重症肌无力免疫营养治疗进展

<正>重症肌无力(myasthenia gravis,MG)是一种神经、肌肉接头部位传导障碍的自身免疫性疾病。胸腺在MG中起重要作用,80%以上的患者伴发胸腺组织增生;15%～20%患者伴发胸腺瘤。因胸腺是免疫系统维持自身内环境稳定以及自身免疫耐受的主要器官,也是T细胞发育、成熟的主要场所,所以胸腺病变可引起T细胞异常,Sun等~([1])发现临床症状较重的MG患者外周血调节性T细胞明显降低,而胸腺切     

天然调节性T细胞特性及以其为靶点治疗重症肌无力的研究进展

重症肌无力(MG)是一种细胞依赖性自身免疫性疾病,胸腺起源的CD4+T细胞的大量激活是MG发生的一个重要原因。天然调节性T细胞(nTreg)是一个具有独特免疫调节功能的CD4+调节性T细胞亚群,在自身免疫中发挥着重要作用。最近的研究发现nTreg与MG关系密切,针对nTreg来治疗MG是一种新的手段。本文就nTreg的特性及针对其治疗MG取得的成果做一综述。     

重症肌无力发病相关基因多态性的研究进展

重症肌无力(MG)是一种神经肌肉接头传递功能障碍的自身免疫性疾病,其发病免疫机制尚未完全阐明,神经肌肉接头处其他抗体、抗原特异性T细胞、细胞因子、调节性T细胞等多种因素都与MG的发病机制有关,其中遗传因素在MG的发病中具有十分重要的作用.基因芯片技术可用于对疾病的相关基因进行筛选,并对疾病的分类、预后、治疗效果提供有用的信息.MG的易患基因及基因多态性的复杂性,目前在研究策略上还有待于进一步探索,现就近年来MG遗传学研究的进展综述如下.     

树突状细胞与重症肌无力免疫耐受治疗的研究进展

重症肌无力(MG)是累及神经-肌肉接头处突触后膜上乙酰胆碱受体(AchR)的自身免疫性疾病,同时亦是迄今为止抗原抗体最为明确的自身免疫性疾病,患者细胞和体液免疫应答均存在异常,但MG确切的发病机制仍不完全清楚,它可能是一种由多基因调控、多种机制参与的复杂性疾病[1].     

T细胞免疫在胸腺瘤与重症肌无力发病中的研究进展

重症肌无力(myasthenia gravis,MG)是主要累及神经肌肉接头(neuromuscular junction,NMJ)处突触后膜上乙酰胆碱受体(acetylcholine receptor,AchR)致神经肌肉突触传递障碍的一种自身免疫性疾病[1]。T细胞免疫在重症肌无力的发病中扮演着重要的角色,胸腺系中枢免疫器官,是T细胞发育、成熟的主要场所,也是免疫系统维持自身内环境稳     

胸腺与重症肌无力发病机制的研究进展

重症肌无力(MG)是一种主要累及神经-肌肉接头突触后膜乙酰胆碱受体的获得性自身免疫性疾病。临床上主要表现为部分或全身骨骼肌无力和极易疲劳,活动后加重,经休息和胆碱酯酶抑制剂治疗后症状减轻。大多数MG患者可见胸腺病理改变。研究表明,胸腺病毒感染及慢性炎症刺激、异常免疫激活、胸腺中枢耐受性破坏及免疫调节失衡参与了MG的发生和发展过程。     

B细胞免疫调控在重症肌无力中的作用

B细胞是重症肌无力(MG)发病的直接参与者,其免疫调控对疾病发生发展起重要作用。B细胞是一种抗原提呈细胞,与其他的免疫细胞互相作用产生自身抗体,除此之外,还具有其他一些特殊功能,如通过分泌细胞因子调控树突状细胞(DC)及T细胞功能,激活T细胞的免疫调控等。调节性B细胞通过分泌调节性细胞因子,细胞间接触等发挥免疫抑制功能。鉴于B细胞及其他免疫细胞在MG发病中的作用,新的针对B细胞的治疗策略已引起广泛关注。     

白细胞介素与重症肌无力

重症肌无力(MG)是选择性侵犯神经肌肉接头处突触后膜上乙酰胆碱受体(AchR)的自身免疫性疾病。乙酰胆碱受体抗体(AchRab)介导的体液免疫和T细胞介导细胞免疫是其主要发病机制,但其免疫紊乱的具体环节尚不清楚。自细胞介素(IL)作为细胞因子的重要组成部分,其活性的改变可反映体内免疫功能紊乱的状况;可直接影响B细胞的数量和功能,进而影响AchRab的产生。本文着重介绍相关IL在MG中的作用及有关机制。     

