Mycoplasma genitalium is not associated with adverse outcomes of pregnancy in Guinea-Bissau

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of Mycoplasma genitalium on the outcome of pregnancy. METHODS: Cervical samples from women who had previously participated in a case-control study (designed to assess the impact of syphilis and HIV-2 on the outcome of pregnancy in Guinea-Bissau) were processed using a PCR assay to detect the presence of M genitalium. Controls were women who had delivered a term neonate with a birth weight over 2500 g. Cases were classified into four groups of mothers according to the outcome of pregnancy: stillbirths, spontaneous abortions, premature deliveries, and small for gestational age (SGA) babies. RESULTS: Among the 1014 women included in this study, 6.2% were infected with M genitalium. M genitalium infection was not significantly associated with any of the adverse outcomes of pregnancy studied. Odds ratios (OR) for premature or SGA delivery in the presence of M genitalium infection were 1.37 (95% CI 0.69 to 2.60) and 0.44 (95% CI 0.01 to 2.75), respectively. For abortions and stillbirths, OR were respectively 0.61 (95% CI 0.07 to 2.51) and 1.07 (95% CI 0.42 to 2.42). CONCLUSION: M genitalium appears not to have a deleterious impact on the outcome of pregnancy.     

Should screening of genital infections be part of antenatal care in areas of high HIV prevalence? A prospective cohort study from Kigali,Rwanda, 1992-1993. The Pregnancy and HIV (EGE) Group.

OBJECTIVE--To study the prevalence and incidence of genital infections and their association with HIV-1 infection among pregnant women in Kigali, Rwanda. SUBJECTS AND METHODS--HIV+ and HIV- pregnant women were followed prospectively during the last three months of pregnancy. At enrolment, syphilis test (RPR) on blood sample, Chlamydiae trachomatis ELISA test on cervical smear, laboratory gonococcal culture, trichomonas and candida direct examination, CD4 lymphocyte count were performed. At each monthly follow-up clinic visit until delivery, genital infections were screened in the presence of clinical signs and symptoms. RESULTS--The HIV seroprevalence rate was 34.4% (N = 1233), 384 HIV+ women and 381 HIV- women of same parity and age were enrolled. Prevalence of genital infections at enrolment was generally higher in HIV+ women than in HIV- women: syphilis, 6.3% versus 3.7% (p = 0.13); Neisseria gonorrhoea, 7.0% versus 2.4% (p = 0.005); Trichomonas vaginalis, 20.2% versus 10.9% (p = 0.0007); Chlamydia trachomatis, 3.4% versus 5.5% (p = 0.21); Candida vaginalis, 22.3% versus 20.1% (p = 0.49). Until delivery, the relative risk of acquiring genital infections was also higher in HIV+ women than in HIV- women: 1.0 for syphilis (95% CI: 0.5-2.2), 3.7 for Neisseria gonorrhoea (1.0-13.3), 2.6 for Trichomonas vaginalis (1.5-4.6) and 1.6 for Candida vaginalis (1.1-2.4). CONCLUSION--In the context of high HIV-1 seroprevalence among pregnant women, prenatal care should include at least once screening for genital infections by clinical examination with speculum and a syphilis testing in Africa.     

妊娠期梅毒临床结局的相关因素分析及临床诊治

目的：分析影响梅毒患者妊娠结局的相关因素,探讨妊娠期梅毒的诊断与治疗方法,最大限度地提高新生儿结局。方法：选择我院2010年1月至2013年3月131例妊娠合并梅毒患者资料进行分析,其中82例孕产妇在产前经血清学筛查确诊后给予驱梅治疗,49例孕产妇于临产经输血前四项指标筛查确诊,未进行驱梅治疗,对两组产妇与新生儿结局进行分析,同时探讨妊娠期梅毒患者的诊治方法。结果：治疗组共发生新生儿先天性梅毒17例,发生率为20．73％;未治疗组共发生先天性梅毒29例,发生率为59．18％。治疗组死胎、早产发生率均低于未治疗组,流产发生率高于未治疗组,早孕组新生儿先天性梅毒发生率、死胎率、不良妊娠发生率明显低于晚孕组,流产、早产发生率高于晚孕组与中孕组,两组比较差异具有显著性（P〈0．05）。剖宫产组新生儿先天性梅毒感染40例,感染率为33．33％;阴道分娩组感染6例,感染率为54．55％,阴道分娩感染率明显高于剖宫产,两种分娩方式感染率比较差异具有显著性（P〈0．05）。结论：妊娠期梅毒是导致新生儿结局不良的危险因素,分娩方式、治疗时间及科学规范的驱梅治疗可提高新生儿结局。     

