Value of ambulatory arterial stiffness index and 24-h pulse pressure to predict progression of albuminuria in elderly people with diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND: Ambulatory 24-h pulse pressure predicts progression of albuminuria in people with diabetes mellitus. It is not known whether the ambulatory arterial stiffness index (AASI) may add to that prediction. METHODS: We compared the multivariate-adjusted association of AASI and 24-h pulse pressure with progression of urine albumin excretion during follow-up in a multiethnic cohort of older people with type-2 diabetes mellitus. The baseline evaluation included office and 24-h ambulatory blood pressure (BP) measurements, and a spot urine measurement of albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR). The ACR measurements were repeated annually during 3 years. RESULTS: The AASI was >or=0.55 units in 47% of those exhibiting progression of albuminuria, and in 37% of those without progression (P = .004), whereas 24-h pulse pressure was >or=65 mm Hg in 50% and 38% of those with and without progression, respectively (P = .001). In repeated measures mixed linear model (n = 1043), after adjustment for several covariates including office pulse pressure, AASI in the fourth quartile was independently associated with higher follow-up ACR (P = .024). However, that association did not persist after adjusting for 24-h pulse pressure, which was an independent predictor (P < .001). Cox proportional hazards models examined progression of albuminuria in 957 participants without macroalbuminuria at baseline. The hazard ratio (95% CI) for AASI >or=0.55 units was 1.37 (1.02-1.83) after multivariable adjustment, including office pulse pressure. But AASI was not an independent predictor after adjustment for ambulatory pulse pressure, which was again an independent predictor (P = .033). CONCLUSIONS: Ambulatory 24-h pulse pressure outperformed AASI in predicting progression of albuminuria in elderly people with type 2 diabetes.     

合并微量白蛋白尿的老年糖尿病患者颈动脉内膜中层厚度的变化分析

目的探讨伴有微量白蛋白尿(MAU)的老年2型糖尿病(T2DM)患者颈动脉内膜中层厚度(C-IMT)的变化情况。方法入选成飞医院心血管内科的老年T2DM患者180例,依据是否合并MAU分为两组:MAU组(n=60)和非MAU组(n=120)。检测并对比两组患者的临床资料及相关指标。结果与非MAU组相比,MAU组患者的甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(TC)、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)、血尿酸(UA)、血肌酐(Scr)、斑块发生率、C-IMT、血管阻力指数(RI)和血管博动指数(PI)均显著增高,而肾小球滤过率、管腔内径、颈动脉收缩期峰值血流速度(PSV)和舒张末期血流速度(EDV)均显著降低,差异均具有统计学意义(P0.05)。随着采用硬化斑块指数(CAS)分期的增高,患者MAU水平呈递增趋势(F=29.874,P0.001)。多元线性回归分析结果表明,合并MAU老年T2DM患者的C-IMT与MAU呈正相关。结论伴有MAU的老年T2DM患者C-IMT与MAU密切相关,检测T2DM患者的MAU可以对其心脑血管病变进行早期诊断。     

高血压患者动态动脉僵硬指数与血压变异性的关系

目的探讨高血压患者动态动脉僵硬指数(AASI)与血压变异性(BPV)的关系。方法入选2009-03-2011-10中国医科大学附属第一医院就诊的高血压患者119例,所有患者均行24h动态血压监测。AASI定义为1减去24h舒张压和收缩压的回归系数。依据AASI水平,分为4组:AASI<0.30、0.30～<0.41、0.41～<0.52、≥0.52。结果相关性分析显示,AASI分别与年龄(r=0.301,P<0.01)、24h收缩压(r=0.276,P=0.001)、白昼收缩压(r=0.225,P=0.008)、夜间收缩压(r=0.366,P<0.01)、24h脉压(r=0.510,P<0.01)、24h收缩压标准差(r=0.297,P=0.001)呈正相关,而与24h舒张压标准差(r=-0.256,P=0.002)、24h平均心率标准差(r=-0.205,P=0.017)及24h平均动脉压标准差(r=-0.202,P=0.017)呈负相关。多元线性逐步回归分析显示,AASI与24h脉压和24h收缩压标准差呈正相关(β=0.321,β=0.725,均P<0.01),与24h舒张压标准差和24h平均动脉压标准差呈负相关(β=-0.428,β=-0.346,均P<0.01)。结论 AASI与BPV密切相关。     

