肉毒毒素治疗局灶性肌张力障碍临床观察与护理

目的观察A型肉毒毒素治疗局灶性肌张力障碍临床观察与护理.方法126例患者接受A型肉毒毒素进行一点或多点注射,采用Scott痉挛强度分级评估疗效.结果接受注射2～7日后开始显效,约7～15日达疗效平台期,持续10～28周,疗效最显著为头面部肌张力不全,有效率为87.5%,痉挛性斜颈与书写痉挛临床缓解率为62.9%.少数患者出现疲劳和周身不适感,注射点出现皮下瘀点或瘀斑.结论肉毒毒素能有效治疗局部肌张力不全.     

Concurrent OnabotulinumtoxinA Treatment of Cervical Dystonia and Concomitant Migraine

Objective.— The objective of this study was to assess the clinical benefits of onabotulinumtoxinA (BOTOX®) treatment on the symptoms of cervical dystonia and the frequency, severity, and associated symptoms of migraine in patients with cervical dystonia and concurrent migraine. Background.— Botulinum toxin is established as first‐line treatment of cervical dystonia. Recent clinical trials have shown onabotulinumtoxinA to be an effective prophylactic therapy for patients with chronic migraine, and onabotulinumtoxinA has been approved for use in this patient population by the Food and Drug Administration. Patients with headache associated with cervical dystonia have been identified as a specific subpopulation of patients in whom botulinum toxin treatment may be effective for controlling the symptoms of both conditions. Methods.— An open‐label pilot study was conducted for 7.5 months in patients at least 18 years old with primary cervical dystonia of moderate severity (baseline rating of at least 20 on the Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale) complicated by migraine headache meeting the International Classification of Headache Disorders‐II criteria for migraines with or without aura. Each patient received 2 cycles of treatment at Visit 3 (baseline) and Visit 6 (Day 90). For cervical dystonia, each patient was injected with a maximum of 175 units. At the same visit, a maximum of 125 units was also injected for migraine using a fixed‐site, fixed‐dose injection paradigm, with additional cervical dystonia injection‐site treatment to a maximum dose of 300 units. Patients were assessed following onabotulinumtoxinA injection and at follow‐up on Visit 4 (Day 30), Visit 5 (Day 60), Visit 6 (Day 90), and at Visits 7, 8, and 9 (Days 120, 150, and 180). The primary outcome measures for this study were change in Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale total score for cervical dystonia and frequency of headache episodes per 28‐day period. Migraine episodes were defined as at least 4 hours of sustained pain with no upper limit. An episode was considered new if the patient was pain free for at least 24 hours. Secondary study end points included number of headache days per month, headache intensity, headache disability (assessed using Headache Impact Test‐6 and the Migraine Disability Assessment score scales), acute headache medication use, resource utilization, and allodynia pain. Adverse events were reported. Results.— A total of 25 patients (24 women, mean age 50.5 years; mean age of disease onset 21.9 years) were enrolled in the study. Patients experienced improvement in cervical dystonia symptoms with significant reductions from baseline in Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale scores at 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 days (?9.84 ± 8.49, ?12.67 ± 8.22, ?13.63 ± 7.27, ?14.92 ± 7.05, ?14.76 ± 6.97, ?14.49 ± 6.14, respectively, P < .0001 at all time points from a baseline of 31.03 ± 3.61). Changes from baseline were assessed using the t‐test. Reductions in the number of headache episodes from baseline on concurrent onabotulinumtoxinA treatment for coexistent chronic migraine did not attain significance. However, patients experienced significant reductions from baseline in the number of headache days at 90, 120, and 180 days (?3.39 ± 6.78, P = .0289; ?4.29 ± 7.94, P = .0194; ?4.38 ± 7.99, P = .0178, respectively, from a baseline of 15.33 ± 6.76). Changes from baseline were assessed using the t‐test. The change from baseline in Headache Impact Test‐6 total scores was significant at 30, 60, 90, 150, and 180 days (3.21 ± 4.14, P = .0009; ?3.04 ± 4.04, P = .0012; ?2.41 ± 2.79, P = .0006; ?2.59 ± 3.87, P = .0050; ?3.09 ± 3.80, respectively, from a baseline of 22.68 ± 3.20). Changes from baseline were assessed using the t‐test. The change from baseline in Migraine Disability Assessment was significant at 120, 150, and 180 days (?38.09 ± 47.87, P < .0001, Wilcoxon signed rank test; ?16.91 ± 62.69, P = .0358, Wilcoxon signed rank test; ?23.73 ± 40.57, P = .0122, t‐test, respectively, from a baseline of 56.68 ± 50.41). There were no serious adverse events or treatment‐related discontinuations. Conclusions.— Concurrent treatment with onabotulinumtoxinA is effective and well tolerated in controlling the symptoms of cervical dystonia complicated by concurrent migraine.     

