TACE联合CT引导RFA治疗肝癌疗效评价

目的：探讨TACE联合CT引导RFA治疗肝癌的疗效。 方法：回顾性分析经确诊为HCC的73例临床资料,按照介入手段不同分为TACE组（n=38）和TACE+RFA组（n=35）,比较两组治疗效果、生存率及预后。 结果：TACE组肿瘤完全坏死率、术后6个月复发率、术后6个月、1、2年生存率分别为21.05%、44.74%、97.37%、67.57%、44.00%;而联合治疗组分别为82.86%、11.43%、100.00%、88.57%、70.97%。两组比较,肿瘤完全坏死率、术后6个月复发率、术后1、2年生存率均有统计学差异（P=0.000、0.002、0.032、0.041）,术后6个月生存率两组间无统计学差异（P=0.337）。 结论：TACE联合CT引导RFA治疗肝癌疗效明显优于单纯TACE。     

肝动脉化学栓塞联合经皮射频消融序贯治疗大肝癌的临床研究

目的：探讨肝动脉化学栓塞联合经皮射频消融序贯治疗大肝癌的临床应用价值。方法．42例原发性肝癌患者，14例行TACE联合RFA序贯治疗（联合组），与15例单纯TACE治疗及13例单纯RFA治疗组进行对照分析。比较3组的肿瘤坏死率以及平均生存期。结果：联合组的肿瘤坏死率达78．6％，明显高于单纯TACE组及单纯RFA组（分别为26.7％、46.2％，P〈0．05）。局部复发率分别为21．4％、46．7％和38．5％，三者差异无显著性意义（P〉0．05）。联合组的平均生存期为25．1月，高于TACE组（14．5月，P〈0．05），与单纯RFA组（19．9月）差异无显著性意义（P〉0．05）。结论：肝动脉化学栓塞联合经皮射频消触序贯治疗大肝癌与单纯TACE和单纯RFA组治疗结果相比，可提高肿瘤完全坏死率并延长患者生存期。     

栓塞化疗及射频的序贯应用对大肝癌术后复发防治的价值

目的探讨术后栓塞化疗（TACE）和射频消融（RFA）的序贯应用对大肝癌术后复发的防治效果。 方法回顾性分析2004年1月至2015年12月中山市人民医院大肝癌手术切除113例,其中术后53例行TACE（TACE组）,34例行TACE和RFA（TACE+RFA组）,26例行单纯手术切除治疗（单纯切除组）。以术后总体生存期,术后1、3、5年生存率,术后1、2、3年复发率等指标评价3组患者的中远期疗效。 结果(1)TACE组、TACE+RFA组和单纯切除组患者的中位生存时间分别为39.0、49.0、29.0个月,TACE+RFA组中位生存时间最长,单纯切除组最短（χ²=12.5,P=0.002）。(2)TACE组术后1、3、5年生存率分别为86.8%、62.2%、34.0%,TACE+RFA组为82.3%、55.8%、41.1%,单纯手术组为76.9%、34.6%、19.2%,3组患者术后3、5年生存率差异有统计学意义,远期生存率以TACE+RFA组为最高（P<0.05）。(3)TACE组术后1、2、3年复发率分别为15.1%、33.9%、62.2%,TACE+RFA组为29.4%、55.9%、70.5%,单纯手术组为23.1%、42.3%、80.7%。单纯切除组3年复发率明显高于术后TACE组及TACE+RFA组,所有年复发率以术后TACE组为最低,差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。 结论术后TACE可预防大肝癌术后中、远期复发,而TACE联合RFA的序贯性应用能明显改善大肝癌术后复发的预后。     

阻断肿瘤血供后微波凝固治疗肝癌的临床研究(附120例临床分析)

目的探讨阻断肿瘤血供后微波凝固治疗肝癌的疗效。方法120例经组织学证实的肝癌病人，104例为原发性肝癌，16例为转移癌，共289个肿瘤结节，分为两个治疗组：（1）经导管动脉化疗栓塞（TACE）后1～2d内行超声引导下微波热凝固治疗（PMCT）70例；（2）手术中暂时阻断肝门血流后行肝癌微波热凝固治疗（MCT）50例。结果治疗中B超监测微波凝固范围显示：单电极60w、180S时，TACE＋PMCT组和术中阻断肝门血流＋MCT组肿瘤凝固体积分别为20～92CITI。和18～85cm^2，明显超过单纯的微波热疗时8～15cm^2。的凝固体积；治疗后随访6～36个月，98例病人AFP转为正常水平，占81．7％；59例病人再活检，其中肿瘤完全坏死者为48例，占81．4％；TACE＋PMCT组有66例肿瘤不同程度缩小（94.2％）；术中阻断肝门血流＋MCT组有43例肿瘤不同程度缩小（86％）；两组半年，1，2年生存率分别为96．5％、89．3%、79．9％和95．5％、85．5％、63．3％。结论无论是TACE联合PMCT，还是术中阻断肝门血流联合MCT治疗肝癌，两种方法均可显著地增强微波热疗的局部作用，扩大肿瘤凝固坏死范围，从而更加有效地杀灭肝癌细胞。     

