肝门部胆管癌根治术关键技术标准及评价

肿瘤根治性切除是肝门部胆管癌最为有效的治疗方式,也是肝胆外科最具挑战性的技术领域。合理有效的术前准备方案以及规范的手术方案,是实现高质量肝门部胆管癌根治性切除的必要条件。肝门部胆管癌外科治疗涉及多个核心环节,包括肿瘤可切除性和肝储备功能评估、术前准备、手术操作及术后并发症处理等。有效的术前准备包括无创性影像学检查、胆道引流、肝体积测量、选择性门静脉栓塞术等,目的是减少高胆红素血症的影响、改善肝功能、确保大范围肝切除安全性。围肝门解剖、肝切除范围、门静脉切除重建、肝动脉切除重建、区域淋巴结清扫范围等是肿瘤根治性切除关键技术,目的是实现所有切缘阴性,彻底清除肿瘤及其侵袭的组织。肝门部胆管癌外科治疗仍存在诸多争议点,如术前胆道引流途径及周期、肝切除范围、肝动脉重建的必要性、淋巴结清扫数目等,仍有待进行更多临床研究以形成共识。     

联合门静脉切除重建的肝脏左三区切除治疗进展期肝门部胆管癌

随着影像诊断技术的进步和外科操作技术的提高,采用大范围肝切除治疗进展期肝门部胆管癌已逐渐成为标准手术,但需要术前的精确评估.2009年7月,我科为1例进展期肝门部胆管癌患者施行了联合门静脉切除、重建的肝脏左三区切除术,疗效良好.     

肝门部胆管癌外科诊疗难点、争议及团队23年实践体会

目前外科治疗仍是肝门部胆管癌最为有效的治疗方式,合理、安全的外科治疗方案涉及肿瘤可切除性评估、肝储备功能评估、术前准备、手术操作及术后并发症处理等多个核心环节。肝门区域肿瘤的准确归类和鉴别诊断、术前合理的胆道引流方案、合理的肝切除范围以及肝动脉切除后血管重建等,是影响肝门部胆管癌治疗结局的重要问题。不同类型肝门区域胆管癌的病理类型、分子特征、生物学行为、淋巴结转移路径等存在诸多差异,有必要对其作出严格区分以制定合理的临床决策和治疗方案。经皮肝穿刺胆管引流（PTBD）更有利于充分引流胆管,但也存在肿瘤细胞播散转移的风险,建议对计划联合实施半肝以上切除者,首选PTBD对拟保留肝叶实施单侧引流,同时重视术前胆汁回输对加速肝功能恢复的作用。联合半肝及以上范围切除能够提高R0切除率和生存率,但也要考虑肿瘤生物学特性和手术创伤的影响,应根据肿瘤分型和分期选择不同的手术方案,以实现合理控制手术损伤和更大治疗获益的目标。保留或重建残余肝叶动脉血供对防范术后肝衰竭的发生具有重要意义,术前三维重建对于合理规划手术方案具有重要价值。     

肝门部胆管癌根治性切除中围肝门区手术处理

目的探讨围肝门区手术处理手段在肝门部胆管癌外科治疗中的临床应用。方法回顾性分析我院2002年1月-2007年12月诊治的86例肝门部胆管癌病人的临床资料。其中,实施单纯内引流术38例,姑息性切除术11例,采取联合尾状叶切除、受侵门静脉肝动脉切除重建、肝内胆管断端整形、肝门区淋巴结清扫等技术完成根治性切除37例。结果肝门部胆管癌的根治性切除率由2002年的33．3％,提高到2007年的75．0％。无围手术期死亡发生。结论联合采用尾状叶切除、肝门部胆管断端整形、受侵门静脉切除重建及肝门区淋巴清扫等围肝门区处理手段可提高肝门部胆管癌根治性切除率,降低手术并发症的发生率。     