219例妊娠合并梅毒母婴传播阻断疗效的分析

目的探究妊娠合并梅毒感染孕妇母婴阻断对妊娠结局及胎儿预后的影响。方法回顾性分析2015年1月至2017年12月大连医科大学附属妇产医院行孕期产检及分娩时诊断为妊娠合并梅毒的219例病例资料,根据是否进行母婴阻断及阻断的时机,将其分为早期规范干预组(孕周期<28周)187例,晚期规范干预组(28<孕周期≤35周)5例及未干预/未规范干预组(孕周期>35周)27例。观察两组患者的妊娠结局、胎儿预后以及胎儿梅毒血清学实验。结果纳入妊娠合并梅毒219例,其中接受规范化干预的患者192例(87.7%),未发生早产、新生儿死亡、死胎事件,发生先天性梅毒2例(1.0%)。未干预/未规范干预组27例患者中发生先天梅毒6例(22.2%)、早产4例(14.8%)、新生儿死亡2例(7.4%)、死胎4例(14.8%),明显高于规范干预组(P<0.05)。低血清TRUST滴度组妊娠合并梅毒患者均未发生早产、新生儿死亡、死胎,仅发生天性梅毒2例(1.5%)。其中,先天性梅毒、早产、死胎的发生于TRUST滴度成spearman正相关,具有统计学意义(P=0.011、0.023、0.001)。结论孕期规范的青霉素干预可明显避免妊娠合并梅毒患者发生不良妊娠事件。     

妊娠合并梅毒的临床特点与预防方法分析

目的:分析妊娠合并梅毒的临床特点及预防方法。方法:选取2010年1月至2015年12月100例医院收诊行常规治疗措施的妊娠合并梅毒患者为观察组,再选取100例未采取治疗措施的妊娠合并梅毒患者为对照组,比较两组患者的妊娠结局以及围产儿预后等方面差异。结果:观察组100例患者中,2例流产、12例早产、2例死胎、84例足月产;对照组100例患者中,13例流产、42例早产、11例死胎、34例足月产,观察组妊娠结局显著优于对照组(P0.05)。观察组100例新生儿中,10例低体质量围产儿、4例新生儿死亡、13例先天性梅毒、6例宫内胎儿窘迫;对照组100例新生儿中,30例低体质量围产儿、24例新生儿死亡、43例先天性梅毒、22例宫内胎儿窘迫,观察组新生儿结局显著优于对照组(P0.05)。结论:妊娠合并梅毒严重影响了产妇及新生儿的健康安全,需要采取积极的治疗措施,改善妊娠结局和新生儿结局。     

不同滴度的妊娠梅毒患者的治疗结局分析

目的:探讨不同滴度的妊娠梅毒治疗后对治疗结局的分析。方法:回顾性分析2014年1月至2016年9月于我科治疗的120名妊娠梅毒患者作为本次试验的研究对象。将选取的120名妊娠梅毒患者根据妊娠梅毒确诊时的甲苯胺红不加热血清试验(TRUST滴度)的不同分为三组:分别为妊娠梅毒确诊时TRUST滴度小于1∶4、妊娠梅毒确诊时TRUST滴度1∶4~1∶8、妊娠梅毒确诊时TRUST滴度1∶8以上。TRUST滴度小于1∶4组患者30例,TRUST滴度1∶4~1∶8组患者50例,TRUST滴度1∶8以上组患者40例。然后对各组患者的妊娠结局进行统计学分析。结果:TRUST滴度<1∶4组自然流产1例(3.3%)、宫内死胎1例(3.3%)、早产儿2例(6.7%)、新生儿先天性梅毒1例(3.3%),不良妊娠结局的发生率为16.7%;TRUST滴度1∶4~1∶8组自然流产5例(10%)、宫内死胎3例(6%)、早产儿5例(10%)、新生儿先天性梅毒5例(10%),不良妊娠结局的发生率为36%;TRUST滴度>1∶8组自然流产5例(12.5%)、宫内死胎4例(10%)、早产儿8例(20%)、新生儿先天性梅毒7例(17.5%),不良妊娠结局的发生率为60%。结论:妊娠梅毒不同滴度的患者治疗结局不同,妊娠梅毒滴度越高不良妊娠结局的发生率越高。     