高血压患者微量白蛋白尿与动态动脉硬化指数的相关性

背景目前国内外研究发现微量白蛋白尿(MAU)与动态动脉硬化指数(AASI)在一定程度上可预测心血管事件及死亡,但MAU与AASI的相关性尚不明确。目的探讨MAU与血压昼夜节律、AASI等动态血压指标之间的关系。方法筛选无糖尿病和其他致MAU阳性因素的高血压患者400例,其中MAU阳性患者(MAU组)98例,随机抽取302例MAU阴性患者中30例为对照组(NMAU组),分别测定其体质量指数(BMI)、空腹血糖、血脂、肾功能,并行24 h动态血压监测(ABPM)及MAU测定,计算AASI和昼夜节律,进一步在MAU组间进行相关性分析。结果MAU阳性率为24.5%(98/400)。MAU组患者高血压病程、总肌酐、夜间脉压、AASI水平显著高于NMAU组(P<0.05)。MAU组中77例患者的动态血压昼夜节律呈非杓型改变,占78.6%,明显高于NMAU组的60.0%(P<0.05)。多元线性逐步回归结果显示MAU与AASI具有明显的相关性(β=0.75,P<0.01)。结论高血压患者MAU阳性与动态血压脉压增加、昼夜节律改变、AASI值增大相关联。     

高血压病合并2型糖尿病患者动态血压与CAVI及ABI相关性研究

目的探讨高血压病（EH）及合并2型糖尿病（T2DM）患者24 h动态血压水平及与心踝血管指数（CAVI）、踝臂指数（ABI）的相关性。方法随机入选90例高血压病患者,分为单纯高血压病组（EH组,n=47）,高血压病伴糖尿病组（EH＋T2DM组,n=43）。所有入选者进行24 h动态血压监测,CAVI、ABI指标及颈动脉超声检查。对两组上述指标进行比较,并对动态血压与CAVI、ABI进行直线相关分析。结果与EH组患者比较,EH＋T2DM组患者各时段的平均收缩压（SBP）、脉压（PP）、收缩压负荷（SBP-L）及CAVI呈增高趋势,而ABI和夜间血压下降率降低,两组比较均有统计学差异（P均〈0.05）。EH组患者杓型血压占42.5%,EH＋T2DM杓型血压占23.3%,两组比较有统计学差异（P〈0.05）。CAVI与24 h平均收缩压（24 hSBP）、夜间平均收缩压（nSBP）、24 h平均脉压差（24 hPP）、日间平均脉压差（dPP）、夜间平均脉压差（nPP）、夜间收缩压负荷（nSBP-L）、夜间舒张压负荷（nDBP-L）呈正相关,ABI与24 hSBP、白天平均收缩压（dSBP）、dPP、白天收缩压负荷（dSBP-L）、nSBP-L等指标呈负相关。结论合并T2DM可增加EH患者收缩压、脉压及收缩压负荷水平,并加速动脉硬化的进展。     

Assessment of arterial stiffness from ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in children with diabetes mellitus type-1 (DMT1)

Pulse pressure (PP) and ambulatory arterial stiffness index (AASI) can be calculated from ambulatory blood pressure (BP) monitoring (ABPM) and have been suggested as markers of arterial stiffness and predictors of cardiovascular mortality. We retrospectively evaluated PP and AASI from ABPM records in 84 children (43 boys) with diabetes mellitus type-1 (DMT1) compared with 27 non-diabetic normotensive children. Based on office BP and ABPM, patients with DMT1 were divided into three groups: 24/84 (29%) had hypertension (DM HTN), 33/84 (39%) were normotensive (DM NT) and 27/84 (32%) had white-coat hypertension (DM WCH). DM WCH and DM HTN patients had significantly higher PP when compared with DM NT and NT patients alone (47.62 ± 7.31 and 47.43 ± 8.68 versus 41.45 ± 4.44 and 42.18 ± 5.97, respectively, P=0.0002). Similarly, AASI was significantly elevated in both DM WCH and DM HTN patients when compared with NT patients (0.35 ± 0.14 and 0.36 ± 0.15 versus 0.23 ± 0.15, respectively, P=0.007). In conclusion, children with DMT1 and hypertension, including WCH, had significantly higher PP and AASI levels when compared with normotensive patients. This suggests that these children may be at an increased risk for developing cardiovascular complications later on in life.     

