腹腔镜肝切除的现状和我们的经验

正自1991年第一例腹腔镜肝脏楔形切除~([1])报道开始,1996年Azagra等~([2])和Kaneko等~([3])同时报道了腹腔镜解剖性肝切除术。此后,腹腔镜肝切除(laparoscopic liver resection,LLR)日益广泛开展。随着手术技术的进步和器械的改进,LLR的复杂性和安全性均明显提高。2008年形成了关于LLR的初步共识即Louisville Statement~([4])。2013年中华医学会肝脏外科学组组长陈孝平院士主持并制定我国第一部《腹腔镜肝切除专家共识与手术操作指南》~([5]),并推行全国。2015年第二届国际腹腔镜肝     

吲哚菁绿在腹腔镜肝切除中的应用

随着微创技术的发展,腹腔镜肝切除术已经成为一种安全有效的常规外科治疗手段,越来越符合精准肝切除的理念和现代医学的发展方向。但与传统肝切除手术相比,器械操作空间有限、缺乏直接触觉反馈等因素不利于病灶准确定位及根治性切除,使得腹腔镜肝切除术的手术难度显著增加。吲哚菁绿(ICG)荧光成像技术作为一种新型导航方式,弥补了腹腔镜手术的不足,在腹腔镜解剖型肝切除、肝脏肿瘤局部切除、术后残余肝脏检测等方面显示有一定的术中应用价值。本文回顾了相关文献,并结合自身经验展开综述。     

2009年我国外科学术研究进展

普通外科学 一、肝脏外科 近年来,微创技术在肝脏外科的应用越来越广泛,主要包括腹腔镜肝切除和各种经皮经肝的消融治疗技术.这些技术的不断发展与应用,使微创外科技术与肝脏外科的联系更加紧密并显著提高了肝脏外科的治疗水平.腹腔镜肝切除已从原来的仅行肝边缘小肿瘤的切除,发展到可行左半或右半肝切除.     

腹腔镜肝切除术的规范化问题

<正>自1985年以来,腹腔镜技术逐渐被应用于腹部外科。1991年,腹腔镜技术首次应用于肝脏肿瘤切除~([1])。在国内,周伟平等~([2])于1994年首次报道了腹腔镜肝切除术。之后,腹腔镜肝切除在世界各地尤其是在中国国内蓬勃发展。为了充分保护患者利益,各地的先行者们制定了各种指南和专家共识来规范腹腔镜肝切除术。2008年Louisville宣言指     

国内外腹腔镜肝切除术相关指南解读与比较

近20年,腹腔镜肝切除术在全球范围内广泛开展,并在肝脏外科中占据了重要位置,但地区差异性较为显著,且尚存在一些争议。各指南对于腹腔镜肝切除术的手术分类趋于一致,但在术式命名上,国内指南更强调符合肝脏解剖学特点,而国外指南则更侧重于肝切除的范围和难度。在适应证具体选择上争议较多,主要是由于对技术难度的掌握与风险认识存在分歧与差距,但各指南均指出应谨慎扩大腹腔镜肝切除术的适应证。在器械的选择与设备方面,建议术者应根据病人的情况、自身的经验及所在医疗机构的设施灵活掌握,而术中超声则应是腹腔镜肝切除术的必备影像设备。在术中操作要点方面,各指南均强调术者的经验与技能的重要性,而控制出血是腹腔镜肝切除成功的关键,及时中转开腹对于难以控制的出血则是明智与必须的选择。此外,各指南均强调专业培训的重要性和渐进性,最重要的是保证病人安全。     

腹腔镜技术在肝脏外科的拓展应用

手术微创化是当今国际外科学发展的一大趋势,腹腔镜作为微创外科的代表已涉及腹腔所有脏器手术.肝脏是腹腔内最大的实质脏器,具有复杂的解剖结构和重要的生理功能,腹腔镜肝脏手术曾被认为是难度和风险较大的手术.近年来,随着腹腔镜技术的进步和器械的改善,腹腔镜手术在肝脏外科的应用范围逐步拓展.该技术已从早期针对肝脏良性病变的边缘性切除和局部切除拓展应用于肝脏各类良恶性病变的大范围肝切除术、肝脏移植物切取、特殊部位肝切除术及解剖性肝段切除术等复杂手术中.我国是肝病大国,肝癌及肝胆管结石病的发病率及术后复发率均较高,部分患者需要接受再次或者多次肝切除术治疗;肝癌患者多合并不同程度肝硬化,肝胆管结石病患者也易并发肝脏萎缩、纤维化及肝门转位等病变,这些因素在一定程度上影响了腹腔镜手术在肝癌及肝胆管结石病外科治疗中的应用.本文结合笔者单位开展800余例腹腔镜肝切除术的临床体会和相关文献,重点探讨腹腔镜技术在解剖性肝段切除术,尤其是特殊部位肝段的解剖性切除术,合并肝硬化等肝脏基础疾病时的肝切除术,以及再次肝切除术等领域的应用现状和最新进展.     