妊娠梅毒的孕期干预时机对妊娠结局的影响研究

目的:分析并探讨妊娠梅毒孕妇孕期干预时机对母婴妊娠结局的影响。方法:选取医院进行产检及分娩的孕妇254例,所有孕期发现梅毒后,均给予长效青霉素治疗。早期干预组给予240万U,臀部肌内注射,1次/周,3周/疗程。每疗程结束后复查,若转阴,则晚期再治疗1个疗程,若未转阴且RPR(快速血浆反应素环状卡片试验)滴度下降小于2倍比稀释度,则继续治疗1个疗程。对于中期干预者,在发现后治疗1个疗程,晚期治疗1个疗程。晚期干预者在发现后即治疗1个疗程。结果:早期干预组早产、低体重儿12例(10.00%),死胎0例,新生儿畸形0例,新生儿死亡0例,新生儿梅毒0例;中期干预组早产、低体重儿22例(26.83%),死胎2例(2.44%),新生儿畸形2例(2.44%),新生儿死亡0例,新生儿梅毒2例(2.44%);晚期干预组早产、低体重儿26例(50.00%),死胎8例(15.38%),新生儿畸形4例(7.69%),新生儿死亡4例(7.69%),新生儿梅毒10例(19.23%)。早期干预妊娠结局最优,且新生儿梅毒发生率最低(P0.05)。RPR滴度低组,妊娠结局明显优于滴度高组,且新生儿梅毒发生率低(P0.05)。结论:妊娠梅毒孕妇孕期早期干预有利于改善妊娠结局,降低新生儿先天梅毒发生率,临床上对疑似孕妇应尽早诊治。     

Prevalence and risk factors of cervicovaginal HIV shedding among HIV-1 and HIV-2 infected women in Dakar, Senegal

OBJECTIVES: To assess the risk determinants and prevalence of cervicovaginal shedding of HIV-1 and HIV-2 among women in Dakar, Senegal. METHODS: We conducted a cross sectional study of 153 HIV seropositive female sex workers (FSW) and another 142 HIV seropositive women attending an infectious diseases unit, based on an interview, physical examination, and laboratory screening for major sexually transmitted infections (STI). Cervicovaginal lavage fluid was tested for HIV-RNA by means of nested PCR. Links between cervicovaginal shedding of HIV-1 and HIV-2 and sociodemographic, clinical, and laboratory variables were identified by using odd ratios and 95% confidence intervals. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent links with HIV shedding. RESULTS: The detection rate of HIV-RNA in cervicovaginal lavage fluid was low among FSW, with no difference between HIV-1 (7/90: 8%) and HIV-2 (3/48: 6%). The rate was far higher among the other women (41%, 48/117; 33%, 7/21 for HIV-1 and HIV-2, respectively). In multivariate analysis, high plasma viral load (>40 000 copies/ml) (AOR = 2.4 (1.0-5.6) p = 0.04) and basic vaginal pH (AOR = 2.2 (1.3-3.7) p = 0.002) were independently associated with HIV-1 shedding. For HIV-2 a CD4 count < 200 cells x 10(6)/l was the only factor associated with the shedding of HIV-2 (AOR = 9.0 (0.9-93)). The genital shedding rate was higher with HIV-1 than with HIV-2 (OR = 2.1 (0.9-4.8), but this difference disappeared after adjustment for the CD4+ cell count (AOR = 1.2 (0.5-2.9)). CONCLUSION: Advanced disease stage and immunosuppression are the major risk determinants for shedding of both HIV-1 and HIV-2. Basic vaginal pH is also a risk determinant for HIV-1 shedding.     