Ambulatory pulse pressure and progression of urinary albumin excretion in older patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

We studied whether ambulatory blood pressure monitoring added to office blood pressure in predicting progression of urine albumin excretion over 2 years of follow-up in a multiethnic cohort of older people with type-2 diabetes mellitus. Participants in the Informatics for Diabetes Education and Telemedicine study underwent a baseline evaluation that included office and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure measurement and a spot urine measurement of albumin-to-creatinine ratio (ACR). Measurements of albumin-to-creatinine ratio were repeated 1 and 2 years later. In bivariate analyses, ambulatory 24-hour pulse pressure was the blood pressure variable most strongly associated with follow-up ACR. Repeated-measures mixed linear models (n = 1040) were built adjusting for baseline ACR ratio, clustered randomization, time to follow-up, and multiple covariates. When both were entered into the model, ambulatory 24-hour pulse pressure and office pulse pressure were independently associated with follow-up ACR (beta [SE] = 0.010 [0.002], P < 0.001, and 0.004 [0.001], P = 0.002, respectively). Cox proportional hazards models examined associations with progression of albuminuria in 954 participants without macroalbuminuria at baseline, adjusting for all of the covariates independently associated with follow-up ACR in mixed linear models. Ambulatory 24-hour pulse pressure, but not office pulse pressure, was independently associated with progression of albuminuria (P = 0.015 and 0.052, respectively). The adjusted hazards ratio (95% CI) per each 10-mm Hg increment in ambulatory pulse pressure was 1.23 (1.04 to 1.42). In conclusion, ambulatory pulse pressure may provide additional information to predict progression of albuminuria in elderly diabetic subjects above and beyond office blood pressure.     

Association of renal function with the ambulatory arterial stiffness index and pulse pressure in hypertensive patients

Arterial stiffness exemplified by the ambulatory arterial stiffness index (AASI) and pulse pressure (PP) predicts cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The present cross-sectional study assessed the association of renal function with AASI and 24-h PP in hypertensive inpatients. Subjects included 948 hypertensive inpatients with drug treatment (mean age, 53.3 years; male, 67.1%). The AASI was defined as 1 minus the regression slope of diastolic over systolic blood pressure readings obtained from 24-h recordings. Renal function was evaluated by serum creatinine and urinary albumin excretion was expressed by the urinary albumin-to-urinary creatinine ratio (ACR), and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated by the modification of diet in renal disease formula and chronic kidney disease-epidemiology collaboration formula. As AASI and 24-h PP increased, serum creatinine concentrations and ACR increased, and eGFR decreased. Multiple linear regression showed that AASI and 24-h PP were associated with eGFR-EPI (B=-12.00, P=0.001 vs. B=-0.14, P=0.002) and ACR (B=0.56, P=0.004 vs. B=0.01, P=0.017) independent of other cardiovascular risk factors. After additional adjustment for 24-h PP, the association of AASI with eGFR-EPI had borderline significance (P=0.053), whereas the significant associations of 24-h PP with serum creatinine and ACR persisted (P=0.009 and P=0.006) after adjusting for confounding factors and AASI. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that each s.d. increase in 24-h PP (that is, 13?mm?Hg) was associated with a higher risk of suffering from microalbuminuria (MA) by 39% (P=0.038) after additional adjustment for AASI. In conclusion, AASI is more closely associated with eGFR compared with 24-h PP in hypertensive inpatients. However, for MA 24-h PP is a better predictor.     

