经皮肾镜术中误入下腔静脉伴血栓形成一例并文献复习

目的探讨经皮肾镜碎石取石术（percutaneous nephrolithotomy, PCNL）中穿刺误入下腔静脉,留置肾造瘘管后出现下腔静脉血栓的处理办法。 方法结合文献复习,回顾性分析2017年5月我院收治的1例左肾铸型结石患者的临床资料。患者男,59岁,于全麻下行左PCNL。术中穿刺建立通道后出血汹涌,视野不清,中止手术,留置并夹闭肾造瘘管。术后第3日复查CT提示肾造瘘管经左肾静脉、下腔静脉至肝脏,下腔静脉内血栓形成。行经皮下腔静脉及左肾动脉造影,置入下腔静脉滤器及溶栓导管,透视监视下拔出左肾造瘘管。 结果拔出肾造瘘管后,患者无不良反应,血流动力学状态稳定,反复经导管造影,未见造影剂外溢。经溶栓治疗后,术后第11日再次行下腔静脉造影未见充盈缺损,顺利回收滤器。 结论PCNL术中穿刺误入下腔静脉,留置肾造瘘管伴下腔静脉血栓形成时,在血管造影辅助下分步缓慢拔出肾造瘘管并行溶栓治疗的方法安全、可靠,可避免外科手术的二次伤害及血栓相关并发症的发生。     

B超引导经皮肾造瘘术中并发肾静脉损伤3例临床分析

目的总结经皮肾造瘘术中肾静脉损伤的原因及处理策略。方法回顾分析2009~2014年间经皮肾造瘘及经皮肾镜取石术发生的3例肾静脉损伤患者的临床资料。男性1例,女性2例;均在建立经皮肾通道过程中发生导丝穿入肾静脉,肾造瘘管沿导丝误入肾静脉及腔静脉,术后经CT检查明确。3例患者术后均在彩超监测下分次逐步拔除肾造瘘管。结果 3例患者拔除肾造瘘管后,未发生肾静脉瘘口出血,未行外科手术干预,未出现肾功能损害。结论经皮肾造瘘术中发生肾造瘘管误入肾静脉后,采用留置并夹闭肾造瘘管、分次逐步拔除肾造瘘管是安全可靠的,可以避免外科手术干预。     

经皮肾手术肾造瘘管误入静脉系统的诊治分析

目的探讨经皮肾手术肾造瘘管误入静脉系统的诊治特点。方法回顾性分析2006年1月至2020年12月湖南省郴州市第一人民医院和湖南省郴州市第四人民医院共收治的6例肾造瘘管误入静脉系统患者的临床资料。男4例, 女2例;中位年龄41.0(38.5, 53.0)岁;有对侧上尿路手术史3例, 同侧上尿路手术史1例, 无上尿路手术史2例;孤立肾2例;铸形肾结石2例(合并轻度肾积水1例, 中度肾积水1例), 输尿管结石4例(合并轻度肾积水2例, 中度肾积水1例, 重度肾积水1例)。6例均行经皮肾镜取石术(PCNL), 术中在筋膜扩张器扩张后, 拔出扩张器内芯时血液由工作鞘涌出, 立即留置肾造瘘管并夹闭, 结束手术。5例术后返回病房后行CT检查明确诊断, 1例术中经肾造瘘管注入造影剂肾静脉显影, 早期明确诊断。6例中行左侧手术5例, 右侧1例;肾造瘘管末端位于同侧肾静脉内3例(均为行左侧手术), 经同侧肾静脉至下腔静脉2例(均为左侧手术), 经同侧肾静脉、下腔静脉至对侧肾静脉1例(行右侧手术)。6例均无合并肾静脉或下腔静脉血栓。监测患者生命体征, 严格卧床, 予抗感染治疗;保持造瘘管夹闭状态, 采用一步...     