The effects of early syphilis on CD4 counts and HIV-1 RNA viral loads in blood and semen

OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of early syphilis on blood and semen plasma HIV-1 viral loads and CD4 counts. METHODS: In a retrospective case-control study, blood plasma HIV-1 viral loads and CD4 counts in cases during early syphilis (n = 63, 27 receiving antiretroviral therapy) were compared to those before and after syphilis and with controls with non-systemic acute sexually transmitted infections (STI) (n = 104, 39 receiving antiretroviral therapy). In a prospective substudy in those not receiving antiretroviral therapy, semen plasma viral loads during early syphilis (n = 13) were compared with those 1 month, 3 months, and 6 months after treatment for syphilis and with controls with no STIs (n = 20). RESULTS: Retrospective study: CD4 counts were similar in cases (median 410, n = 139 counts) during early syphilis compared to before (485, n = 80) and after (475, n = 88). In a secondary analysis, a drop in CD4 count (21%) among those with early latent syphilis was observed compared with controls. Blood plasma viral loads did not change significantly overall or in those with primary, secondary, or early latent syphilis. Effects were similar on or off antiretroviral therapy. Prospective study: blood and semen viral loads were slightly higher in cases compared with controls but treatment of early syphilis did not reduce either. CONCLUSIONS: We detected no association between early syphilis and changes in blood or semen viral load or CD4 count. Increased HIV-1 infectivity associated with early syphilis is unlikely to be associated with increased levels of HIV-1 RNA in blood or semen.     

Education attainment and the risk of HIV-1 infections in rural Kilimanjaro Region of Tanzania, 1991-2005: a reversed association

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies found educated individuals to have higher risk of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection in Africa. A reverse in this association was predicted. We investigated the change in this association from 1991 to 2005 in a rural population in Tanzania. STUDY DESIGN: Two cross-sectional surveys were conducted in 1991(N = 1,152, response rate 76.4%) and 2005 (N = 1,528, 73.0%). Consenting individuals aged 15 to 44 years living in Oria village were interviewed and gave blood for HIV-1 testing. RESULTS: Primary [adjusted odds ratio (AOR), 2.7; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.3-20.0] and secondary/higher education (AOR, 4.5; 95% CI: 1.4-24.9) were associated with increased risk of HIV-1 infection in 1991. A reversed association was observed in 2005 where reduced odds of infection were associated with primary (AOR, 0.5; 95% CI: 0.2-0.8) and secondary/higher education (AOR, 0.4; 95% CI: 0.3-0.9). This was most pronounced among educated men. Corresponding reduction in risk behaviors were observed. Increased odds of reporting ever use of condom (AOR, 2.8; 95% CI: 1.1-7.3) and 70% reduction in reporting >or=2 sexual partners in the past year was observed among educated women. Educated men reported 60% reduction in the odds of reporting >or=2 sexual partners in the past month preceding the last survey. CONCLUSIONS: A reversed association between education attainment and HIV-1 infection was observed in this population between 1991 and 2005. Education seems to have an empowering role in women. Decreased risk among educated men may have an impact on HIV-1 transmission. Improving education sector in rural areas might be instrumental in the fight against the HIV epidemic.     

妊娠期梅毒患者发生围产儿死亡20例临床分析

目的:研究20例感染梅毒的孕妇发生围产儿死亡的临床特点及探讨防治措施。方法:对2009年1月至2015年6月在东南大学附属第二医院收治的发生围产儿死亡的20例梅毒孕妇的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果:发生围产儿死亡的梅毒孕产妇20例,12例(60%)孕产妇孕期未建卡,8例建卡的孕妇中仅5例(20%)正常产检,且均行驱梅治疗。20例孕妇中16例(80%)无业,仅2例为大专以上学历。分娩前梅毒血清学高滴度(RPR≥1∶8)的孕妇有15例,其中11例(73.3%)死婴为梅毒儿;低滴度(1∶8)的孕妇有5例,仅有1例(20%)为梅毒儿。20例中有14例为死胎,其中有9例(64.3%)考虑胎传梅毒;6例新生儿死亡中3例(33.3%)具有梅毒儿的特征。结论:开展围产期产检非常重要,应加强人群健康教育和孕前孕期梅毒血清筛检管理,及时行驱梅治疗,努力将梅毒对妊娠的危害降至最低限度。     

