颈动脉粥样硬化对冠心病诊断的价值

目的 探讨颈动脉粥样硬化与冠状动脉样硬化的关系从而了解颈动脉粥样硬化对冠心病的诊断价值。方法 通过对同一患行颈动脉超声及冠状动脉造影检查，根据冠状动脉造影结果分为阴性组和阳性组，并将阳性组分为一支病变组，二支病变组和三支病变组。通过超声测定和因管后壁内中膜厚度（IMT），斑块厚度并计算斑块积分，对各组IMT及斑块积分进行统计等处理。结果 颈动脉粥样硬化对冠心病有预测价值。阳性组的IMT及斑块积分均大于阴性组。右侧颈动脉组的预测性较左侧略高。结论 颈动脉粥样硬化对冠心病的预测价值很大。     

彩色多普勒超声对心绞痛患者颈动脉病变的初步分析

目的通过应用彩色多普勒超声诊断仪分析心绞痛患者颈动脉病变的特点,探讨其诊断冠心病的临床价值。方法选择行冠状动脉造影的心绞痛患者85例,根据冠脉造影结果分为0支病变组,1支病变组及多支病变组。测量颈总及颈内动脉后壁的内膜内表面到中膜外表面的距离（IMT）,同时注意观察动脉粥样硬化斑块的位置、数量及斑块性质等。结果颈动脉分叉处IMT值各组间均有显著性差异。颈内动脉IMT值在0支病变组与1支病变组间没有显著性差异,但两者均与多支病变组有显著性差异。颈动脉粥样硬化斑块积分各组间均有显著性差异。冠状动脉积分与颈动脉分叉处IMT值及冠状动脉积分与颈动脉硬化斑块积分之间均呈显著性相关。结论通过超声检查观察颈动脉粥样硬化病变的程度可预测冠状动脉病变的情况,对疑有冠心病的患者具有较好的筛选及预测价值。     

颈动脉粥样硬化与冠心病的相关性研究

目的：探讨冠心病患者颈动脉粥样硬化与冠状动脉血管病变的关系。方法：对90例冠脉造影的患者行颈动脉内-中膜厚度（IMT）及斑块超声检查，比较有无冠脉病变及不同冠脉病变之间与IMT程度的关系。结果：冠心病患者的颈动脉IMT、斑块指数及斑块检出率明显高于非冠心病患者（P〈0．05），多支冠状动脉病变组颈动脉IMT明显高与单支冠状动脉病变组。结论：颈动脉粥样硬化对冠心病有一定的预测价值，颈动脉IMT可作为间接反映冠状动脉病变程度的指标。     

颈动脉粥样硬化在冠心病诊断中的应用

目的 探讨颈动脉粥样硬化斑块与冠心病的相关性.方法 对拟行冠状动脉造影的98例患者,根据造影结果对冠脉病变程度进行分组,应用彩色多普勒超声测量其颈动脉内膜中层厚度(IMT),观察粥样斑块形成情况,探讨颈动脉粥样斑块对冠心病诊断的价值.结果 颈动脉粥样硬化斑块的发生与冠脉病变程度呈正相关(P<0.01).结论 颈动脉粥样硬化斑块可以作为冠状动脉粥样硬化发生的预测因子.     

超声对冠状动脉粥样硬化与颈动脉粥样硬化的相关性研究

目的 探讨冠心病患者颈动脉粥样硬化与冠状动脉粥样硬化的相关性。方法 对冠状动脉造影确诊为冠心病的89例患者和正常对照组的80例患者行颈动脉超声检查,对比观察颈动脉内-中膜厚度（IMT）、颈动脉有无斑块及斑块类型;对冠心病组不同支病变间IMT、颈动脉斑块积分及斑块发生率进行比较分析。结果 ①冠心病组患者的颈动脉粥样硬化斑块发生率为87．64％,显著高于对照组（33．75％,P〈0．01）。②两组颈动脉斑块以软斑最多见,冠心病组软斑占37．12％,扁平斑占16．59％,混合斑占25．76％,硬斑块占20．53％;对照组软斑占34．09％,扁平斑占22．73％,混合斑占25．00％,硬斑占18．18％。③不同支数冠状动脉病变者之间IMT、颈动脉斑块积分和斑块发生率比较,差异有统计学意义。结论 通过超声了解颈动脉病变可间接反映冠状动脉粥样硬化病变的程度。     

超声检测颈动脉粥样硬化对冠状动脉病变的预测价值

目的 探讨超声检测颈动脉内中膜厚度(IMT)及动脉粥样硬化斑块的形成对冠状动脉病变预测的价值.方法 应用彩色多普勒超声对拟行冠状动脉造影检查的120例患者行颈动脉IMT测量及观察粥样斑块形成情况,并根据冠状动脉造影结果分为对照组、单支病变组和多支病变组,比较各组斑块的发生率并检测颈动脉粥样斑块对冠心病诊断的敏感性和特异性.结果 冠心病患者中,多支病变组IMT及斑块发生率高于单支病变组和对照组,组间比较差异均有统计学意义;颈动脉粥样斑块对冠心病诊断的敏感性为93.22%,特异性为70.51%,阳性预测值为70.51%,阴性预测值为93.22%.结论 在冠心病患者及具有冠心病高危险因素人群临床检查中,超声对颈动脉IMT增厚和斑块形成的检测,能够成为研究冠心病危险程度的可靠预测指标.     