A pilot study of botulinum toxin A for headache in cervical dystonia

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the prevalence of associated headache (HA) pain with craniocervical dystonia and the therapeutic effect of BoNT-A injections on the HA component when injected for cervical dystonia. BACKGROUND: HA associated with craniocervical dystonia is a recent formally codified entity, but has not been systematically studied. METHODS: We identified 44 subjects from three movement disorder clinics who presented with craniocervical dystonia and concurrent HA pain. The subjects were injected with botulinum toxin type A (BoNT-A) and prospectively evaluated with the Toronto Western Spasmodic Torticollis Rating Scale (TWSTRS), headache diaries, Headache Impact Test (HIT-6), and Migraine Disability Assessment Scale (MIDAS), along with HA pain anatomy and adverse events, at baseline, and at 4, 8, and 12 weeks post-injection. RESULTS: As expected, all aspects of the TWSTRS robustly improved. Headache diaries and the HIT-6 also improved at 4, 8, and 12 weeks post-injection. Sections of the MIDAS improved, and adverse events were minimal. CONCLUSION: BoNT-A safely improves headache associated with craniocervical dystonia when administered for the primary condition of craniocervical dystonia.     

Headache and Facial Pain Responsive to Botulinum Toxin: An Unusual Presentation of Blepharospasm

The diagnosis of blepharospasm is rarely considered in patients complaining of face pain or headache. This patient illustrates the importance of looking for blepharospasm in patients who present with headache or face pain, as her pain and blepharospasm were successfully treated with botulinum toxin type A injections.     

Posttraumatic Headache: Classification by Symptom‐Based Clinical Profiles

There are currently no accepted therapies for posttraumatic headache (PTH). In order to meet the urgent need for effective therapies for PTH, we must continue to address fundamental gaps in our understanding of the clinical course and impact of PTH. Here we examine the existing schema used to characterize the clinical characteristics of PTH, including the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD). There remain unresolved questions about whether to classify patients based on the extent of brain injury or on clinical symptom profiles. There also remain problematic issues of definition such as continuous headache, and chronic daily headache with features of “embedded” migraine‐type within these headaches, which will need to be studied further. We make the case that a symptom‐based classification is needed to begin an examination of these unresolved questions, and to establish clinically relevant endpoints for research and clinical trials for effective therapies.     

Botulinum Toxin A in the Treatment of Chronic Tension-Type Headache With Cervical Myofascial Trigger Points: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study

Objective.— To evaluate the efficacy of botulinum toxin A (BT-A) as a prophylactic treatment for chronic tension-type headache (CTTH) with myofascial trigger points (MTPs) producing referred head pain. Background.— Although BT-A has received mixed support for the treatment of TTH, deliberate injection directly into the cervical MTPs very often found in this population has not been formally evaluated. Methods.— Patients with CTTH and specific MTPs producing referred head pain were assigned randomly to receive intramuscular injections of BT-A or isotonic saline (placebo) in a double-blind design. Daily headache diaries, pill counts, trigger point pressure algometry, range of motion assessment, and responses to standardized pain and psychological questionnaires were used as outcome measures; patients returned for follow-up assessment at 2 weeks, 1 month, 2 months, and 3 months post injection. After 3 months, all patients were offered participation in an open-label extension of the study. Effect sizes were calculated to index treatment effects among the intent-to-treat population; individual time series models were computed for average pain intensity. Results.— The 23 participants reported experiencing headache on a near-daily basis (average of 27 days/month). Compared with placebo, patients in the BT-A group reported greater reductions in headache frequency during the first part of the study (P = .013), but these effects dissipated by week 12. Reductions in headache intensity over time did not differ significantly between groups (P = .80; maximum d = 0.13), although a larger proportion of BT-A patients showed evidence of statistically significant improvements in headache intensity in the time series analyses (62.5% for BT-A vs 30% for placebo). There were no differences between the groups on any of the secondary outcome measures. Conclusions.— The evidence for BT-A in headache is mixed, and even more so in CTTH. However, the putative technique of injecting BT-A directly into the ubiquitous MTPs in CTTH is partially supported in this pilot study. Definitive trials with larger samples are needed to test this hypothesis further.     

The Presentation of Headache in Neuro-Behçet's Disease: A Case-Series

Introduction.— Behçet's disease (BD) is a chronic, relapsing, multisystemic, inflammatory disorder with unknown etiology. Neurological involvement is observed in about 5% of the patients with BD and headache is a frequently reported symptom with or without neurological involvement. In this case-series, we aim to demonstrate the secondary headaches associated with neuro-Behçet's disease in consecutive BD patients who had been referred for neurologic evaluation.
Methods.— The case-series included 17 patients (11 males [65%]), mean age 41 ± 11.4, who met the criteria for BD established by the International Study Group for BD and developed headache during the disease course.
Results.— Seventeen BD patients were identified, the neurologic presentations included in parenchymal involvement 12 (70%), extraparenchymal involvement/venous thrombosis in 5 (30%), seizure disorder in 2 (12%), and psychiatric problems/depression or anxiety in 5 (30%) patients, respectively. The characteristics of the headache according to the patients' reports included subacute, moderate to severe headache with unilateral localization and throbbing quality accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and aggravation upon awakening.
Conclusion.— Because neurological involvement is one of the most devastating aspects of BD, the need to treat neurological involvement as early as possible, the possible role of headache onset as an early indicator for neurological involvement in this relatively uncommon disease should be kept in mind.