Inverse relationship between ambulatory arterial stiffness index and glomerular filtration rate in arterial hypertension

BACKGROUND: Arterial stiffness and mild-to-moderate renal dysfunction are predictors of cardiovascular (CV) morbidity and mortality. Recently, the ambulatory arterial stiffness index (AASI) has been proposed as a surrogate index of arterial stiffness. It has been associated with an enhanced risk of stroke. The aim of our study was to assess the relationship between AASI and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in a group of hypertensive patients with no CV complications. METHODS: A total of 143 untreated hypertensive subjects (mean age: 44 +/- 12 years; men 57%), with serum creatinine <1.5 mg/dl, were enrolled. AASI was calculated as one minus the regression slope of diastolic on systolic blood pressure (BP) obtained by individual 24-h BP recordings. GFR was computed from the scintigraphic determination of the technetium-99m diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid uptake within the kidneys, by the Gates' method. RESULTS: Hypertensive patients with AASI above the median value (n = 71) had lower GFR than those with AASI below the median (n = 72) (98.3 +/- 31 vs. 122.4 +/- 32 ml/min/1.73 m(2); P < 0.001). This difference held even after adjustment for age and gender. The linear regression analysis disclosed a significant inverse correlation between GFR and AASI (r = -0.30; P < 0.001), that was replicated (beta = -0.19; P = 0.02) in a multiple regression model including, as independent variables (besides AASI), age, gender, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, body mass index, 24-h pulse pressure (PP) and nocturnal reduction in BP. CONCLUSIONS: AASI is inversely related to GFR in arterial hypertension. This may help to explain the increased CV risk associated with mild-to-moderate renal dysfunction.     

原发性高血压患者尿微量白蛋白与高敏C反应蛋白及脉压

目的探讨原发性高血压(EH)患者尿微量白蛋白与高敏 C 反应蛋白(hsCRP)及脉压(PP)的关系。方法 EH 患者60例根据尿微量白蛋白(MAU)含量分为高血压尿微量白蛋白组(MAU 组,n=30)含量和高血压尿正常白蛋白组(NMAU 组,n=30)及健康对照组30例。测定各组 MAU、hscRP 及 PP 等,并进行比较。结果MAU 组的 hsCRP 及 PP 均高于 NMAU 组及对照组(P 均<0.05),EH 患者 hsCRP(r=0.42,P<0.05)及 PP(r=0.62,P<0.05)与 MAU 均呈正相关(P<0.05)。偏相关分析矫正年龄、收缩压(SBP)、舒张压(DBP)、血糖等因素后 hsCRP(r=0.26,P<0.05),PP(r=0.32,P<0.05)仍然保持与尿白蛋白排泄量(UAE)相关。结论合并MAU 的 EH 患者体内 hsCRP 增高,脉压增大,EH 患者肾损害与 hsCRP 及 PP 水平有关。     

Ambulatory arterial stiffness index derived from 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring

We hypothesized that 1 minus the slope of diastolic on systolic pressure during 24-hour ambulatory monitoring (ambulatory arterial stiffness index [AASI]) might reflect arterial stiffness. We compared AASI with established measures of arterial stiffness and studied its distribution in Chinese and European populations. We used 90207 SpaceLabs monitors and the SphygmoCor device to measure AASI, central and peripheral pulse pressures, the central (CAIx) and peripheral (PAIx) systolic augmentation indexes, and aortic pulse wave velocity. In 166 volunteers, the correlation coefficient between AASI and pulse wave velocity was 0.51 (P<0.0001). In 348 randomly recruited Chinese subjects, AASI correlated (P<0.0001) with CAIx (r=0.48), PAIx (r=0.50), and central pulse pressure (r=0.50). AASI increased with age and mean arterial pressure but decreased with body height. Both before and after adjustment for arterial wave reflections by considering height and heart rate as covariates, AASI correlated more (P<0.0001) closely with CAIx and PAIx than 24-hour pulse pressure. Among normotensive subjects, the 95th percentile of AASI was 0.55 in Chinese and 0.57 in 1617 Europeans enrolled in the International Database on Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring. The upper boundary of the 95% prediction interval of AASI in relation to age ranged from 0.53 at 20 years to 0.72 at 80 years. In conclusion, AASI is a new index of arterial stiffness that can be easily measured under ambulatory conditions. Pending additional validation in outcome studies, normal values of AASI are probably <0.50 and 0.70 in young and older subjects, respectively.     

