days (10 d total) during HDBR. The first session was set at 0.8-1.4 G load at heart level with a constant exercise intensity (60 W), and the second session began with a 0.3 G load at heart level with an interval exercise protocol (40-80% peak oxygen uptake; VO2peak). The measurements of respiratory and cardiovascular responses to incremental exercise were performed pre- and post-HDBR. RESULTS: The 20 d of HDBR increased minute expired ventilation, heart rate, and respiratory exchange ratio and decreased stroke volume during submaximal exercise in the No-CM group, whereas these parameters were unchanged in the CM group. In the No-CM group, VO2peak decreased significantly (47.0 +/- 8.6 to 34.8 +/- 6.8 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1), p < 0.05), whereas VO2peak in the CM group did not show a significant decrease following 20 d of HDBR (47.7 +/- 10.0 to 43.9 +/- 8.9 ml x kg(-1) x min(-1)). These results suggest that short-arm centrifuge-induced artificial gravity with exercise training is effective in maintaining respiratory and cardiovascular responses to upright exercise.     

低氧、气功对抗模拟失重后立位中心脏节律变化的观察

目的探讨新的对抗失重措施。方法１５名、年龄１９～２２岁的健康男性青年为被试者。头低位－６°卧床（－６°ＨＤＢＲ）模拟失重,持续２１ｄ。实验分对照组（单纯卧床）、低氧组（卧床＋低氧）和气功组（卧床＋气功）。低氧组卧床期间每人每天吸两次低氧,每次２０ｍｉｎ。气功组卧床中每天练功三次,每次４５ｍｉｎ。三组卧床前、后进行２０ｍｉｎ＋７５°的立位实验。结果三组被试者在卧床前立位中的心电图未发生明显变化,心律正常。卧床２１ｄ后立位实验中对照组２人出现房性和窦性心律紊乱;气功组２人出现结性心律紊乱。低氧组所有人均未发生心律紊乱。结论低氧对抗卧床后立位耐立降低效果较好。     

Adaptations to a 7-day head-down bed rest with thigh cuffs

PURPOSE: Thigh cuffs were two elastic strips fixed at the upper part of each thigh, which limits the shift of fluid from the legs into the cardio-thoracic region. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of thigh cuffs on hormonal and plasma volume responses and orthostatic tolerance during a 7-day head-down bed rest (HDBR). METHODS: Orthostatic tolerance, plasma volume, total body water, blood volume-regulating hormones, and hydro-electrolyte responses were measured in eight healthy men (age range, 25-40 yr), using thigh cuffs 10 h daily during 7 d of -6 degrees HDBR. RESULTS: Thigh cuffs worn during HDBR attenuated the decrease in plasma volume observed after HDBR (thigh cuffs: -5.85 +/- 0.95% vs control: -9.09 +/- 0.82%, P < or = 0.05). During this experiment, there was no significant change in total body water. Thus, the hypovolemia did not result from a loss of water but from a fluid shift from the blood compartment into the interstitial and/or intracellular compartment. Hormonal responses during HDBR and stand test were not modified by the thigh cuffs. Thigh cuffs had no significant effect on the clinical symptoms of orthostatic intolerance after HDBR. CONCLUSIONS: Thigh cuffs worn during HDBR blunted the decrease in plasma volume but did not reduce orthostatic intolerance; thus, they are not a completely effective countermeasure. Furthermore, hypovolemia seems to be necessary but not sufficient to induce orthostatic intolerance after HDBR.     

21d头低位卧床对人体左心舒张功能的影响

目的观察模拟失重条件对人体左心舒张功能的影响 ,探讨其在航天后心血管功能失调中的作用。方法采用超声多谱勒技术观察了 6名健康青年男性在 2 1d - 6°头低卧位模拟失重前、实验第 1 0、2 1天及实验后左心舒张功能变化 ,同时检查其卧床前后的立位耐力改变。结果被试者左心舒张功能指标 :经二尖瓣血流E峰最大流速 (PEV)、A峰最大流速 (PAV)、E峰血流速度积分 (VTIE)指标在实验第1 0、2 1天均较实验前有明显的降低 (P <0 .0 5 ) ;而A峰血流速度积分 (VTIA) ,峰值血流速度比值 (A/E)及血流速度积分比值 (VTIA/E)的下降则未达到显著水平 (P >0 .0 5 )。 6名被试者均未能通过立位耐力检查。结论模拟失重可引起人体左心舒张功能的显著下降     