肝门部胆管癌的外科治疗进展

肝门部胆管癌（HCCA）是最常见的胆道恶性肿瘤，手术切除是HCCA目前唯一的可能根治性治疗的方式，但HCCA一般发现晚，转移早，且病变复杂，故手术切除率很低，且术后复发转移率较高。随着对HCCA研究的深入以及手术技术的发展，在术前评估、肝切除术、血管切除重建、淋巴结清扫、肝移 植、新辅助治疗等方面的不断进步，HCCA的预后得到了不同程度的改善，目前关于HCCA外科治疗的研究仍在不断发展中。     

肝门部胆管癌的外科治疗现状

肝门部胆管癌(HC)虽然发生率低,但预后较差,而外科手术仍是目前的唯一治愈手段。经历半个多世纪的发展,HC的外科治疗获得极大进展,随之而来的争议仍然存在。笔者就HC的术前分期及治疗、手术切除范围、血管切除与重建、淋巴结清扫数目及范围、腹腔镜手术、肝移植应用等方面的现状展开论述,为HC外科治疗提供借鉴。     

肝门部胆管癌的精准外科治疗策略

根治性切除比其他治疗方法更能使肝门部胆管癌患者获得长期生存.近年来,由于外科技术的进步以及围手术期处理的完善使得手术治疗肝门胆管癌的效果有了明显的提高.本文总结了精确的术前评估、精良的术前处理、精密的手术规划为核心的精准外科治疗策略对肝门部胆管癌的手术治疗的影响.肝门部胆管癌的术前分型、术前处理、手术方案精细化和标准化,可进一步提高肝门部胆管癌的手术治疗效果.     

肝门部胆管癌外科治疗争议与进展

肝门部胆管癌是指原发于胆囊管开口以上,左、右二级肝管水平以下的肝门区胆管恶性肿瘤,占所有胆道恶性肿瘤的50%~70%。肝门部胆管癌根治性手术切除率低,病人预后差,生存期短。近年来,尽管在诊断和治疗方面取得了一定进展,但在术前胆道引流、门静脉栓塞、手术切除范围选择、联合血管切除重建、微创手术治疗和肝移植治疗等方面仍存在争议。     

肝门胆管癌手术质量控制体系初探

肝门胆管癌,又称Klatskin瘤,是指起源于肝总管、左右肝管及其汇合部的胆道上皮恶性肿瘤。根治性切除是目前治疗肝门胆管癌最有效的手段。该肿瘤位于肝门狭小且管道结构复杂的区域,手术难度大、风险高。近年来,由于影像评估水平和外科手术技术的提高,肝门胆管癌手术切除例数逐年上升。但各治疗中心对于手术入路选择、肝切除范围、淋巴结清扫数量均有不同的标准,且差异较大。有必要探索肝门胆管癌手术质量控制体系。一方面通     

中肝叶联合尾状叶切除术在肝门部胆管癌中的应用

肝门部胆管癌是常见胆道恶性肿瘤,其外科治疗的核心是达到R 0切除,包括切除病变胆管、受肿瘤浸润肝组织及区域淋巴结。在精准外科及多学科治疗时代,肝门部胆管癌的手术治疗应遵循可视化、可量化、可控化和多学科治疗原则。基于精准肝门部胆管癌董氏分型,包括Ⅰ+Ⅳ+Ⅴ+Ⅷ段、Ⅰ+Ⅴ+Ⅷ段及Ⅰ+Ⅳ段的中肝叶联合尾状叶切除术...     