彩色多普勒超声联合CT三维成像在经皮肾镜取石术中的价值评估

目的探讨彩色多普勒超声联合CT三维成像在经皮肾镜取石术(percutaneous nephrolithotomy,PCNL)中的价值。方法肾结石患者120例,采用CT血管造影:CT动脉成像技术/CT静脉成像技术(CTA/CTV)辅助彩色多普勒超声引导下精确定位穿刺,建立经皮肾通道行PCNL。结果 120例患者均成功行PCNL术,手术时间40—150分钟,平均(75±63)分钟;术中出血量20~200 m1,平均出血量(70±50)ml。术后3~5天行腹部平片复查,12例残石直径4 mm,一次性净石率为90.0%,二期净石率达到100%;3例出现迟缓性大出血,其中1例经选择性肾动脉栓塞,2例经用止血药物,绝对卧床休息,夹闭造瘘管和牵拉造瘘管气囊行压迫性止血等措施,出血停止。无肾切除与死亡患者。随访3~6个月,无结石复发及严重并发症。结论彩色多普勒超声联合CT三维成像定位行PCNL术,可避免血管损伤,减轻因盲点穿刺而造成的医源性血管损伤出血,提高PCNL术的成功率,减少并发症的发生。     

肾造瘘管误入腔静脉3例报告

本文报道3例经皮肾造瘘术及肾造瘘管置换术中损伤下腔静脉的患者, 1例为经皮肾造瘘术中损伤腔静脉, 经CT检查明确后, 在CT下直接拔除造瘘管;其他2例为肾造瘘管置换术中损伤下腔静脉, 经CT检查明确后, 逐步拔除肾造瘘管。3例术后均顺利撤除误入下腔静脉的肾造瘘管, 无继发下腔静脉或肾静脉损伤, 无继发血栓形成, 均顺利行再次肾造瘘术。     

肥胖患者侧卧位微创经皮肾镜取石术导丝误入右心房及肾造瘘管误入腔静脉一例报告并文献复习

目的 探讨肥胖患者行B超引导下侧卧位微创经皮肾镜取石术(mininimally invasive percutaneous nephrolithotomy,MPCNL)中肾静脉损伤导致造瘘管置入腔静脉、导丝进入右心房的处理方法. 方法 回顾性分析2014年5月收治的1例左输尿管结石左肾积水男性患者的临床资料.年龄30岁.因反复左侧腰部疼痛5年,检查发现左肾结石伴左肾积水入院.患者有大量饮酒史3年,高血压病、糖尿病史6个月.体质指数35.9 kg/m2.查体:血压150/110 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa).左肾区叩痛明显.B超检查:左侧肾盂输尿管连接处见约1.5 cm×1.0 cm强光团,后伴声影,左肾中度积水.CT检查:左侧输尿管上段结石伴左肾中度积水,增强扫描左肾皮质CT值100 HU.全麻下行B超引导下侧卧位MPCNL.术中建立经皮肾通道时因出血导致视野不清,留置斑马导丝及肾造瘘管准备二期行MPCNL. 结果 术后第7天复查CT发现导丝位于右心房,肾造瘘管位于腔静脉内达肝门水平.在CT引导下拔出导丝,每次约10 cm,观察5 min,患者无不良反应则再拔出10 cm,共5次将斑马导丝退入肾造瘘管内,将肾造瘘管退至肾分支静脉内距肾盂1 cm处停止,待分支肾静脉穿刺口血栓形成和愈合.术后第9天再次在CT监视下将肾造瘘管退入肾盂内,引流出清亮黄色尿液.术后第14天在全麻下经原通道行MPCNL,于肾盂输尿管连接处寻及约1.5 cm×1.0 cm结石,在输尿管镜下行气压弹道碎石术,检查各肾盏及输尿管上段无残石后,留置双J管及肾造瘘管,术中及术后无血尿,患者无不适.二次手术后3d拔除肾造瘘管.二次手术后1个月拔除双J管,患者无特殊不适. 结论 肥胖患者行B超引导下侧卧位MPCNL时经皮肾通道建立难度大,术中穿刺深度与术前CT检查测量的距离存在误差,易导致损伤.术中肾静脉损伤及肾造瘘管误入腔静脉时,可以通过夹闭造瘘管进行止血.在充分做好抢救准备的前提下,可在CT引导下分次逐步拔除导丝及造瘘管.     