21 d-6°头低位卧床期间运动训练对动态姿态平衡的影响

目的探讨21 d-6°头低位卧床和卧床运动训练对动态姿态平衡和控制功能的影响. 方法 10名健康男性青年被试者分为卧床对照组和卧床训练组,每组5人,卧床期间训练组每天进行2次、每次30 min逐级增加负荷的头低位功率自行车训练;分别于卧床前和卧床后21 d进行了动态姿态平衡和双膝等速肌力的测试. 结果与卧床前相比,对照组动态本体感觉得分和运动控制适应能力明显降低,双膝相对峰力矩明显降低,同时伴有腘绳肌与股四头肌峰力矩屈/伸比值的明显增加;训练组动态本体感觉得分和运动控制适应能力明显高于对照组,而腘绳肌与股四头肌峰力矩屈/伸比值无明显改变. 结论 21 d-6°头低位卧床运动训练能够明显改善卧床后动态姿态平衡及其动态运动适应功能.     

利用非线性方法研究头低位卧床对心血管调控机制的影响(英文)

目的本研究旨在用非线性分析方法,探讨-6°头低位卧床试验对心血管调控机制的影响,并将对照组和中药组进行比较。方法 14名男性健康志愿者随机分入对照组和中药组,进行60d的头低位卧床试验。在试验前、中、后,运用非线性分析技术对心率变异、血压变异进行测试。结果志愿者心率水平在卧床开始后的前21d保持稳定,但从卧床试验的第41天起显著升高,且在卧床结束后亦未恢复至正常;趋向波动指数(DFAα1)于卧床试验开始后的第2天出现明显升高,且维持升高状态至试验结束后的第12天;混沌指数(chaos)在卧床过程中明显下降。卧床试验过程中组间对比发现:对照组心率变异的1/f以及血压变异的SDNN、LF/HF、DFAα1和1/f明显高于中药组,并且心率变异的DFAα2和血压变异的HF明显降低。结论在卧床试验后期机体出现迷走神经张力下降,迷走交感平衡升高;而中药可以减轻模拟失重对心血管系统的影响。     

21d -6°头低位卧床期间运动训练对骨丢失的防护效应

目的观察21 d -6°头低位卧床运动训练对骨质丢失的防护作用. 方法 10名男性青年志愿者分为卧床对照组和卧床训练组,每组5人,卧床期间训练组每天进行1 h的仰卧位功率自行车训练.分别于卧床前和卧床20 d进行了股骨骨密度(BMD)、血清骨钙素(BGP)、羟脯氨酸/肌酐(HOP/Cr)等指标的测量. 结果与卧床前相比,对照组平均股骨BMD下降了5.8%,而训练组下降0.9%,对照组HOP/Cr不仅显著增加而且也显著高于训练组,BGP两组均降低,但是没有显著性差异. 结论 21 d -6°头低位卧床运动训练对于骨质丢失具有比较明显的防护效应.     

Yohimbine administration prevents over-responsiveness to epinephrine induced by simulated microgravity

BACKGROUND: Simulated microgravity produces sustained inhibition of sympathoneural release, turnover, and synthesis of norepinephrine (NE) and hypersensitization of beta-adrenergic pathways. These changes may explain the orthostatic intolerance experienced by astronauts returning from spaceflights. HYPOTHESIS: Chronic administration of yohimbine would prevent the increase of beta-adrenergic hypersensitivity to epinephrine (Epi) induced by simulated microgravity. METHODS: Eight healthy young subjects received 8 mg of yohimbine (an antagonist of alpha2adrenoceptors) orally twice a day during the simulated microgravity achieved through -6 degrees head-down bed rest (HDBR). The catecholamine-induced lipolysis was studied on isolated fat cells from subcutaneous adipose tissue before HDBR and on the fifth day of HDBR. Epi was infused at three graded rates (0.01, 0.02, and 0.03 microg x kg(-1) x min(-1) for 40 min each) before and at the end of the HDBR period. The effects of Epi on the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) activity-assessed by plasma NE levels and spectral analysis of systolic BP and heart rate variability-and on plasma levels of glycerol, non-esterified fatty acids, glucose, and insulin and on energy expenditure were evaluated. RESULTS: Under yohimbine treatment, HDBR failed to modify urinary NE excretion and spectral variability of systolic BP in the mid-frequency range. The beta- and alpha-adrenergic sensitivity of fat cells were not modified by HDBR nor were plasma NE levels and spectral variability of systolic BP induced by Epi infusion. No alteration of Epi-induced changes in heart rate and systolic and diastolic BPs were observed after HDBR. Epi-induced increases in plasma glucose, insulin, glycerol, and non-esterified fatty acid levels as well as energy expenditure were also unmodified by HDBR. Only the Epi-induced plasma lactate level was increased by HDBR. CONCLUSION: Our data suggest that the increase in the effects of Epi induced during microgravity could be attenuated by chronic administration of yohimbine. An explanation for this effect could be SNS activation brought about by the alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist properties of yohimbine.     