老年及高龄高血压患者尿微量白蛋白与大动脉僵硬度的相关性研究

目的探讨老年及高龄高血压患者尿微量白蛋白(MAU)和大动脉僵硬度的关系。方法入选高血压患者384例,应用Complior自动脉搏波传导速度(PWV)分析仪测定颈股动脉PWV(C-FPWV)。依据MAU/肌酐(UACR)将患音分为NMAU组297例和MAU组87例;另按年龄分为老年组(60～79岁)264例和高龄组(≥80岁)120例。分别对各组临床资料进行比较,并进行多元回归分析。结果 MAU组的年龄、高血压病程、体重指数、TG、LDL-C、肌酐、尿酸、收缩压、舒张压、脉压、平均动脉压和C-FPWV明显高于NMAU组(P<0.05,P<0.01)。高龄组UACR和C-PWV明显高于老年组(P<0.05)。所有患者中,年龄、log高血压病程、脉压、logUACR、体重指数、男性是C-FPWV影响因素(R~2=0.592,P<0.05,P<0.01),高龄组中,脉压、年龄、logUACR是C FPWV影响因素(R~2=0.484,P<0.05)。结论老年及高龄高血压患者的UACR对C-FPWV有预测意义,独立于年龄、脉压等心血管危险因素,应定期监测UACR。     

高血压和糖尿病患者动态动脉硬化指数与靶器官损害的相关性

目的 探讨高血压和糖尿病患者的动态动脉硬化指数（AASI）与肾脏损害及颈动脉内膜损伤的相关性.方法 筛选原发性高血压患者149例、2型糖尿病患者79例、高血压合并糖尿病患者98例,同期健康体检者48名作为对照组,分别行24h动态血压监测（ABPM）,尿白蛋白、尿肌酐测定及颈动脉内-中膜厚度（IMT）测量,计算出AASI,进行AASI与尿白蛋白/尿肌酐比值（ACR）及IMT等的相关性分析.结果 高血压组、糖尿病组、高血压合并糖尿病组与健康对照组比较,ACR值、微量白蛋白尿发生率、IMT、颈动脉异常发生率以及AASI差异均有统计学意义.两组间两两比较,高血压合并糖尿病组与高血压组、糖尿病组、健康对照组间差异均有统计学意义,高血压组、糖尿病组与健康对照组间差异均有统计学意义.多变量logistic分析显示,ASSI增高的独立相关危险因素是女性、年龄、高血压病史、糖尿病病史.结论 高血压、糖尿病患者的AASI与肾脏损害及颈动脉内膜损伤程度有明显相关性,高血压、糖尿病独立促进动脉硬化的进展.     

Ambulatory arterial stiffness index or pulse pressure: which correlates better with arterial stiffness in resistant hypertension?

The ambulatory arterial stiffness index (AASI) is a recently proposed index derived from 24-h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring (ABPM) for the evaluation of arterial stiffness. In this cross-sectional study we investigated whether AASI reflects arterial stiffness in patients with resistant hypertension by comparing AASI and ambulatory pulse pressure (PP) with aortic pulse wave velocity (PWV), a measure of arterial stiffness, in 391 resistant hypertensives. Clinical, laboratory and echocardiographic variables, 24-h ABPM and aortic PWV (measured using the Complior device) were obtained. AASI was calculated as 1--the regression slope of 24-h diastolic on systolic blood pressure (BP). Statistical analysis involved single and multiple linear regressions to assess the correlations between the two ABPM variables and PWV, both unadjusted and adjusted for potential confounders (age, gender, body height, presence of diabetes, 24-h mean arterial pressure [MAP], heart rate, and nocturnal BP reduction). Ambulatory PP and aortic PWV were independently associated with age, gender, presence of diabetes, and 24-h MAP, whereas AASI was associated with age, diabetes, and nocturnal diastolic BP reduction. PP showed stronger unadjusted (r=0.39, p<0.001) and adjusted (r=0.22, p<0.001) correlations with aortic PWV than AASI (r=0.12, p=0.032 and r= -0.04, p=0.47, respectively). In the analysis of subgroups stratified by gender, age, presence of atherosclerotic diseases and diabetes, dipping pattern, and ambulatory BP control, the superiority of PP over AASI was apparent in all subgroups. In conclusion, 24-h ambulatory PP was better correlated to arterial stiffness, as evaluated by aortic PWV, than the novel AASI, in patients with resistant hypertension.     