孕期抗梅毒治疗对妊娠结局及新生儿预后的影响

目的：探讨抗梅毒治疗对妊娠患者妊娠结局以及新生儿预后的影响。方法：回顾性分析2012年12月至2013年11月科室妊娠梅毒患者116例临床资料,其中梅毒规范治疗患者86例列为治疗组,未治疗或者治疗不规范患者30例列为对照组,对比两组患者妊娠结局、新生儿预后等情况。结果：治疗组发生3例（3．49％）不良妊娠结局,明显低于对照组8例（26．67％）,对比差异有统计学意义（X2=16．668,P=0．002）;治疗组发生5例（5．95％）不良新生儿结局,低于对照组6例（26．09％）,对比差异有统计学意义（X2=14．628,P=0．003）;治疗组新生儿RPR全部转阴,明显优于对照组8例（44．4.4％）转阴,对比差异有统计学意义（X2=11．158,P=0．013）。结论：对合并梅毒妊娠患者实施规范的抗梅毒治疗是关键的改善妊娠结局以及新生儿预后的因素。     

浙江省2013-2014年梅毒孕产妇不良妊娠结局分析

目的：了解浙江省2013—2014年梅毒孕产妇不良妊娠结局发生情况,探讨抗梅毒治疗对妊娠结局的影响。方法回顾性分析浙江省2013—2014年预防梅毒母婴传播信息管理系统资料,比较梅毒孕产妇与同时段一般孕产妇不良妊娠结局发生差异。同时,按照治疗情况对梅毒孕产妇分组,比较是否治疗及是否规范治疗对妊娠结局的影响。结果共收集3985例梅毒孕产妇及其所分娩胎儿/婴儿信息,其中死胎12例,活产3973例。3985例梅毒孕产妇中接受抗梅毒治疗3210例占80.55%,未治疗775例占19.45%。3210例接受治疗的患者中,未规范治疗967例占30.12%。分娩的3985例胎婴儿中有异常症状/体征45例占1.13%;低出生体重279例,发生率7.00%;早期新生儿死亡45例,发生率1.13%,后两项均高于一般孕产妇[819494例中低出生体重儿26092例（3.18%）,早期新生儿死亡1029例（0.13%）],差异均有统计学意义（P<0.01）。775例未治疗的梅毒孕产妇中,早产121例（15.61%）,低出生体重84例（10.84%）,早期新生儿死亡19例（2.45%）,胎传梅毒27例（3.48%）和新生儿异常症状/体征22例（2.84%）,均分别高于3210例接受治疗的梅毒孕产妇（8.26%、6.07%、0.81%、0.81%、1.03%,均P<0.01）。967例未规范治疗的梅毒孕产妇早产（10.44%）、低出生体重儿（8.17%）、早期新生儿死亡（1.55%）、胎传梅毒（1.65%）和新生儿异常症状/体征发生率（1.96%）均高于2243例规范治疗的梅毒孕产妇（7.31%、5.17%、0.49%、0.45%、0.62%,均P<0.01）。结论浙江省2013—2014年梅毒孕产妇不良妊娠结局发生率较高,未治疗及未规范治疗的妊娠期梅毒严重威胁正常妊娠。     