Cardiovascular adaptation during simulated microgravity: lower body negative pressure to counter orthostatic hypotension

The cardiovascular function is one of the main functions disturbed by microgravity. It is particularly affected by the astronaut's return to Earth, where one of the symptoms of the cardiovascular adaptation syndrome is orthostatic hypotension; the clinical consequence can be presyncopal state or a syncope. Lower body negative pressure (LBNP) is intended to stimulate the venous system of the lower limbs. Studies performed in the U.S. have shown that LBNP constitutes an efficient countermeasure, but this approach is impractical because 4 to 6 h/d of application are required. Five volunteers took part in two recent antiorthostatic bed rest experiments for 30 days. In the first experiment, three subjects were submitted to several sessions of LBNP per day and two others were controls; in the second, the LBNP group of the first experiment became control and vice versa. Two orthostatic investigations were performed: 5 d before bed rest; and at the end of the 30-d bed rest period. The results showed that: 1) when the subjects were controls, a high orthostatic hypotension post bed rest with three syncopes and one presyncopal state during the first minutes of the tilt test appeared; 2) when the subjects were submitted to LBNP sessions, no orthostatic hypotension was noted. These two experiments proved the beneficial effects of the LBNP as a countermeasure against orthostatic hypotension.     

头低位-6°卧床期间人体内分泌激素的变化

目的观察 7d卧床前中后血尿内分泌激素的变化。方法 6名男性被试者头低位 - 6°卧床条件下 ,测量卧床前 48h、卧床 48h、1 2 0h血中皮质醇 (CORT)、醛固酮 (ALD)、甲状腺素 (T3 、T4)含量 ;同时留取每天 6∶0 0～ 2 2∶0 0 ,2 2∶0 0～ 6∶0 0 2个时相的尿样 ,测定尿中CORT、ALD、儿茶酚胺 [去甲肾上腺素 (NE)、肾上腺素 (E)、多巴胺 (DA) ]等内分泌指标。结果被试者卧床 48h时血中的CORT、ALD上升 ,T3 、T4、总蛋白 (TP)、尿尿素氮 (UUN)下降 ;卧床 1 2 0h时 ,又恢复到卧床前水平。尿中的CORT、ALD及去甲肾上腺素在 2 4～ 48h达到最大值 ,以后逐渐回落到卧床前水平。结论血尿中主要内分泌指标随头低位- 6°卧床时间的延长逐渐恢复到正常水平     

Posture analysis on young women before and after 60 days of -6 degrees head down bed rest (Wise 2005)

Twenty-four women divided into three groups: control, exercise and nutrition, have been involved in a -6 degrees head down bed rest (HDBR) experiment for 60 days. The objective was to analyse the effects of microgravity on balance function regulation. Group comparisons assessed the efficiency of countermeasures (specific exercises and in particular diet) on the deleterious effects of simulated microgravity. Measurements of orthostatic and dynamic balance were taken 9 and 2 days prior to the experiment, on the first day of getting up, the following day and 4 and 10 days after, under two visual conditions: eyes open and eyes closed. The results confirmed that, as in any other test performed with ordinary subjects, the postural balance performances are better with eyes open than with eyes closed. The static and dynamic postural performances were impaired on the first day of recovery (R0) following HDBR. This impairment lasted up to 4 days after getting up and, afterwards the volunteers recovered their initial performances. The exercise group recovered static postural performances more quickly than the other groups whereas there were no differences in the recovery of the dynamic balance performances.     