维生素D受体在糖尿病肾病足细胞损伤及蛋白尿缓解中的作用

目的探讨维生素D受体(VDR)在糖尿病肾病(DKD)足细胞中的表达水平及在足细胞损伤及蛋白尿缓解中的作用。方法(1)本研究纳入了65例诊断患有2型糖尿病(伴或不伴蛋白尿)的患者,并纳入了25例年龄和性别相匹配的健康体检者为对照组。根据白蛋白/肌酐(ACR)的尿排泄比例对2型糖尿病患者进行分组,分别为无蛋白尿(ACR<30 mg/g,n=24)、微量白蛋白尿(ACR 30~300 mg/g,n=18)和临床蛋白尿(ACR>300 mg/g,n=23)。另选择25例经肾活检确诊的DKD患者作为DKD组。正常肾脏组织标本均取自泌尿外科同一时期肾脏肿瘤切除患者10例。将各组检测指标进行对比,同时采用实时定量PCR、ELISA法和免疫组化法检测VDR在各组患者的血液、尿液样本和肾脏组织中的表达情况,以及使用Pearson相关分析分析VDR与尿蛋白的相关性。(2)在2型糖尿病肾病小鼠模型中对上述结果进行验证,将遗传背景均为C57BLKs/J的雄性db/db小鼠及同窝出生的db/m小鼠,随机分为正常对照组(A组)、DKD对照组(B组)、DKD二甲基亚砜处理组(C组)、DKD帕立骨化醇(VDR激动剂)处理组(D组),C、D组连续腹腔注射处理8周,对照组不做任何处理。小鼠10周龄时开始连续干预8周,在小鼠22周龄(开始干预后12周)检测各组小鼠体重、血、尿生化指标对比;Western印迹法检测β⁃catenin、VDR的变化;免疫荧光观察足细胞标志蛋白podocin及足细胞损伤蛋白α⁃SMA的表达变化。结果(1)与正常健康对照组相比,无蛋白尿组、微量白蛋白尿组和临床蛋白尿组的糖尿病患者血浆中VDR的mRNA和蛋白水平均较低(均P<0.05);与无蛋白尿组的糖尿病患者相比,微量白蛋白尿组和临床蛋白尿组的糖尿病患者血浆中VDR的mRNA和蛋白水平均较低(均P<0.05)。(2)与正常健康对照组相比,无蛋白尿糖尿病组和DKD组患者血浆中VDR的mRNA和蛋白水平均较低(均P<0.05);与无蛋白尿糖尿病组患者相比,DKD组患者血浆中VDR的mRNA和蛋白水平亦较低(均P<0.05)。(3)免疫组化结果显示,DKD组肾组织中VDR的表达明显少于正常对照组。(4)DKD患者血浆中VDR mRNA相对水平与ACR呈负相关(r=-0.342,P<0.05)。(5)各组尿液上清液中VDR的水平与血浆中的水平呈相反趋势。(6)Western印迹结果显示,B组、C组肾小球足细胞β⁃catenin蛋白表达高于D组(均P<0.05),VDR蛋白的表达低于D组(均P<0.05);免疫荧光结果显示,B组、C组肾小球足细胞podocin的表达低于D组(均P<0.05),α⁃SMA的表达高于D组(均P<0.05)。结论VDR高表达缓解DKD足细胞损伤及蛋白尿。     

Anterior Interosseous Nerve Palsy After Shoulder Arthroscopy Treated With Surgical Decompression: A Case Series and Systematic Review of the Literature

Background: Anterior interosseous nerve (AIN) palsy is a very uncommon cause of upper extremity pain and weakness that comprises less than 1% of all upper extremity nerve palsies. Rarely reported but also mentioned in the literature is AIN palsy after shoulder arthroscopy. Methods: A systematic review of the literature to date using PubMed was conducted to identify patients who suffered AIN palsy after shoulder arthroscopy procedures. Articles included met the following criteria: (1) published in English; (2) primary presentation of the data; (3) patients had undergone shoulder arthroscopy before developing symptoms of AIN palsy; and (4) diagnosis was confirmed with clinical symptoms of AIN palsy. Measured outcomes included patient demographics, specific shoulder procedure, anesthesia procedure, intra-operative patient positioning, intra-operative compressive dressing, intra-operative traction, surgical versus conservative treatment, abnormal findings during decompression procedure, proposed mechanism of injury, and follow-up. Results: The search yielded 6 articles, of which 4 (13 cases) met inclusion criteria. An additional 2 cases were included in this report totaling 15 cases. The average patient age was 49 years (range: 31-64) with 73% males. At average follow-up of 24 months, 67% of patients experienced complete resolution of symptoms—more than half of which underwent surgical decompression. Patients who failed to progress experienced weakness of the flexor digitorum profundus and flexor pollicis longus muscles. Conclusions: Proposed injury mechanisms for AIN palsy after shoulder arthroscopy range from mechanical trauma, compressive hematoma, and direct anesthetic neurotoxicity. Management should be directed by clinical symptoms, imaging, and patient factors with majority of patients expected to have excellent clinical outcomes.     

