采用基于体素的形态测量学比较分析不同核型特纳综合征患儿全脑灰质的变化

目的 利用基于体素的形态测量学(VBM)方法,探测不同核型特纳综合征(TS)患儿脑灰质体积异常的差异.方法 19例染色体核型为45XO的单体型TS患儿和21例杂合核型的TS患儿以及20名正常儿童(对照组)进行了韦氏智力测量和3.0TMR扫描.单体型TS患儿组、杂合型TS患儿组和对照组的全脑高分辨率T1WI图像采用统计参数图(SPM)8软件包进行VBM分析,以全脑灰质总体积为协变量,比较3组之间全脑灰质体积的差别,采用功能神经图像分析软件AFNI软件包中的蒙特卡洛模拟方法(AlphaSim方法)进行簇水平上的多重比较校正.结果 单体型TS组患儿韦氏总智商值为(89±16)分,杂合型TS组为(91±13)分,而对照组韦氏总智商值为(109±15)分,3组智商差异具有统计学意义(F=10.75,P＜0.05).与对照组比较,单体型TS组及杂合型TS组均表现双侧楔叶、中央后回、扣带回灰质体积减小,差异有统计学意义(单体型TS组统计区体素数目分别4117、1392、1085,t值分别为5.75、5.33、5.02;杂合型TS组统计区体素数目为4501、2437、591,t值分别为5.40、5.11、4.95,P值均＜0.01,FWE校正);两组TS患儿均在眶额回、海马旁回、小脑、岛叶,右侧颞极、纹状体,中脑背侧灰质体积增加,差异有统计学意义(单体型TS组统计区体素数目分别为1444、1188、791、725、695、431、386,t值分别为5.01、5.96、5.67、5.23、4.85、4.43、4.94;杂合型TS组统计区体素数目分别为6988、2709、2510、2380、1987、1709、1185,t值分别为6.50、7.06、7.26、5.27、5.71、6.02、4.56,P值均＜0.01,FWE校正).单体型TS组与杂合型TS组比较,杂合型TS组在左侧海马、纹状体较单体型TS组灰质体积增加(体素数目分别为1014、496,中心坐标t值分别为4.75和4.53,P值均＜0.01,FWE校正),在右侧缘上回灰质体积减少(体素数目为350,中心坐标t值为4.28,P＜0.01,FWE校正),差异有统计学意义.结论 单体型与杂合型TS患儿均存在顶枕叶的萎缩,说明单体型与杂合型TS导致的脑皮层发育障碍类似;而杂合型TS患儿双侧前额叶、颞叶与小脑的体积增加区域较单体型更为广泛,提示杂合型TS可能更多利用这些脑区进行代偿.     

应用基于体素的MR形态测量学分析抽动秽语综合征患儿脑灰质体积变化

目的 应用优化的基于体素的形态测量学(VBM)技术,分析抽动秽语综合征(TS)患儿全脑灰质异常情况.方法 选取31例TS患儿(TS组)和与之年龄、性别匹配的50名正常儿童(正常对照组)进行3DT1WI.利用基于统计参数图(SPM)2软件的VBM 2工具箱对扫描获得的图像进行预处理,对TS患儿和正常儿童的全脑灰质体积采用t检验进行比较.将灰质体积差异区域的改变值提取出来,与临床耶鲁综合抽动严重程度评分量表(YGTSS)评分、病程进行多元线性分析.结果 应用VBM方法,发现TS组的左顶上小叶、右小脑半球、左海马旁回灰质体积较对照组增大,增加体积分别为4059、2126、84 mm3,其差异有统计学意义(t值分别为3.93、3.71、3.58,P值均＜0.05).延髓和左桥脑体积较对照组减小,减小体积分别为213、117 mm3(t值分别为3.53、3.48,P值均＜0.05).体积差异区域的体积改变值与临床YGTSS评分无相关性(P＞0.05),左海马旁回灰质体积与患儿病程呈负相关(Beta=-0.391,P=0.039).结论 VBM能够显示常规MRI表现正常的TS患儿的灰质异常.颡顶叶和小脑体积增加可能是TS患儿的适应性反应,左海马旁回灰质体积可能是评价TS患者预后的一项客观指标.     