低氧,气功对抗卧床模拟失重和卧床后立位耐力的观察

为研究低氧、气功对抗卧床模拟失重的效果，１５名１９－２２岁的健康男性青年。分为三组：对照组，低氧组，气功组。结果表明：卧床期间，被试乾的生理功能都有不同程度的降低。气功组的小腿周径的减小，体重、脉压、日均心输出量和基础每搏量的降低均显著小于对照组（Ｐ〈０．０５）。低氧组的小腿周径和基础每搏量的降低经对照组显著减少（Ｐ〈０．０５），体重、脉压和日均心输出量的降低均小于对照组，但无显著性（Ｐ〉０．０５     

头低位卧床模拟失重对汉语语音特征的影响

目的探讨头低位卧床模拟失重作用下生成语音的语音特征的变化规律。方法被试者为 6名健康男性青年 ,头低位 - 6°模拟失重条件下记录语音特征及变化规律。结果与对照组相比 ,模拟失重作用下语音的时长有一定增加 ;平均能量明显降低 ,结果非常显著 ;基频有一定降低 ,并有显著性差异 (P <0 .0 5)。结论模拟失重对人的语音特征产生一定影响 ,某些语音特征的影响具有显著性。     

21d头低位卧床期间第一周和最后一周下体负压锻炼对立位耐力和心功能的影响

目的观察在 2 1d头低位卧床的第一周和最后一周进行下体负压锻炼对立位耐力和心功能的影响。方法 1 2名健康男性志愿者 ,随机分为对照组和LBNP组 ,每组 6人 ,均参加 - 6°头低位倾斜卧床实验。对照组在卧床期间不做任何处理 ,LBNP组在卧床第一周和最后一周 ,每天进行 1h、- 30mmHg的下体负压锻炼。卧床前和卧床第 1 0、2 1天在倾斜床上进行 3次立位耐力检查 ,卧床期间测量心脏泵血和收缩功能等指标。结果卧床前两组 1 2名被试者均顺利通过立位耐力检查。卧床第 1 0和 2 1天 ,对照组所有被试者均不能通过立位耐力检查 ,而下体负压组仅有 1人未通过 ,卧床第 2 1天下体负压组( 1 9.7± 0 .9min)平均耐受时间较对照组 ( 1 5 .0± 3.2min)显著延长 (P <0 .0 5 )。对照组每搏输出量(SV)及心输出量 (CO)在卧床第 3、1 0天较卧床前显著降低 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,而LBNP组SV及CO在卧床期间均无显著性变化 ;两组的射血前期 (PEP) /左室射血时间 (LVET)在卧床第 3、1 4天均显著升高 (P <0 .0 5 )。两组间比较 ,LBNP组PEP/LVET在卧床第 3天较对照组显著降低 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,LVET在卧床第 3、7和 1 4天较对照组显著升高 (P <0 .0 5 )。结论 2 1d头低位卧床可引起立位耐力、心脏泵血和收缩功能显著降低 ;在 2 1d头低位卧床的     

Bed rest effects on human calf hemodynamics and orthostatic intolerance: a model-based analysis

INTRODUCTION: Microgravity-induced orthostatic intolerance continues to be a primary problem after space missions. Its etiology remains uncertain despite significant research efforts over the past years. We hypothesized that calf hemodynamic parameters (compliance and resistance) are significantly affected by 14 to 16-d head-down bed rest (simulated microgravity), and their alterations play a role in the pathogenesis of orthostatic intolerance (OI) following bed rest. METHODS: To estimate these parameters, we developed a model-based approach to quantitatively simulate calf vascular response to venous occlusion, which only necessitates measurement of plethysmography data. In this study, plethysmography data were obtained from 29 subjects before and after 14-16 d of head-down bed rest. The subjects also underwent a tilt/stand test before and after bed rest. RESULTS: Statistical analyses demonstrated an increase in calf compliance (1.87 +/- 0.08, mean +/- SE, pre-bed rest; 2.16 +/- 0.10, end-bed rest) but no significant change in vascular resistance following bed rest. Compared with the tilt-intolerant subjects, those who were tilt-tolerant before bed rest had significantly higher calf compliance [2.00 +/- 0.09 (tolerant); 1.58 +/- 0.09 (intolerant)] and higher vascular resistance [7.79 +/- 0.18 (tolerant); 6.91 +/- 0.40 (intolerant)]. After bed rest, no such difference was detected. DISCUSSION: Based on these results, we validated the hypothesis that, instead of causing orthostatic intolerance, higher calf compliance before bed rest leads to recruitment of compensatory mechanisms (validated by the enhanced vascular resistance during venous occlusion) for a better toleration of orthostatic stress. With the absence of orthostatic challenge during bed rest, the difference in calf hemodynamic parameters is attenuated between the tilt-tolerant and tilt-intolerant groups.     