经皮肾镜取石术治疗复杂性肾结石并发症分析

目的探讨经皮肾镜取石术（PCNL）治疗复杂性肾结石的手术并发症发生情况及处理措施。方法分析四川省人民医院2007年2月-2008年9月经皮肾穿刺、超声吸附碎石术或联合输尿管镜气压弹道碎石术治疗56例复杂性肾结石患者的临床资料,并对手术并发症和处理措施进行分析。结果56例患者,Ⅰ期取净结石40例,5例因残留结石较多行2次手术;术中大出血3例,留置肾盂造瘘管间段夹闭后观察无明显出血后Ⅱ期手术;严重感染1例,行敏感抗生素抗感染后痊愈;肾贯通伤2例;双J管未放成功2例;无肾蒂、胸腹脏器损伤。结论PCNL虽属微创手术,但术中大出血、残留结石、术后感染是PCNL较常见并发症。开展此项技术时加强并发症的防治至关重要。     

B超引导下经皮肾镜钬激光碎石取石术治疗肾盏憩室结石10例报告

目的：探讨经皮肾镜钬激光碎石取石术（PCNL）治疗肾盏憩室结石的安全性及疗效.方法：对接受PCNL治疗的10例肾盏憩室结石患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析总结.结果：9例患者均行单通道一期碎石及取石,平均手术时间90 min,平均留置肾造瘘管7天,平均住院12天,术后住院时间7天.1例患者穿刺失败中转开放手术,均未出现大出血或邻近器官损伤等并发症,术后复查尿路平片示结石全部取净.结论：PCNL术治疗肾盏憩室结石安全、可行,疗效确切,与开放手术相比,能减少术中、术后出血及并发症,结石取净率高.具有创伤小、恢复快等优点.     

微创经皮肾镜取石术后迟发大出血的原因及防治策略

目的 分析微创经皮肾镜取石(PCNL)术后迟发大出血的原因并探讨防治措施,评价介入栓塞止血的疗效.方法 回顾性分析2004-2009年13例PCNL术后迟发出血患者的临床资料.男10例,女3例.平均年龄47(35～68)岁.其中肾内多发结石8例,肾巨大铸型结石5例.患者出现严重肉眼血尿的时间为术后5～40 d.13例血红蛋白<80 g/L,其中6例<60 g/L,分析和总结迟发出血的原因、防治方法及超选择肾动脉造影及栓塞止血治疗的疗效.结果 13例中7例经过绝对卧床休息、止血药物、夹闭肾造瘘管、肾造瘘管球囊压迫牵引等保守治疗10～20 d,出血得到控制;6例经保守治疗无效者行肾动脉造影检查,其中假性动脉瘤4例、动静脉瘘2例,经超选择性栓塞止血治疗1～3 d后血尿逐渐消失.随访3～24个月IVU检查示患肾功能良好.结论 术后迟发性大出血是PCNL严重并发症之一,出血原因为肾穿刺通道的动脉损伤并且形成假性动脉瘤或动静脉瘘,肾动脉造影及超选择肾动脉栓塞是治疗迟发大出血安全有效的方法.     