应用基于体素的形态测量学方法分析视神经脊髓炎患者的脑体积变化

目的 应用基于体素的形态测量学方法(VBM)比较视神经脊髓炎(NMO)患者和正常志愿者局部脑灰质和白质的体积差异,并分析脑体积变化与临床指标的相关性.方法 对20例NMO患者和20例性别、年龄匹配的健康志愿者进行常规MRI和三维结构像扫描,采用统计参数图(SPM)5的VBM工具对NMO组及对照组数据进行分析,比较两组之间脑灰质和白质体积的差异.利用Pearson相关分析脑灰、白质异常的区域与患者病程和临床评分的相关性.结果 与对照组相比,NMO患者右侧额下回(体素数514)、左侧颞上回(282)、右侧颞中回(229)及右侧岛叶(211)等多个灰质脑区体积减小(t值为3.58～5.11,P值均＜0.05);NMO患者右侧中央前回、后回(体素数457、110)、左侧额中回(285)及右侧顶下小叶(231)等多个皮层下白质脑区体积减小(t值为2.90～4.25,P值均＜0.05).NMO脑灰、白质体积异常的区域与临床病程及残疾状态评分均无明显相关性.结论 应用VBM方法能发现NMO患者灰、白质局部脑区的萎缩,为NMO脑结构异常提供影像证据.     

先天性耳聋患者脑基于体素的形态测量学研究

目的应用基于体素的形态测量学方法(VBM)研究先天性耳聋患者的灰质和白质变化情况。资料与方法对18例先天性耳聋患者和22名健康自愿者全脑进行三维磁共振成像数据采集,应用(diffeomorphic anatom-ical registration through exponential lie algebra,DARTEL)对灰质和白质进行VBM分析。以簇体积>100个体素,且P<0.001为差异有统计学意义。结果与健康自愿者相比,耳聋患者灰质体积增大的脑区为左侧颞横回和双侧小脑(P<0.001);灰质体积减小的脑区为双侧楔回、左侧梭状回和右侧中央前回(P<0.001);白质体积减小的脑区为双侧前扣带回、左侧胼胝体、左侧舌回和右侧额中回(P<0.001)。结论先天性耳聋患者灰质和白质发生改变,反映了脑可塑性重组及患者使用手语交流导致脑结构发生的改变。     

遗忘型轻度认知损害的全脑灰质基于体素的MRI形态分析

目的：利用优化基于体素的MRI形态分析（voxel-based morphometry,VBM）,研究遗忘型轻度认知损害（amnestic mild cognitive impairment,aMCI）和正常老年人的脑灰质体积变化。方法：选取aMCl患者20例和正常老年对照18例,MRI排除脑内其他病变,然后行高分辨率三维T1WI扫描。应用优化VBM方法处理数据,将脑组织分割成灰质、白质和脑脊液,最后应用两样本t检验比较两组被试灰质体积改变。结果：VBM结果显示与正常老年对照组比较,aMCI患者组双侧额颞叶出现广泛的灰质体积减少,具体脑区为右侧海马钩回、双侧额下回、双侧额中回、右侧额上回、双颞叶额中回、左侧颞下回、左侧颞上回、右侧顶上小叶、左侧枕中回等结构灰质体积小于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.001）。结论：VBM方法可显示aMCl患者全脑灰质萎缩情况,对临床早期诊断aMCl患者有重要价值,具有广阔的临床应用前景。     

采用优化的基于体素的形态测量学方法研究不同类型智力障碍患儿脑灰质容积的变化

目的 利用优化的基于体素的脑形态学分析法(VBM),分别比较以操作缺陷为主和以语言缺陷为主的智力障碍患儿与正常儿童脑灰质容积的差异,探究患儿脑区灰质发育与操作和语言缺陷之间的联系.方法 选取9例以操作缺陷为主(操作缺陷组)和11例以语言缺陷为主(语言缺陷组)的智力障碍患儿,以及分别与之性别、年龄及优势利手相匹配的正常对照组儿童11、14名,行三维快速扰相梯度回波(FSPGR)序列高分辨率脑MR扫描,然后采用VBM方法进行图像分析.采用独立样本t检验比较操作缺陷组和语言缺陷组与相应正常对照组间灰质总容积差异以及不同区域脑灰质容量差异.结果 操作缺陷组患儿脑灰质容积总量平均值[(1.030 ±0.078)×106 mm3]明显大于正常对照组[(0.984±0.058) ×106 mm3],差异有统计学意义(t=-2.6,P＜0.05);患儿脑局部区域灰质容积较正常对照组高的脑区包括:后扣带回、右侧额上回、左侧楔叶、左侧额中回和左侧尾状核体部.语言缺陷组患儿脑灰质容积总量[(1.002±0.068)×106 mm3]明显大于正常对照组[(0.957±0.057) ×106mm3],差异有统计学意义(t=-3.0,P＜0.05);患儿脑局部区域灰质容积较正常对照组高的脑区包括:双侧丘脑、左侧颞下回、左侧额下回和左侧小脑.结论 VBM能够显示常规MRI表现正常的智力障碍患儿中的脑灰质发育异常.不同临床表型的智力障碍患儿脑灰质容积改变区域分布存在差异.     