头低位卧床期间体育锻炼30d对下肢肌肉的影响

目的:通过观察和比较30 d头低位卧床期间不同体育锻炼方式对下肢肌肉的影响,以进一步明确体育锻炼对失重后下肢肌肉萎缩的对抗效果。方法:15名男性健康被试者,随机分为对照组、下肢肌力训练组和自行车功量计训练组。实验期间测量小腿周径、小腿截面积、腓肠肌肌电平均振幅的变化。结果:与卧床前相比,对照组小腿周径随卧床时间延长显著减小(P<0.01);下肢肌力训练组在卧床第18～30天以及起床后的小腿周径显著减小(P<0.01);自行车功量计训练组在卧床第22～30天及起床后显著减小(P<0.01)。与卧床前相比,卧床第30天和起床后1周时3组的小腿截面积均显著减小(P<0.05)。与卧床前相比,对照组肌电振幅在第1和22天显著降低(P<0.05),下肢肌力训练组的肌电振幅在卧床第7、22、26和30天显著降低(P<0.05),自行车功量计组在卧床第7、10、22和30天显著降低(P<0.05)。结论:30 d头低位卧床可引起严重的肌肉萎缩。下肢肌力训练和自行车功量计训练对防止模拟失重所致肌肉萎缩,促进肌肉恢复有一定的作用。     

21d头低位卧床过程中套带对抗心血管脱适应的作用

目的在２１ ｄ 头低位卧床的１ ～１０ ｄ 使用套带,能明显阻止立位耐力下降,在后续卧床中观察套带组不使用套带时的心血管脱适应变化,以进一步验证套带的防护效果。方法 套带组继卧床第１ ～１０ 天使用套带后、卧床第１１ ～１７ 天不使用套带,最后４ ｄ 再使用套带。在卧床第１７ 、２１ 天时进行正立位７５°耐力检查。结果套带组５ 人（ 卧床第１０ 天时都通过２０ ｍｉｎ 立位） 停用套带１ ｗｋ ,５ 人中有２ 人未通过２０ ｍｉｎ 立位,一名１７ ｍｉｎ 出现晕厥前症状,另一名４ ｍｉｎ 出现晕厥。再用套带４ｄ ,套带组５ 人又全部通过２０ ｍｉｎ 立位。结论（１） 停止使用持续加压套带引起了心血管脱适应,（２）卧床后期四肢使用持续加压套带４ ｄ 能有效阻止立位耐力下降。     

Bed rest affects ventricular and arterial elastances in monkeys: implications for humans

METHODS: Experimental data were obtained from five chronically instrumented rhesus monkeys exposed to 96 h of 10 degrees head-down bed rest (HDBR) and another 96 h of 80 degrees upright control separated by 9 d of ambulatory recovery in a counter-balanced, crossover experiment design to test the hypotheses that: 1) headward and footward fluid shifts would increase systemic arterial (Eart) and left ventricular end-systolic (Ees) elastances; and 2) changes in Eart and Ees would be related in magnitude and direction. Ees and Eart were calculated from measurements taken during five observation periods for initial 2-h and 4-d exposures to HDBR that produced headward volume shifts, and acute exposure to graded levels of lower body negative pressure (LBNP) designed to produce orthostatic volume shifts. RESULTS: There was no effect of HDBR on Ees and Eart for any observation period (initial 2-h, 4-d, or LBNP). Eart increased in a similar pattern during the 4-d exposure to both control and HDBR. Ees increased with increasing LBNP levels for both control and HDBR while Eart remained unchanged. CONCLUSION: Our data are consistent with the notion that elevated Eart may represent an adaptation to physical inactivity that is associated with cardiovascular deconditioning.     

7d-6°卧床对心电向量图的影响

目的探讨短期 - 6°头低位卧床模拟失重对人心电向量图 (vectorcardiogram ,VCG)的影响。 方法 8名健康男性志愿者 ,年龄 1 9～ 2 1岁 ,进行了 7d - 6°头低位卧床 (HDBR)试验。HDBR前、HDBR第 1、3和 7天时进行了 4次心电向量图检查。结果在卧床期间 ,横面QRS环呈逆钟向偏转 ;右侧面QRS环呈顺钟向偏转 (P <0 .0 5或P <0 .0 1 )。横面和右侧面QRS T夹角在卧床过程中显著增加 (P <0 .0 5或P<0 .0 1 )。其余指标变化不显著。结论 7d头低位卧床可使心电向量参数发生变化 ,这些变化与心房、心室的容积变化在时程上一致 ,而且这些参数的改变都在正常值范围内。它与心室病理性肥厚、心肌缺血时心电向量图各参数的变化显然不同。