妊娠合并梅毒孕期规范治疗后对新生儿梅毒血清学的影响

目的：对妊娠合并梅毒孕期规范治疗后新生儿梅毒血清学的变化特点及转归进行分析。方法：选取2011年1月至2013年1月间经孕期规范治疗的妊娠合并梅毒孕产妇150例,于孕妇产前l周进行RPR及TPPA试验,并对新生儿娩出3d后及以后定期进行梅毒血清学检查,对不同时间血清学转阴情况进行分析。结果：（1）150例新生儿中106例RPR、TPPA双阳性,44例单TPPA阳性。与TPPA单阳性母亲新生儿相比,RPR、TPPA双阳性母亲的新生儿RPR阳性比例较高（P〈0．05）。（2）随访中RPR、TPPA双阳性新生儿转阴高峰在出生后2个月,而TPPA单阳性新生儿转阴高峰为出生后6～12个月间。（3）孕妇产前RPR滴度越高,新生儿血清RPR转阴时间越长（P〈0．05）,而孕妇产前RPR滴度与新生儿TPPA转阴时间无关（P〈0．05）。新生儿出生时RPR滴度越高则新生儿转阴时间越长,滴度于1：1～1：4间的新生儿,TPPA转阴时间更长（P〈0．05）。结论：妊娠合并梅毒孕期规范治疗后所分娩新生儿的梅毒血清检查结果多呈阳性,且母亲RPR滴度越高的新生儿,其梅毒血清检测呈阳性的时间越长,但RPR均能转阴。     

Prenatal syphilis infection is a possible cause of preterm delivery among immigrant women from eastern Europe

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the prevalence of maternal syphilis at delivery and neonatal syphilis infection in an Italian urban area, in connection with the increased flow of immigration. STUDY DESIGN: A prospective surveillance study was carried out in Bologna, Italy, from November 2000 to March 2006. All pregnant women were screened for syphilis at delivery. Infants born to seropositive mothers were enrolled in a prospective follow-up. RESULTS: During the study period 19,205 women gave birth to 19,548 infants. A total of 85 women were seropositive for syphilis at delivery. The overall syphilis seroprevalence in pregnant women was 0.44%, but it was 4.3% in women from eastern Europe and 5.8% in women from Central-South America. Ten women were first found positive at delivery, as they did not receive any prenatal care. Nine of these were from eastern Europe. All their infants were asymptomatic, but six had both reactive immunoglobulin (Ig)M western blot and rapid plasma reagin tests and were considered prenatally infected. Three of six were preterm (gestational age <37 weeks). CONCLUSIONS: In Italy, congenital syphilis infection is strictly related to immigration from eastern Europe. Although it is asymptomatic, it could cause premature delivery. Therefore, it is necessary to perform serological tests during the third trimester in mothers coming from endemic areas to adequately treat syphilis in pregnancy and prevent congenital infection. If the mother's test results are not available at delivery, it is necessary to investigate the newborn, especially if it is born prematurely.     

妊娠梅毒85例临床分析

目的探讨改善妊娠期梅毒的妊娠结局和围产儿预后的方法。方法将85例妊娠期梅毒患者分为治疗组和未治疗组,比较两组孕妇的妊娠结局和梅毒儿的发生情况。结果治疗组的足月妊娠率达81.32%,早产、死胎发生率分别为1 6.9 8%和1.8 9%,两组妊娠结局有显著性差异(P<0.0 5)。治疗组、未治疗组梅毒儿的发生率分别为23.08%和72.00%,两组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05)。结论妊娠期梅毒患者及早的、规范的驱梅治疗可以明显改善妊娠结局和围产儿预后,降低梅毒儿的发生;应该对高危人群进行性健康教育和梅毒血清学筛查。     

Correlates of syphilis seroreactivity among pregnant women: the HIVNET 024 Trial in Malawi, Tanzania, and Zambia

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this cross-sectional study were to determine correlates of syphilis seroprevalence among HIV-infected and -uninfected antenatal attendees in an African multisite clinical trial, and to improve strategies for maternal syphilis prevention. RESULTS: A total of 2,270 (86%) women were HIV-infected and 366 (14%) were HIV-uninfected. One hundred seventy-five (6.6%) were syphilis-seropositive (7.3% among HIV-infected and 2.6% HIV-uninfected women). Statistically significant correlates included geographic site (odds ratio [OR] = 4.5, Blantyre; OR = 3.2, Lilongwe; OR = 9.0, Lusaka vs. Dar es Salaam referent); HIV infection (OR = 3.3); age 20 to 24 years (OR = 2.5); being divorced, widowed, or separated (OR = 2.9); genital ulcer treatment in the last year (OR = 2.9); history of stillbirth (OR = 2.8, one stillbirth; OR = 4.3, 2-5 stillbirths); and history of preterm delivery (OR = 2.7, one preterm delivery). CONCLUSION: Many women without identified risk factors were syphilis-seropositive. Younger HIV-infected women were at highest risk. Universal integrated antenatal HIV and syphilis screening and treatment is essential in sub-Saharan African settings.     