采用基于体素的形态测量学方法研究肌萎缩侧索硬化症患者脑灰质的改变

目的 利用基于体素的形态测量学方法(VBM)评价肌萎缩侧索硬化(ALS)患者的脑灰质体积变化及其与临床特征之间的相关性.方法 选取27例ALS患者和年龄、性别匹配的27名正常志愿者,采用VBM分析两组之间的全脑灰质体积和7个先验ROI:包括双侧中央前回,中央后回、额上、中、下回、额内侧回及岛叶灰质体积的改变;以P＜0.05[簇水平错误校正(FWE校正)]为差异有统计学意义.并使用偏相关分析,以年龄为控制因素,提取差异区域平均灰质密度与疾病严重程度评分、病程及疾病进展率进行相关性分析.结果 全脑灰质体积比较显示左侧中央前回、左侧中央后回、左侧额上回局部灰质体积减少,差异有统计学意义(统计体素数目分别为388、112、127,Z值分别为4.83、4.09、6.42,P值均＜0.05,FWE校正).ROI分析显示左侧中央前回、右侧中央前回、左侧中央后回、左侧额上回和左侧岛叶灰质体积减少,差异有统计学意义(统计体素数目分别为1104、34、114、91、107,Z值分别为5.87、3.71、4.26、6.29、3.51,P值均＜0.05,FWE校正).所有局部灰质体积减少程度与各临床指标间未发现有统计学差异的线性关系.结论 ALS可出现运动皮层及非运动皮层多个脑区灰质体积减少,进一步证实ALS系一种多系统变性病.相对于全脑比较,ROI分析能敏感地揭示更广泛的脑区改变.VBM所揭示的结构改变与临床指标之间缺乏相关性,考虑与病情本身的异质性和方法学的敏感性有关.     

基于体素的形态学测量无常规MR异常的颞叶癫痫的灰质改变

目的 利用基于体素的形态学分析(voxel-based optimized morphometry,VBM)及基于统计参数图的个体脑结构分析(individual brain atlases using SPM,IBASPM)软件,分析无常规MR异常的颞叶癫痫患者全脑灰质结构的改变.方法 对30例颞叶癫痫患者及40例正常健康志愿者行全脑扫描,扫描序列为磁化快速梯度回波(magnetization prepared rapid gradient echo,MPRAGE)扫描序列,获得高分辨T1WI图像,数据分析采用以SPM5(statistical parametric mapping 5)软件包为基础的VBM及IBASPM技术进行处理,利用SPSS16.0分别进行统计学分析.结果 通过比较,VBM显示颞叶癫痫患者双侧扣带前回、右侧扣带中回、左侧丘脑、双侧中央后回、左侧中央前回、左侧颞上回及右侧颞下回不同程度的灰质体素值减少,癫痫组灰质总体积明显小于对照组,有显著性差异(P<0.05).癫痫组的双侧扣带前回、右侧扣带中回、左侧颞上回及右侧颞下回灰质体素值均小于对照组相应脑区,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),癫痫组的左侧丘脑、双侧中央后回、左侧中央前回灰质体素值与对照组无显著性差异(P>0.05).结论 利用VBM及IBASPM技术,说明无常规MR异常的颞叶癫痫灰质总体积明显减小,并显示局灶性灰质体素值改变的脑区,提示了病变的主要部位,为临床精确治疗提供信息.     