基于NDR评分评估多发性肝癌根治术后经导管动脉化疗栓塞治疗效果研究

目的 探讨NDR评分与多发性肝癌肝切除术后经导管动脉化疗栓塞术（TACE）疗效的关系。方法 回顾性分析2009年3月至2015年3月在海军军医大学东方肝胆外科医院行肝切除术的505例多发性肝癌病人的临床资料。根据术后是否行辅助性TACE将病人分为TACE组（n=272）和非TACE组（n=233），采用倾向得分匹配（PSM）对病人行1∶1配对。应用Kaplan-Meier法分析术后无复发存活率（RFS）和总体存活率（OS）的差异，并分析NDR评分与TACE疗效的关系。结果 PSM后，TACE组1、3、5年RFS和OS均高于非TACE组（66.8%、41.2%和27.6%；49.6%、37.2%和27.7%，P=0.031；86.1%、63.7%和42.6%；69.1%、49.0%和37.2%，P=0.002）。NDR评分≤2分时，TACE 组1、3、5年RFS和OS与非 TACE 组差异无统计学意义（68.6%、44.1%、29.0% vs. 58.0%、43.3%、35.2%，P=0.445；88.3%、65.0%、44.4% vs. 76.4%、55.0%、45.7%，P=0.109）；NDR评分>2分时，TACE 组1、3、5年RFS和OS均高于非TACE组（60.5%、34.2%、28.5% vs. 20.3%、16.2%、8.1%，P=0.001；78.9%、51.6%、42.8% vs. 43.8%、29.9%、15.9%，P=0.007）。PSM后NDR评分>2分时，多因素分析显示，甲胎蛋白（AFP）和辅助性TACE是无复发生存的独立影响因素（HR=1.90、0.43；P<0.05）；AFP、肿瘤最大最小径比值和辅助性TACE是总体生存的独立影响因素（HR=2.23、2.96、0.53；P<0.05）。结论 NDR评分>2分时，肝癌肝切除术后行辅助性TACE可有效减少术后复发，改善远期生存。对NDR评分>2分的多发性肝癌病人，推荐辅助性TACE作为术后抗复发治疗手段。     

B超引导下射频消融联合TACE治疗原发性肝癌30例

将62例原发性肝癌（HCC）患者分为联合治疗组30例,即采用B超引导下射频消融（RFA）联合肝动脉化疗栓塞术（TACE）进行治疗;TACE治疗组32例,单纯使用TACE治疗.比较2组患者的术后存活率和肿瘤完全坏死率.联合治疗组治疗效果明显好于TACE治疗组,其中联合治疗组患者的3年以上存活率为60.0％,TACE治疗组仅为34.3％,联合组明显高手TACE治疗组（P＜0.05）,且肿瘤完全坏死率亦明显较高（P＜0.05）.应用B超引导下RFA联合TACE治疗HCC可大幅度提高治疗效率和患者的3年以上存活率,对患者更加有利.     

TACE联合射频消融及无水乙醇注射序贯治疗原发性肝癌临床分析

目的：探讨肝动脉栓塞化疗（TACE）联合射频消融（RFA）及无水乙醇注射（PEI）序贯治疗原发性肝癌的临床效果。方法：将不能手术切除或不愿手术治疗的34例原发性肝癌患者分为联合组（13例）和对照组（21例）;联合组行TACE＋RFA＋PEI序贯治疗,对照组仅行TACE治疗2～3次。观察患者肿瘤坏死程度、复发率和6、12、18、24个月存活率。结果：联合组肿瘤完全坏死率及6、12、18、24个月存活率分别为84.6%（11/13）及92.3%（12/13）、76.9%（10/13）、69.2%（9/13）、53.8%（7/13）;明显高于对照组的19.0%（4/21）及85.7%（18/21）、57.1%（12/21）、38.1%（8/21）、28.6%（6/21）。联合组肿瘤复发率为15.4%（2/13）;明显低于对照组的81.0%（17/21）。结论：TACE联合RFA及PEI序贯治疗不能切除的原发性肝癌安全有效,可明显改善其预后。     