腹腔镜肝切除:2010 深圳论坛成功召开

2010年4月3日,由<中华消化外科杂志>编辑部主办,奥林巴斯(北京)销售服务有限公司承办的"微创外科时代肝切除手术方式的选择--腹腔镜肝切除:2010深圳论坛"成功召开.中国工程院院士黄志强教授;中华医学会外科学分会副主任委员、第四军医大学西京医院肝胆外科主任窦科峰教授;中华医学会外科学分会脾脏外科学组组长、哈尔滨医科大学党委书记姜洪池教授;中华医学会外科学分会外科手术学组组长、中山大学附属第三医院院长陈规划教授;中华医学会外科学分会胆道外科学组组长、解放军总医院全军肝胆外科研究所所长董家鸿教授;中华医学会外科学分会腹腔镜内镜外科学组组长、上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院副院长郑民华教授;中华医学会外科学分会门静脉高压症学组副组长、第三军医大学西南医院全军肝胆外科研究所所长别平教授等国内肝脏外科及微创外科学界的著名专家应邀出席本次会议.     

腹腔镜肝切除:2010 深圳论坛成功召开

2010年4月3日,由<中华消化外科杂志>编辑部主办,奥林巴斯(北京)销售服务有限公司承办的"微创外科时代肝切除手术方式的选择--腹腔镜肝切除:2010深圳论坛"成功召开.中国工程院院士黄志强教授;中华医学会外科学分会副主任委员、第四军医大学西京医院肝胆外科主任窦科峰教授;中华医学会外科学分会脾脏外科学组组长、哈尔滨医科大学党委书记姜洪池教授;中华医学会外科学分会外科手术学组组长、中山大学附属第三医院院长陈规划教授;中华医学会外科学分会胆道外科学组组长、解放军总医院全军肝胆外科研究所所长董家鸿教授;中华医学会外科学分会腹腔镜内镜外科学组组长、上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院副院长郑民华教授;中华医学会外科学分会门静脉高压症学组副组长、第三军医大学西南医院全军肝胆外科研究所所长别平教授等国内肝脏外科及微创外科学界的著名专家应邀出席本次会议.     

腹腔镜肝切除:2010 深圳论坛成功召开

2010年4月3日,由<中华消化外科杂志>编辑部主办,奥林巴斯(北京)销售服务有限公司承办的"微创外科时代肝切除手术方式的选择--腹腔镜肝切除:2010深圳论坛"成功召开.中国工程院院士黄志强教授;中华医学会外科学分会副主任委员、第四军医大学西京医院肝胆外科主任窦科峰教授;中华医学会外科学分会脾脏外科学组组长、哈尔滨医科大学党委书记姜洪池教授;中华医学会外科学分会外科手术学组组长、中山大学附属第三医院院长陈规划教授;中华医学会外科学分会胆道外科学组组长、解放军总医院全军肝胆外科研究所所长董家鸿教授;中华医学会外科学分会腹腔镜内镜外科学组组长、上海交通大学医学院附属瑞金医院副院长郑民华教授;中华医学会外科学分会门静脉高压症学组副组长、第三军医大学西南医院全军肝胆外科研究所所长别平教授等国内肝脏外科及微创外科学界的著名专家应邀出席本次会议.     

腹腔镜肝脏切除术

腹腔镜手术具有创伤轻,术后恢复快等优点。近年来,随着腹腔镜外科技术的不断成熟及腹腔镜器械的不断改进创新,手术的安全性得以不断提高,腹腔镜手术己向腹部外科的各个领域渗透。目前,一些腹腔镜手术如腹腔镜胆囊切除术、胃底折叠术已成为标准的手术方式,并开始探索腹腔镜下完全或部分实质器官的切除,腹腔镜肝切除术处在整个腹腔镜外科的最前沿。1991年,Reich等首先报道了腹腔镜肝脏切除术。此后,有关此类手术的报道不断增加。国内,周伟平教授于1994年完成了国内首例腹腔镜肝脏切除术。笔者于1998年率先采用刮吸解剖法断肝术行完全腹腔镜下…     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.