肌萎缩侧索硬化症基于体素的形态测量扩散张量分析

目的 利用基于体素的形态测量学(VBM)及基于体素的扩散张量分析评价肌萎缩侧索硬化症(ALS)患者的脑灰质、白质体积及各向异性分数(FA)值的改变.方法 选取39例确诊或拟诊为ALS的患者(ALS组)及39名健康成年人(对照组)进行常规MR扫描及神经心理学评估,并采集3D快速扰相梯度回波(fast spoiled gradient echo,FSPGR)序列T_1WI和DTI数据.对3D T_1结构像进行配准、分割、平滑后,采用VBM分析,计算分割后的脑灰质、白质及脑脊液的体积.选取76名健康志愿者进行DTI,对原始图像进行后处理,制作FA模版,将ALS组和对照组受试者的FA图配准在所创建的FA模版上,测量FA值.统计方法采用协方差分析,因性别完全匹配,故对于VBM,年龄及全脑总体积作为协变量,而对于基于体素的扩散张量分析,仅年龄作为协变量,P＜0.01(未校正),相连像素＞20个的脑区为有差异的脑区.结果 全脑体积分析显示两组受试者的全脑灰质体积、全脑白质体积、全脑体积及脑灰质分数之间差异无统计学意义,但ALS患者的白质分数(0.29±0.02)小于健康对照组(0.30±0.02)(P=0.003).与健康对照组比较,ALS患者局部灰质体积减少脑区主要位于双侧额上回及中央前回,右侧额中回及颞中、下回,左侧枕上回、楔叶及左侧岛叶,ALS患者局部白质体积减少脑区主要位于胼胝体膝部,双侧额内侧回、旁中央小叶及岛叶,右侧额上回及额中回、左侧中央后回.ALS患者双侧扣带回及海马旁回FA值较对照组减低.结论 ALS并不是单纯的运动神经元病,是一种多系统受累的疾病,基于体素的扩散张量分析对于怀疑认知功能障碍的患者海马旁回及扣带回白质FA值变化的检出具有一定的潜在价值.     

慢性阻塞性肺部疾病早期脑部灰、白质VBM及DTI研究

目的运用基于体素形态学分析(voxel-based morphometry, VBM)及弥散张量成像(diffusion tensor imaging, DTI)技术探讨慢性阻塞性肺气肿(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, COPD)患者慢性缺氧所致的脑灰、白质结构病理变化。方法收集COPD患者30例及年龄相匹配的正常志愿者30例。所有入组者均运用Philips 3.0T MR进行T_2、FLair,DTI及全脑3D-T_1WI。运用VBM8软件处理,得到全脑灰质密度数据参数图。利用Philips工作站处理DTI信息,勾画出长联络纤维。以VBM结果所得灰质减少区为种子勾画弓状纤维,测量白质纤维束的FA、ADC值。一般资料及FA、ADC计数资料对比均应用SPSS 17.0进行t检验统计分析。结果 VBM结果显示,COPD患者组对比正常组,全脑多个区域灰质密度减小,包括右侧颞下回、右侧额眶回、左侧海马旁回、右侧颞极、双侧尾状核、双侧前运动皮层、左侧缘上回、右侧岛叶。DTI测量示:双侧尾状核FA值,右侧岛叶,双侧皮质脊髓束、左侧扣带束、左侧勾束FA降低,P0.005。结论 COPD患者脑区存在多个灰、白质区域异常,提示COPD患者在常规MRI未出现异常情况下已有微观脑结构改变。VBM及DTI技术可检测疾病早期脑结构病理改变,对临床评估有一定意义。     

Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) - validation of a Swedish version

The Knee injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS) is a self-administered instrument measuring outcome after knee injury at impairment, disability, and handicap level in five subscales. Reliability, validity, and responsiveness of a Swedish version was assessed in 142 patients who underwent arthroscopy because of injury to the menisci, anterior cruciate ligament, or cartilage of the knee. The clinimetric properties were found to be good and comparable to the American version of the KOOS. Comparison to the Short Form-36 and the Lysholm knee scoring scale revealed expected correlations and construct validity. Item by item, symptoms and functional limitations were compared between diagnostic groups. High responsiveness was found three months after arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for all subscales but Activities of Daily Living.     

The acutely limping child

Acute limping may be the result of multiple pathologies in children. The differential diagnosis varies based on the age of the child. Irrespective of age, the initial imaging work-up includes AP and frog leg radiographs of the pelvis and ultrasound; MRI may sometimes be helpful. In children less than 3 years, infections and trauma are most frequent. MRI is the imaging modality of choice when osteomyelitis is clinically suspected. Between the ages of 3 and 10 years, transient synovitis of the hip and Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease are main considerations but infection, inflammation and focal bony lesions are also considered. In children over 10 years, slipped capital femoral epiphysis also is considered.     

High Intensity Interval Training:New Insights

KEY POINTS ·High-intensity interval training(HIT)is characterized by repeated sessions of relatively brief，intermittent exercise.often performed with an“a11 out”effort or at an intensity close to that which elicits peak oxygen uptake(i.e.，≥90%of VO2 peak).     