不同尿钙水平的Gitelman综合征患者临床特点比较

目的观察不同尿钙水平Gitelman综合征(GS)患者的临床特点,探讨尿钙在GS疾病临床分型中的价值。方法收集2016—2018年来自中国国家罕见病注册系统(NRSC)、在北京协和医院行SLC12A3基因检测诊断为GS患者的临床资料,分析其尿钙特点,比较不同尿钙水平患者的临床和实验室检查指标。氢氯噻嗪试验按照标准操作流程进行,测定患者基线和用药后3 h内氯离子排泄分数改变量的最大值(ΔFECl)。结果共有83例GS患者被纳入研究,其中低尿钙患者53例(63.86%)。低尿钙组尿钙/肌酐比明显低于非低尿钙组[(0.085±0.058)mmol/mmol比(0.471±0.284)mmol/mmol,t=7.349,P<0.001]。两组患者在年龄、性别、估算肾小球滤过率、血压、血尿电解质水平、代谢性碱中毒方面差异均无统计学意义。低尿钙组患者乏力(χ2=4.595,P=0.032)及多尿(χ2=5.778,P=0.016)发生比例低于非低尿钙组,两组患者在其他临床症状方面差异无统计学意义。低尿钙和非低尿钙组各有16例患者行氢氯噻嗪试验,中位ΔFECl结果分别为0.539%(0.430%,1.283%)和0.829%(0.119%,1.298%),均提示对氢氯噻嗪无反应,组间差异无统计学意义(U=130.000,P=0.956)。结论GS患者中低尿钙比例为63.86%,尿钙水平与疾病临床表型、NCC功能损伤严重程度之间均无明确相关性。     

Role of Conventional and Diffusion-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Spinal Treatment Protocol for Hydatid Disease

Objective:

To demonstrate the role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in determining the treatment protocol for hydatid disease of the spine.

Design:

Case report; literature review.

Findings:

Diffusion-weighted MRI can help differentiate complicated infected hydatidosis from abscesses, epidermoid cysts from arachnoid cysts, and benign from malignant vertebral compression fractures. It is also helpful in differentiating between abscesses and necrotic tumors.

Conclusion:

Diffusion-weighted MRI can help differentiate between infections requiring immediate surgery and those that can be treated medically with antihelmintic treatment.     

Fibrinogen-thrombin collagen patch reinforcement of highrisk colonic anastomoses in rats

AIM To evaluate the effectiveness of human fibrinogenthrombin collagen patch(TachoSil~?) in the reinforcement of high-risk colon anastomoses.METHODS A quasi-experimental study was conducted in Wistar rats(n = 56) that all underwent high-risk anastomoses(anastomosis with only two sutures) after colectomies. The rats were divided into two randomized groups: Control group(24 rats) and treatment group(24 rats). In the treatment group, high-risk anastomosis was reinforced with TachoSil~? (a piece of Tacho Sil? was applied over this high-risk anastomosis, covering the gap). Leak incidence, overall survival, intra-abdominal adhesions, and histologic healing of anastomoses were analyzed. Survivors were divided into two subgroups and euthanized at 15 and 30 d after intervention in order to analyze the adhesions and histologic changes. RESULTS Overall survival was 71.4% and 57.14% in the TachoSil~? group and control group, respectively(P = 0.29); four rats died from other causes and six rats in the treatment group and 10 in the control group experienced colonic leakage(P 0.05). The intra-abdominal adhesion score was similar in both groups, with no differences between subgroups. We found non-significant differences in the healing process according to the histologic score used in both groups(P = 0.066).CONCLUSION In our study, the use of TachoSil~? was associated with a non-statistically significant reduction in the rate of leakage in high-risk anastomoses. TachoSil~? has been shown to be a safe product because it does not affect the histologic healing process or increase intra-abdominal adhesions.     