颈动脉粥样硬化与冠心病关系预测价值

目的利用体表高频超声检查研究颈动脉粥样硬化与冠状动脉粥样硬化关系的预测价值。方法对283例冠状动脉造影受检者行颈总动脉超声检查,测量其内中膜厚度、斑块厚度、计算斑块积分。并将其结果与冠状动脉造影及心血管危险因素进行单因素的t、χ^2检验。结果①颈动脉粥样硬化斑块、内中膜厚度（IMT）及斑块＋IMT对冠心病的阳性预测值分别为84．67％、81．39％及87．78％,三者对冠心病的特异性分别为71．60％、90．12％及95．06％;②冠状动脉造影阳性组的颈动脉内中膜厚度和粥样硬化斑块发生率明显高于阴性组,且随病变支数的增加,颈动脉内中膜厚度和斑块积分均增加（P〈0．05）;⑧冠心病组年龄、男性、高密度脂蛋白、血糖、血压水平方面显著高于对照组。结论颈动脉粥样硬化斑块、IMT可作为冠心病预测因子,两者联合应用,对冠心病的预测可提供更多信息。     

颈动脉粥样硬化与冠心病的相关性研究

目的:探讨颈动脉粥样硬化与冠心病的相关性。方法:选择因心绞痛、心肌梗死及胸痛待查入院患者80例,行冠状动脉造影检查,并在造影前后1周内对上述患者行颈动脉血管彩色多普勒超声检查,根据造影结果分为冠心病单支病变组、多支病变组和正常对照组,比较各组间所测得的颈动脉内膜中层厚度及斑块发生率。结果:随着冠状动脉病变严重程度的增加,颈动脉内膜中层厚度和斑块发生率随之增高。结论:颈动脉粥样硬化与冠心病有明显相关性,颈动脉血管彩色多普勒超声检查可用于预测冠状动脉粥样硬化的病变程度。     

颈动脉内-中膜厚度及粥样硬化斑块与冠心病的相关性研究

目的 探讨冠心病(CAD)患者颈动脉内-中膜厚度(IMT)及粥样硬化斑块与冠状动脉粥样硬化狭窄的相关性.方法 以98例行冠脉造影的患者为研究对象,冠状动脉狭窄≥50%者57例为CAD组,冠状动脉狭窄<50%者41例为对照组,并进行Gensini积分.所有患者均行双侧颈动脉超声检查,检测颈动脉IMT及粥样硬化斑块Crouse积分,并与冠状动脉Gensini积分行相关性分析.结果 CAD组多支病变、单支病变亚组及对照组冠状动脉Gensini积分分别为42.65±4.33、24.70±2.29和15.36±3.06,颈动脉IMT分别为(1.37±0.16)mm、(1.21±0.14)mm和(0.92±0.11)mm,颈动脉粥样硬化斑块Crouse积分分别为2.05±0.17、1.29±0.18和0.36±0.05,三组间差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).颈动脉IMT及粥样斑块Crouse积分与冠状动脉Gensini积分呈正相关.结论 颈动脉IMI及粥样斑块与冠状动脉粥样硬化狭窄密切相关.高频超声能早期发现颈动脉内-中膜增厚及粥样硬化斑块,对有效预防CAD的发生有重要意义,可作为冠状动脉病变预测的一种较好的检查方法.     

颈动脉粥样硬化与冠心病严重程度的相关性

目的探讨颈动脉粥样硬化与冠心病严重程度的相关性。方法应用颈动脉超声检查急性心肌梗死（AMI）患者、不稳定型心绞痛患者、经冠脉造影检查除外冠心病的患者（对照组）的颈动脉内中膜厚度（IMT）并计算其Crouse积分,观察3组之间IMT、Crouse积分的差异和相关性;冠脉造影检查判断冠状动脉粥样硬化病变情况,再将以上患者分为非冠心病组、单支病变组、双支病变组和多支病变组,采用Gensini评分评判严重程度,观察各组之间Gensini评分的差异,并将IMT、Crouse积分与Gensini评分行相关性分析,得出颈动脉粥样硬化与冠状动脉粥样硬化严重程度的相关性。结果AMI、UA组与对照组IMT值及Crouse积分有显著性差异（P〈O．05）,非冠心病组、单支病变组、双支病变组和多支病变组IMT值及Crouse积分有显著性差异（P〈0．05）,Crouse积分与Gensini评分具有相关性。结论颈动脉粥样硬化的严重程度可以作为冠心病严重程度的预测因子。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella species isolated from children with moderate to severe diarrhea in northeastern Brazil

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for Shigella species isolated from children with diarrhea in Fortaleza, Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected along with socioeconomic and clinical data from children with moderate to severe diarrhea requiring emergency care. Shigella spp. were isolated by standard microbiological techniques, and we developed 4 multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays to detect 16 virulence-related genes (VRGs). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion assays. S. flexneri and S. sonnei were the predominant serogroups. S. flexneri was associated with low monthly incomes; more severe disease; higher number of VRGs; and presence of pic, set, and sepA genes. The SepA gene was associated with more intense abdominal pain. S. flexneri was correlated with resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, whereas S. sonnei was associated with resistance to azithromycin. Strains harboring higher numbers of VRGs were associated with resistance to more antimicrobials. We highlight the correlation between presence of S. flexneri and sepA, and increased virulence and suggest a link to socioeconomic change in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance was associated with serogroup specificity in Shigella spp. and increased bacterial VRGs.     

护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响分析

目的研究护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响。方法选取本院在2014年4月~2016年7月诊治的136例面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者,随机分为研究组与对照组,每组68例;所有患者均依据其情况给予对应的治疗,其中对照组在治疗期间给予常规护理,研究组在对照组的基础上再给予综合性护理干预,比较两组的治疗效果及护理满意度情况等。结果患者在接受治疗和护理后,研究组中度与重度患者的治疗效果较对照组均明显提高(P0.05),研究组护理满意度较对照组明显增高(P0.05)。结论对面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者在其治疗期间给予综合性护理干预,具有良好的效果。