糖尿病对老年高血压患者动态血压及血压变异性的影响

目的探讨老年2型糖尿病患者中糖尿病对原发性高血压（高血压）患者的动态血压（ambulatory bloodpressure,ABP）及血压变异性（blood pressure variability,BPV）的影响。方法选取40例单纯高血压及42例65岁以上合并2型糖尿病的高血压患者,行24 h ABP监测,对2组患者的ABP及BPV进行对比分析。结果合并2型糖尿病的高血压患者日间平均收缩压（dmSBP）及夜间平均收缩压（nmSBP）高于单纯高血压患者,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05或0.01）;合并2型糖尿病的高血压患者日间脉压（dmPP）、夜间脉压（nmPP）及24 h平均脉压差（24 h-mPP）均大于单纯高血压患者,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05或0.01）;BPV方面,合并2型糖尿病的高血压患者日间收缩压标准差（dSBPSD）及日间收缩压标准差变异系数（dSBPCV）、夜间收缩压标准差（nSBPSD）及夜间收缩压标准差变异系数（nSBPCV）、24 h收缩压标准差（24 h-SBPSD）均显著高于单纯高血压患者,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05或0.01）。结论年龄、高血压是老年2型糖尿病患者大血管病变的独立危险因素,2型糖尿病合并高血压时,ABP及BPV增大,心血管系统的结构与功能异常。改善糖代谢状况将有助于形成良好的代谢记忆,从而改善血流动力学,减少心血管并发症。     

初诊高血压患者尿微量白蛋白相关因素分析

目的:研究初诊高血压患者尿微量白蛋白(MAU)与相关因素的关系。方法:选择年龄在35~64岁的初诊高血压患者472例,所有患者从未服用过降压药。根据尿白蛋白/尿肌酐比值(ACR)将患者分为MAU阳性组(ACR≥30mg/g)和阴性组(ACR30mg/g),其分别为198例和274例。观察并比较两组患者生化指标、24h动态血压、超声心动和颈动脉超声等情况,然后分析MAU与相关因素的关系。结果:①MAU阳性组的诊室、24h、白昼、夜间SBP及DBP均高于对照组。②Logistic回归分析表明年龄、尿酸、诊室SBP及白昼DBP是初诊高血压患者发生MAU的危险因素,夜间血压下降率则是MAU的保护因素。③MAU阳性组左心室肥厚和颈动脉硬化检出率均明显高于MAU阴性组。④随着年龄的增加,MAU的发生率呈递增趋势。结论:年龄、尿酸、诊室SBP及白昼DBP和夜间血压下降率减弱与初诊高血压患者MAU发生密切相关。     

A modified ambulatory arterial stiffness index is independently associated with all-cause mortality

Dependence of the ambulatory arterial stiffness index (AASI) on data scattering interferes with its potential clinical relevance. We assessed the correlates and all-cause mortality associations of a modified AASI (s-AASI). AASI was derived from the 24-h diastolic vs. systolic blood pressure linear regression line, whereas s-AASI was derived by symmetric regression (bisecting the line of diastolic vs systolic and systolic vs. diastolic). Of 2918 patients 55% were women; age was 56 +/- 16 years and body mass index was 27.3 +/- 4.5 kg/m(2). Average 24-h ambulatory blood pressure was 138 +/- 16/78 +/- 10 mm Hg. Applying the modified method for calculating AASI yielded a different measure: the negative correlation between AASI and blood pressure dipping (r = -0.304, P < 0.0001) was abolished (r = +0.223, P < 0.0001), s-AASI was more dependent on age (r = 0.266 vs. r = 0.089 for AASI), and prediction of all-cause mortality was enhanced; hazard ratio (95% confidence intervals) 1.17 (1.00-1.36) per 1 s.d. increase in s-AASI in the fully adjusted model as compared with 1.15 (0.97-1.36) for AASI.     