Fluorescence in the Sclera,Nails, and Teeth Secondary to Favipiravir Use for COVID-19 Infections

Favipiravir, an antiviral agent originally used for influenza infections, has become popular due to its beneficial signals in coronavirus disease. It is currently used in some countries within COVID-19 treatment protocols. This is an initial report of favipiravir-related fluorescence observed in three healthcare providers working in the same ward in our hospital. All three individuals had been diagnosed with COVID-19 two months earlier and were treated with favipiravir. None of the three individuals received hydroxychloroquine or tetracyclines. Wood’s light examination led to an incidental discovery of favipiravir-induced fluorescence involving the sclera, nails, and teeth. In all patients, white linear, square, and band-like specks of fluorescence were noticed on the sclera of both eyes, some teeth, and the proximal part of all fingernails and toenails. Exposure of the eyes to the Wood’s light was for a brief duration of 3 to 5 seconds during examination and photodocumentation. Favipiravir might cause bright white fluorescence of nails, sclera, and teeth, detectable by Wood’s light even two months after its cessation.     

Safety and tolerability of single intravenous doses of sugammadex administered simultaneously with rocuronium or vecuronium in healthy volunteers

BACKGROUND: Sugammadex rapidly reverses rocuronium- and vecuronium-induced neuromuscular block. To investigate the effect of combination of sugammadex and rocuronium or vecuronium on QT interval, it would be preferable to avoid the interference of anaesthesia. Therefore, this pilot study was performed to investigate the safety, tolerability, and plasma pharmacokinetics of single i.v. doses of sugammadex administered simultaneously with rocuronium or vecuronium to anaesthetized and non-anaesthetized healthy volunteers. METHODS: In this phase I study, 12 subjects were anaesthetized with propofol/remifentanil and received sugammadex 16, 20, or 32 mg kg(-1) combined with rocuronium 1.2 mg kg(-1) or vecuronium 0.1 mg kg(-1); four subjects were not anaesthetized and received sugammadex 32 mg kg(-1) with rocuronium 1.2 mg kg(-1) or vecuronium 0.1 mg kg(-1) (n=2 per treatment). Neuromuscular function was assessed by TOF-Watch SX monitoring in anaesthetized subjects and by clinical tests in non-anaesthetized volunteers. Sugammadex, rocuronium, and vecuronium plasma concentrations were measured at several time points. RESULTS: No serious adverse events (AEs) were reported. Fourteen subjects reported 23 AEs after study drug administration. Episodes of mild headache, tiredness, cold feeling (application site), dry mouth, oral discomfort, nausea, increased aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltransferase levels, and moderate injection site irritation were considered as possibly related to the study drug. The ECG and vital signs showed no clinically relevant changes. Rocuronium/vecuronium plasma concentrations declined faster than those of sugammadex. CONCLUSIONS: Single-dose administration of sugammadex 16, 20, or 32 mg kg(-1) in combination with rocuronium 1.2 mg kg(-1) or vecuronium 0.1 mg kg(-1) was well tolerated with no clinical evidence of residual neuromuscular block, confirming that these combinations can safely be administered simultaneously to non-anaesthetized subjects. Rocuronium and vecuronium plasma concentrations decreased faster than those of sugammadex, reducing the theoretical risk of neuromuscular block developing over time.     