Prevalence monitoring in syphilis surveillance: results from a multicenter research program

BACKGROUND: Syphilis seroprevalence data can be used as an independent measure of syphilis trends and to augment syphilis case report data for program planning. The prevalence of reactive syphilis serology in jails, delivery rooms, and drug treatment centers was examined from 1995 to 1999. Prevalence was evaluated by age and gender at each site and compared with county primary and secondary syphilis case rates. Annual prevalence of high titer-reactive serology in jails was compared with primary and secondary syphilis case rates. GOAL: The goal was to examine trends in syphilis seroprevalence and to evaluate the relationship of trends in seroprevalence to reported cases. STUDY DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional survey. RESULTS: Prevalence of reactive serology and high titer-reactive serology was lowest among women in delivery rooms (2.9% and 0.4%, respectively) and highest among women in jails (11.1% and 4.1%, respectively), indicating substantial recently treated or active infection among women in jails. Trends in high titer-reactive serology were similar to primary and secondary syphilis case rates. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of high titer-reactive serology can provide valuable information about community syphilis morbidity for use in prevention and control programs.     

Congenital syphilis in the Russian Federation: magnitude,determinants, and consequences

OBJECTIVES: Reported cases of congenital syphilis in the Russian Federation increased 26-fold from 1991-9. Our objectives were to describe the frequency, risk factors, and consequences of delivering an infant with congenital syphilis among pregnant women with active syphilis. METHODS: In a retrospective record review using consecutive sampling of logs at maternity hospitals in five geographic areas, data were abstracted for 850 women with active syphilis during pregnancy who had completed >/=20 weeks' gestation. Further information was abstracted from records in antenatal clinics, dermatovenereology clinics, and paediatric hospitals. We assessed the frequency of confirmed or probable congenital syphilis, used logistic modelling to identify independent predictors for delivering a baby with congenital syphilis, and calculated the proportion of infants with congenital syphilis who experienced late fetal death (20-27 weeks), stillbirth (>/=28 weeks), or infant death. RESULTS: A total of 64% (n=544) of 850 pregnant syphilis infected women delivered an infant with confirmed or probable congenital syphilis; 40% of the sample had no prenatal care. Among women with no prenatal care, 77% received either no treatment or inadequate treatment and 86% delivered an infant with congenital syphilis. Important independent and modifiable risk factors for delivery of an infant with congenital syphilis included receiving no prenatal care (adjusted OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.7 to 4.7) and having the first test for syphilis at >/=28 weeks' gestation (adjusted OR 4.0, 95% CI 2.6 to 6.0). Fatal outcomes were observed in 26% of infants with congenital syphilis, including late fetal death (7%), stillbirth (16%), or neonatal death (3%). CONCLUSIONS: In the Russian Federation, the frequency of congenital syphilis is high, risk factors for congenital syphilis are modifiable, and the consequences of congenital syphilis are severe.     

新生儿期先天梅毒36例临床分析

目的：探讨新生儿期先天梅毒的临床表现特点。方法：总结分析36例新生儿期先天梅毒，观察患儿临床及实验室检查的改变。结果：无症状新生儿期先天梅毒占61％；新生儿期先天梅毒症状和体征主要有皮疹、肝脾肿大、肺部感染，36例患儿中，早产儿13例（36％），新生儿死亡5例（14％），血清学USR、TPPA、19SIgM—TPPA检测结果均为阳性，肝功能异常23例（64％），肾功能异常22例（61％）。结论：新生儿先天梅毒的诊断须结合临床体征、实验室诊断结果以及母亲的病史进行综合分析；妊娠梅毒患者应及时发现、诊断并给予规范治疗，才能有效地阻断先天梅毒的发生。