Gyrus等离子柱状电极应用于经皮肾镜术穿刺通道主动止血的临床研究

目的探讨Gyrus等离子柱状电极应用于经皮肾镜碎石术(PCNL)穿刺通道主动止血的临床价值。方法总结分析我院2009年2月至2009年6月在10例PCNL术中应用Gyrus等离子柱形电极进行穿刺通道主动止血的临床资料。结果完成穿刺通道主动止血后,10例患者均未留置造瘘管、双J管或输尿管支架管,均无术后早期或迟发严重出血,2例术后24h的一过性肉眼血尿,无血块,未影响生命体征。术后KUB结石全部取净。3例术后3d出院,7例术后5d造瘘口痊愈出院。结论Gyrus等离子柱形电极能有效应用于PCNL穿刺通道的主动止血,效果确切,可提高无管化PCNL的手术成功率。     

Percutaneous CT-guided nephrostomy: a safe and quick alternative method in management of obstructive and nonobstructive uropathy

PURPOSE: To present the indications, technique, complications, and contraindications for CT-guided percutaneous nephrostomy (PCN) as an alternative to standard fluoroscopy-guided puncture that involves no radiation exposure for the radiologist. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Between June 2000 and July 2004, 258 percutaneous CT-guided nephrostomies were performed in 215 patients in our department. Most patients (201; 93%) underwent PCN for obstructive uropathy, while 14 (7%) required the procedure as treatment for nonobstructive bladder trauma. All patients had subsequent insertion of a nephrostomy tube under CT guidance. RESULTS: Percutaneous access was achieved without major complications in all patients. The most common complication was pain at the puncture site. In 50 patients (23%), the nephrostomy catheter remained in place until full decompression of the obstruction. In the 14 patients with bladder trauma, the catheter was removed after trauma repair. In 151 patients (70%), the catheter's placement was permanent. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous CT-guided nephrostomy is a reliable, safe, fast, and highly effective method associated with a low complication rate that involves no radiation for the interventional radiologist.     

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy. Experience with renal and proximal ureteral calculi at Tygerberg Hospital

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCN) enables the urologist to remove upper urinary tract stones through a percutaneous nephrostomy tract. The principal advantages of PCN are the low morbidity, shortened hospital stay and rapid recovery. Percutaneous puncture failed in 5 (11%) of the first 44 patients with upper tract urolithiasis treated by PCN at Tygerberg Hospital. In 35 patients (80%) PCN cleared the kidney of stones but in 4 patients (9%) all stone fragments were not removed during the procedure. If the puncture and dilatation was successful, then 90% of patients were stone-free after PCN. Complications were minimal except for a diabetic who died of septicaemia. PCN is an alternative to open renal surgery in the management of most upper urinary tract stones. The technique is readily mastered by any urologist experienced in endoscopic surgery.     

Animal experiments on hemostasis with a collagen-fibrin tissue-adhesive sealant in the nephrostomy tract

After a median laparatomy, nephrostomy was performed on 22 porcine kidneys: puncture, dilatation and introduction of a 26-French operating sheath through the parenchyma into the renal pelvis. At the end of the operation, an 8-French nephrostomy catheter prepared with a collagen-fibrin tissue-adhesive sealant was introduced through the operating sheath and the sheath was afterwards extracted. The hemostasis in the nephrostomy tract was very good in all 22 cases. There were no complications such as wound infection or stone formation during a post-operative period of between one and 95 days. Experimental investigations showed severe bleeding in nontamponade of the nephrostomy tract, in tamponade with an 8-French nephrostomy catheter and in tamponade of the nephrostomy tract with the collagen fleece wrapped around an 8-French nephrostomy catheter but not coated with the fibrin glue.     

经皮肾微造瘘取石术失败与并发症病例的原因分析

目的探讨经皮肾穿刺微造瘘取石术（mini invasive percutaneous nephrolithotripsy,MPCNL）失败与并发症的原因。方法对2005年1月～2008年10月353MPCNL例中30例失败和发生并发症的病例资料进行回顾分析。结果穿刺失败5例,中转开放手术2例,另3例重新穿刺成功手术;斑马导丝脱出5例,肾外打折5例,肾出血导致手术中止5例,均重新穿刺或二期成功手术;导丝、PCN管进入肾静脉2例,穿刺针进入结肠1例,未发生出血、肠瘘等并发症,择期二次手术成功;胸腔积液3例,术后胸穿抽胸水治愈;术后动静脉瘘2例,经介入治疗后治愈;术后5d驾车致PCN管大出血1例,夹闭PCN管、止血治疗治愈;术后3dPCN管不慎被拔出肾外致出血感染1例,开放手术治愈。30例随访1～40个月,平均12个月,无因手术并发症发生的后遗症。结论穿刺不成功或斑马导丝脱出、打折是手术失败的主要原因。技术不熟练、术后患者不遵医嘱是手术并发症的常见原因。     