罗伊适应模式对腹股沟疝无张力疝修补术后恢复情况的影响

目的探讨罗伊适应模式对患者腹股沟疝无张力疝修补术后恢复情况的影响。 方法将2016年1月至2019年5月在秦皇岛市第二医院择期进行无张力修补术治疗的120例腹股沟疝患者，按照随机数字法分为对照组和观察组，每组各60例。对照组采用常规护理治疗，观察组在对照组的基础上采用罗伊适应模式。比较2组患者的术后临床指标、心理状态、围手术期并发症发生情况及满意度。 结果术后观察组患者的首次排气时间、恢复正常饮食时间、离床活动时间和术后住院时间均低于对照组（P<0.05）；术后观察组患者的抑郁自评量表（SDS）和焦虑自评量表（SAS）评分显著低于对照组（P<0.05）；术后2组患者均无切口感染发生，2组患者尿潴留、急性疼痛、认知功能障碍、发热、血肿等发生率相比无统计学差异（P>0.05）；术后观察组患者护理满意度为96.67%，显著高于对照组的83.33%（P<0.05）。 结论在常规护理的基础上，罗伊适应模式用于患者腹股沟疝无张力修补围手术期，能有效改善术后患者的焦虑/抑郁情绪，不增加围手术期并发症，促进术后患者的恢复及提高治疗满意度。     

Factors Associated With Reoperation After Silicone Proximal Interphalangeal Joint Arthroplasty

Background: Silicone proximal interphalangeal (PIP) joint arthroplasty has a high revision rate. It has been suggested that persistent ulnar deviation and joint instability influence the durability of PIP silicone arthroplasties. The goal of this study was to evaluate what factors are associated with reoperation after silicone PIP arthroplasty. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated all adult patients who underwent PIP silicone arthroplasty between 2002 and 2016 at one institutional system for inflammatory-, posttraumatic-, and primary degenerative arthritis. After manual chart review, we included 91 patients who underwent 114 arthroplasties. Fingers operated included 14 index, 41 middle, 38 ring, and 21 small fingers. Results: The overall reoperation rate was 14% (n = 16). Non-Caucasian race (P = .040), smoking (P = .022) and PIP silicone arthroplasty for post-traumatic osteoarthritis (P = .021) were associated with reoperation. The 1-, 5- and 10-year implant survival rates were 87%, 85%, and 85%, respectively. Conclusion: Caution should be exercised when considering PIP silicone arthroplasty of the index finger or in patients with post-traumatic osteoarthritis. It may be worthwhile addressing smoking behavior before pursuing silicone PIP arthroplasty.     

血浆凝血因子VIII水平与IgA肾病患者临床病理改变及预后的关系

目的探讨血浆凝血因子VIII(factor VIII,FVIII)水平与IgA肾病(IgAN)患者临床参数及预后的关系。方法收集2016年1月至2016年12月中南大学湘雅二医院确诊的IgAN患者的临床资料。按照时间依赖的受试者工作特征曲线(ROC)得出的血浆FVIII预测IgAN预后的临界值,将患者分为高FVIII组(FVIII>140.50%)和低FVIII组(FVIII≤140.50%),比较两组患者肾活检时基线临床参数的差异。以估算肾小球滤过率(eGFR)下降≥30%或进入终末期肾脏病(ESRD)为终点事件,采用Kaplan-Meier生存曲线及Cox回归方程法分析血浆FVIII水平对IgAN患者预后的影响。结果共93例IgAN患者纳入本研究,中位随访时间为35.15(33.77,36.76)个月,12例(12.90%)患者发生终点事件。高FVIII组患者年龄、血肌酐、尿素氮、血三酰甘油、血总胆固醇、血浆纤维蛋白原、D-二聚体、24 h尿蛋白量、蛋白C、蛋白S和eGFR下降速率高于低FVIII组(均P<0.05);eGFR、血白蛋白、中位随访时间低于低FVIII组(均P<0.05)。Kaplan-Meier生存分析结果显示,与低FVIII组比较,高FVIII组患者肾脏累积生存率降低(χ2=5.635,P=0.018)。在校正收缩压、eGFR、尿蛋白、肾小管萎缩/间质纤维化程度等因素后,多因素Cox回归分析结果显示,高血浆FVIII水平是IgAN患者肾脏预后不良的独立危险因素(HR=4.147,95%CI 1.055~16.308,P=0.042)。结论血浆FVIII水平与IgAN患者临床指标及预后相关,高血浆FVIII水平是IgAN患者肾脏预后不良的独立危险因素。