可切除肝细胞肝癌并门静脉主支癌栓治疗策略的安全性和有效性分析

目的。探讨肝功能代偿期手术切除或TACE治疗肝细胞肝癌（HCC）合并门静脉主支癌栓的疗效,以及TACE后选择性肝切除术的安全性。方法选择肝功能Child．PughA可切除的原发性肝癌并门脉主支癌栓患者116例,并分为手术组（56例）和肝动脉化疗栓塞组（TACE组,60例）,其中TACE组治疗后肿瘤反应评价有效,接受进一步手术治疗的患者纳入TACE＋手术组。对比3组患者的治疗效果和生存情况。结果手术组1例术中死亡（1／56,1．78％）,并发症发生率高于TACE组（16／56US7／60,P=0．010）。手术组、TACE组和TACE＋手术组的中位生存时间为11．41、15．34、22．01个月,TACE＋手术组的生存时间明显长于手术组（P=0．040）。手术组1、2、5年生存率分别为47．27％、24．58％、5．67％;TACE组分别为53．91％、27．18％、6．34％：TACE＋手术组分别为79．17％、45．83％、16．67％。多因素分析提示肝硬化、肿瘤位置是患者独立预后相关因素。结论HCC合并门静脉主支癌栓肝功能代偿良好可切除者,首治TACE后选择性肝切除术是更安全和有效的治疗策略。     

RFA联合ＴＡＣＥ和HFH对兔肝VX2肿瘤的作用

目的探讨射频消融（RFA）联合高频热疗（HFH），经动脉化疗栓塞（TACE）治疗兔肝VX2肿瘤的作用。方法将兔肝VX2肿瘤模型分为：RFA＋TACE＋HFH治疗组（A组），RFA＋HFH治疗组（B组），RFA＋TACE治疗组（c组）和TACE＋HFH治疗组（D组）。观察各组治疗前后的血清谷丙酸转氨酶（ALT），肝脏热休克蛋白（HSP70）及脾脏树突状细胞（DCs）表达。结果（1）ALT：在治疗组第1天均明显升高，A组升高幅度最大，14d内恢复最慢；B组上升幅度最小，恢复最快（P〈0．05）。（2）HSP70表达：A组治疗后明显上升，14d时仍为最高；D组上升幅度最小，14d时夷达值最低（P〈0．05）。（3）DCs表达：A，B组无明显差异（P〉0．05），并且组内14d和7d时两者差异无显著性。C，D组明显低于其余两组，且下降较快（P〈0．05）。结论RFA＋TACE＋HFH能更好地激活HSP70和树突状细胞的表达，增加机体抗肿瘤免疫的能力，但同时损害肝功能最明显。联合运用时须综合考虑。     

射频消融联合经导管肝动脉栓塞化疗序贯性治疗原发性肝癌

目的：探讨经皮射频消融（RFA）联合肝动脉栓塞化疗术（TACE）序贯性应用较单纯应用TACE治疗原发性肝癌的优势和实用价值。方法：55例原发性肝癌患者,30例行单纯TACE治疗,25例行RFA联合TACE治疗。观察指标：（1）治疗后第4周肝功能变化;（2）治疗后4周增强CT／MRI检查肿瘤坏死率的情况;（3）局部肿瘤的复发率;（4）治疗后的生存率的比较。结果：治疗后两周行肝功化验检查,两者相比无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。两组均在1个疗程结束后的2个月行强化CT和DSA检查,两组治疗后肿瘤坏死总有效率（CR＋PR）分别为63．3％（12／30）、92％（23／25）,两组间差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。对照组治疗后半年复查随访,有13例复发,复发率46．7％（14／30）;综合组半年复发率为12％（3／25）。复发率行统计学处理（X^2=7．34,P〈0．05）,两者间差异有统计学意义。两组生存率随访结果显示,两组半年生存率几乎相同,均在90％以上,无统计学意义。而1年及两年的生存率比较,综合组明显优于对照组,统计显示有较明显的差异（P〈0．05）。结论：对于难以手术切除的原发性肝癌,经皮射频消融联合肝动脉栓塞化疗的治疗效果明显优于单纯栓塞化疗。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.