Ultrasonography-guided jugular venous catheter insertion for renal transplant recipients before renal transplantation: a prospective study

AIM: Anatomical landmark technique for central venous catheter insertion preoperatively during renal transplantation may result in serious complications. In this prospective study, we sought to evaluate the results of ultrasonography-guided central venous catheter insertion before renal transplantation. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Since March 2004 routine ultrasonography-guided central venous catheter insertion was performed before the operation for living related renal transplantation. Chest X-ray was used as a control after catheter insertion. Visual pain scale was evaluated after the procedure. We recorded the duration of the procedure, amount of local anesthetic, number of punctures, and complications, namely, hematoma, carotid artery puncture, hemorrhage, and hemo-pneumothorax. RESULTS: Since March 2004, 120 jugular venous catheters were inserted into renal transplant recipients preoperatively. Mean visual pain scale was 2.5 +/- 1.2 cm (range, 0.6-4.1 cm). Mean duration of the procedure was 9 +/- 3 minutes (range, 6-15 minutes); the amount of local anesthetic injected was 1.6 +/- 0.6 mL (range, 0.9-2.3 mL). There was no carotid artery puncture, hemo-pneumothorax, or hematoma. During the study period, 3 of the first 10 catheter insertions required more than 1 puncture, for the rest 1 puncture was sufficient for catheter insertion. There was no bleeding or intravenous fluid leakage from the catheter insertion site. CONCLUSION: Ultrasonography-guided jugular venous catheter insertion is a successful safe method. Routine ultrasonography-guided procedures before renal transplantation avoided the complications related to catheter insertion.     

Right atrial migration of nephrostomy catheter

Percutaneous tube nephrostomy (PTN) placement is associated with bleeding complications in a small proportion of cases. We study a case of inadvertent renal vein catheterization during PTN tube change with catheter right atrial migration treated by fluoroscopically monitored catheter removal.     

球囊辅助下治疗肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤合并下腔静脉瘤栓一例报告并文献复习

目的报道球囊辅助下治疗肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤伴下腔静脉瘤栓1例,结合文献复习加深对此病的认识。方法20岁女性患者,术前影像学检查提示右肾巨大肿瘤伴下腔静脉瘤栓,在球囊辅助阻断下行右肾切除及下腔静脉取栓术。结果病理报告为右肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤,伴下腔静脉瘤栓,长6．5cm,术后随访1年未见复发。结论球囊辅助阻断下腔静脉可用于治疗肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤伴下腔静脉瘤栓。     

门静脉高压症术后再出血外科治疗的探讨（附65例临床分析）

目的：探讨门脉高压症术后再出血外科治疗手术方式的选择。方法：回顾性分析总结65例门脉高压症术后再出血的治疗情况。结果：47例采用了不同术式的外科治疗,其中行肠腔侧侧分流术29例,肠系膜下静脉腔静脉分．流术6例,肠系膜上静脉属支腔静脉分流术4例,肠系膜上静脉属支左肾静脉分流术2例,断流术6例,手术死亡5例,结论：外科治疗目前仍是治疗门脉高压症术后再出血的主要手段,且以择期手术为宜,其中肠腔侧侧分流术是断流术后再出血治疗的首选术式,选择性分流术（DSRS,DSCS）术后再出血的外科治疗主要采用脾切除加断流术,当肠腔分流术后再出血时,行肠系膜下静脉左肾静脉分流术或肠系膜上静脉属支腔静脉分流术是可行的,手术创伤小,疗效较好。