Endovascular management of carotid-cavernous fistulas

Objective To investigate endovascular treatment of traumatic direct carotid-cavernous fistulas （CCF） and their complications such as pseudoaneurysms. Methods： Over a five-year period, 22 patients with traumatic direct CCFs were treated endovascularly in our institution. Thirteen patients were treated once with the result of CCF occluded, 8 twice and 1 three times. Treatment modalities included balloon occlusion of the CCF, sacrifice of the ipsilateral internal carotid artery with detachable balloon, coll embolization of the cavernous sinus and secondary pseudoaneurysms, and covered-stem management of the pseudoaneurysms. Results All the direct CCFs were successfully managed endovascularly. Four patients developed a pseudoaneurysm after the occlusion of the CCF with an incidence of pseudoaneurysm formation of 18.2% （4/22）. A total number of 8 patients experienced permanent occlusion of the ICA with a rate of ICA occlusion reaching 36.4% （8/22）. Followed up through telephone consultation from 6 months to 5 years, all did well with no recurrence of CCF symptoms and signs. Conclusion Traumatic direct CCFs can be successfully managed with endovascular means. The pseudoaneurysms secondary to the occlusion of the CCFs can be occluded with stent-assisted coiling and implantation of covered stents.     

Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) ESI 16 and PowerPlex(®) ESI 17 Systems: STR multiplexes for the new European standard

In response to the ENFSI and EDNAP groups’ call for new STR multiplexes for Europe, Promega^® developed a suite of four new DNA profiling kits. This paper describes the developmental validation study performed on the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 (European Standard Investigator 16) and the PowerPlex^® ESI 17 Systems. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System combines the 11 loci compatible with the UK National DNA Database^®, contained within the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® PCR Amplification Kit, with five additional loci: D2S441, D10S1248, D22S1045, D1S1656 and D12S391. The multiplex was designed to reduce the amplicon size of the loci found in the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. This design facilitates increased robustness and amplification success for the loci used in the national DNA databases created in many countries, when analyzing degraded DNA samples. The PowerPlex^® ESI 17 System amplifies the same loci as the PowerPlex^® ESI 16 System, but with the addition of a primer pair for the SE33 locus. Tests were designed to address the developmental validation guidelines issued by the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM), and those of the DNA Advisory Board (DAB). Samples processed include DNA mixtures, PCR reactions spiked with inhibitors, a sensitivity series, and 306 United Kingdom donor samples to determine concordance with data generated with the AmpFlSTR^® SGM Plus^® kit. Allele frequencies from 242 white Caucasian samples collected in the United Kingdom are also presented. The PowerPlex^® ESI 16 and ESI 17 Systems are robust and sensitive tools, suitable for the analysis of forensic DNA samples. Full profiles were routinely observed with 62.5 pg of a fully heterozygous single source DNA template. This high level of sensitivity was found to impact on mixture analyses, where 54–86% of unique minor contributor alleles were routinely observed in a 1:19 mixture ratio. Improved sensitivity combined with the robustness afforded by smaller amplicons has substantially improved the quantity of data obtained from degraded samples, and the improved chemistry confers exceptional tolerance to high levels of laboratory prepared inhibitors.     

Bronchial stump fistula :treatment with covered retrievable hinged metallic stents-preliminary clinical experience

Objective To evaluate the preliminaily clinical efficacy and retrievability of a retrievable hinged covered metallic stent in the treatment of the bronchial stump fistula （BSF）. Methods Between April 2003 and March 2005, 8 patients with bronchial stump fistula after pneumonectomy or lobectomy were treated with two types （A and B） of retrievable hinged covered metallic stents. Type A stent was placed in 6 patients and type B in 2 under fluoroscopic guidance. The stent was removed with a retrieval set when BSF was healed or complications occurred. Results Stent placement in the bronchial tree was technically successful in all patients, without procedure-related complications. Immediate closure of the BSF was achieved in all patients after the procedure. Stents were removed from all patients but one. Removal of the stents was difficult in two patients due to tissue hyperplasia. Patients were followed up for 6 - 21 months. Placement of the stents remained stable in all patients except one due to severe cough. Permanent closure of BSF was achieved in 7 （87.5%） of 8 patients. Conclusion Use of a retrievable hinged covered expandable metallic stent is a simple, safe, and effective procedure for closure of the BSF. Retrieval of the stent seems to be feasible. （J Intervent Radiol, 2007, 16： 253-257）