Pulse pressure and systolic night-day ratio interact in prediction of macrovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus are at increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). We examined the predictive ability of 24-hour ambulatory pulse pressure (24-h PP), ambulatory arterial stiffness index (AASI) and diurnal blood pressure (BP) parameters for fatal and non-fatal CVD in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. A total of 108 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (mean duration 6.6 years) were followed for 9.5 (0.5-14.5) years. At baseline, all patients underwent ambulatory BP monitoring. During follow-up, 45 patients had cardiovascular (CV) events (35 non-fatal and 10 fatal). In bivariate analysis, events during follow-up were predicted by 24-h PP (P<0.01), AASI, 24-h systolic BP and systolic and diastolic night-day BP ratio (P<0.05 for all). In Cox regression analysis adjusted for established risk markers, only 24-h PP and systolic night-day BP ratio predicted CV events, P<0.05 for both. A significant interaction between the two parameters was found, P<0.05; thus, the higher the systolic night-day ratio, the greater the increase in hazard ratio (HR) per mmHg increase in 24-h PP and vice versa. A combined 10?mmHg increase in 24-h PP and 10%-point increase in systolic night-day ratio from the 25th percentile increased the adjusted HR (95% confidence interval) for CV events with 1.29 (0.53; 3.12), whereas a similar increase from the 75th percentile increased the HR with 4.2 (1.54; 11,51). Our study showed that 24-h PP and systolic night-day ratio interact as predictors of CV events in type 2 diabetes patients, and should be considered in conjunction when evaluating the risk of CVD.     

The relationship between the autonomic nervous function and early renal dysfunction in elderly patients with mild-to-moderate essential hypertension

Objective: This study investigated the relationship between autonomic nervous function and early renal dysfunction in elderly patients with mild-to-moderate essential hypertension (EH). Design: A total of 223 elderly patients with mild-to-moderate EH were enrolled. Urinary albumin excretion (UAE) and urinary creatinine (UCr) were measured in all elderly patients with mild-to-moderate EH, and urinary albumin to creatinine ratio (ACR) was calculated (ACR = UAE/UCr × 0.113). All patients were divided into two groups such as ACR normal group (109 cases) and abnormal ACR group (114 cases) according to the results of ACR. Synchronic 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring and 24-hour ambulatory electrocardiogram were detected for all patients to simultaneously monitor heart rate variability (HRV) and blood pressure variability (BPV). Results: The level of 24-hour SSD, dSSD, and nSSD and 24-hour PP (parameters of BPV) increased significantly (P < 0.028, P < 0.023, P < 0.027 and P < 0.019, respectively), while the level of RMSSD, pNN50, SDNN, and SDANN (parameters of HRV) decreased significantly(P < 0.048, P < 0.029, P < 0.025 and P < 0.022, respectively) in abnormal ACR group than in normal ACR group. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that ACR was closely correlated with 24-hour SSD, 24-hour PP, SDANN, and SDNN (ß = 1.261, P = 0.000; ß = 1.121, P = 0.003; ß = ?1.741, P = 0.000 and ß = ?1.231, P = 0.002, respectively). Conclusions: HRV (SDANN, SDNN) and BPV (24-hour SSD, dSSD, nSSD) were significantly correlated to ACR in patients with mild-to-moderate EH. This result suggested that sympathetic activation was closely related with early renal dysfunction in elderly patients with mild-to-moderate EH.     

高血压患者和健康人动态动脉硬化指数与脉搏波传导速度比较

目的:比较不同年龄、血压水平的健康人和高血压患者动态动脉硬化指数(AASI)与脉搏波传导速度(PWV)的差异,分析其相关性,探讨AASI作为评价动脉弹性指标的可行性。方法:选取健康体检者167例和高血压患者148例,分别按年龄和血压分级标准分组,进行PWV测量及24h动态血压监测,根据24h动态舒张压与动态收缩压之间的关系,计算出回归斜率,AASI定义为1减去该斜率,对AASI与PWV进行比较研究。结果:随着年龄不断增长,两组的PWV和AASI值逐渐升高(P0.05～0.01),两组女性AASI明显高于男性[健康对照组(0.55±0.18)∶(0.48±0.15),高血压组(0.61±0.16)∶(0.55±0.17),P均0.01]。PWV在性别上无显著差异(P0.05);校正年龄因素影响后,高血压组PWV、AASI明显比健康对照组高,并随着血压水平的升高,PWV、AASI逐渐升高(P0.05～0.01);Pearson相关性分析表明:AASI与年龄、体重指数、24h平均收缩压、24h脉压、PWV呈正相关(r=0.106～0.573,P0.05～0.001),与24h平均舒张压呈负相关,其中以PWV相关性最显著(r=0.573,P0.001)。结论:年龄、血压、脉压和PWV都与AASI呈正相关;AASI作为评价动脉弹性指标,可能比测量血压更能准确反映血管功能状态,有助于筛选出处于亚临床状态的心血管病人。