重症肌无力免疫学发病机制研究进展

重症肌无力(MG)是典型的由抗体介导、T细胞依赖、补体参与的器官特异性自身免疫性疾病,其发病的关键在于机体自我耐受的打破,产生针对自身抗原乙酰胆碱受体的异常免疫应答。胸腺、T细胞、补体及补体调节因子、B细胞均在MG发病中发挥一定作用,现分别就其在MG发病机制中的作用研究进行综述。     

重症肌无力发病机制的研究进展

重症肌无力 (myastheniagravis,MG)是一种神经肌肉接头 (neuromuscularjunction,NMJ)传递功能障碍的自身免疫性疾病,其发病机制尚未完全阐明。传统观点认为MG的发病与乙酰胆碱受体自身抗体(AChR Ab)介导的体液免疫密切相关,但最近发现NMJ处其他抗体、抗原特异性T细胞、细胞因子、调节性T细胞、遗传因素等在MG的发病中也扮演了重要的角色。一、体液免疫临床上发现大约 80%的MG患者血清中能检测到AChR Ab,称为血清阳性重症肌无力 (seropositivemyastheniagravis,SPMG),而另外 20%的MG患者体内不能检测到AChR Ab,即所谓血清…     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.     

Neonatal Seizures: Problems in Diagnosis and Classification

Summary: The clinical identification of neonatal seizures is critical for the recognition of brain dysfunction; however, diagnosis is often difficult because of the poorly organized and varied nature of these behaviors. Current classification systems are limited in their ability to communicate motor, autonomic, and electroencephalo-graphic features of seizures precisely and to provide a basis for uniform effective diagnosis, therapy, and determination of prognosis. Recent investigations of neonates, utilizing bedside electroencephalographic/polygraphic/ video monitoring techniques, have provided the basis for improved diagnosis and classification of seizures in the newborn. These studies have demonstrated that not all clinical phenomena currently considered to be seizures require electrocortical epileptiform activity for their initiation or elaboration. In addition, the specific clinical character of the phenomena considered to be seizures, the clinical state of the infant, and the character of the EEG indicate the probable pathophysiological mechanisms involved and suggest probable etiologies, prognosis, and therapy. Similarities between animal models that demonstrate reflex physiology and neonates with motor automatisms and tonic posturing suggest that these clinical behaviors may not be epileptic in origin but, rather, primitive movements of progression and posture mediated by brainstem mechanisms. Although not all clinical behaviors currently considered to be neonatal seizures may have similar pathophysiological mechanisms, they are clinically significant because they all indicate brain dysfunction.     

Valproate Monotherapy in the Management of Generalized and Partial Seizures

Summary: For decades, therapeutic tradition has promoted the concept of polypharmacy in the management of epilepsy. In recent years, however, studies have shown that, for most patients, monotherapy can provide comparable or better seizure control than administration of multiple anticonvulsants, while diminishing the potential for adverse reactions, drug interactions, and poor compliance. Valproate is an important monotherapeutic agent that is highly effective in the control of idiopathic primary and secondarily generalized epilepsies, and partial seizures that do not generalize. Comparative studies have found that valproate is at least as effective as phenytoin and carbamazepine in the treatment of generalized and partial seizures. Given the similar efficacy, other factors such as pharmacokinetics and side effects may therefore determine anticonvulsant selection for monotherapy.     

Un nouveau cadre conceptuel de travail pour la psychiatrie

In an attempt to place psychiatric thinking and the training of future psychiatrists more centrally into the context of modern biology, the author outlines the beginnings of a new intellectual framework for psychiatry that derives from current biological thinking about the relationship of mind to brain. The purpose of this framework is twofold. First, it is designed to emphasize that the professional requirements for future psychiatrists will demand a greater knowledge of the structure and functioning of the brain than is currently available in most training programs. Second, it is designed to illustrate that the unique domain which psychiatry occupies within academic medicine, the analysis of the interaction between social and biological determinants of behavior, can best be studied by also having a full understanding of the biological components of behavior.     

Clobazam for Treatment of Intractable Epilepsy: A Critical Assessment

Summary: Clobazam (CLB), a 1,5-benzodiazepine, is a remarkably effective add-on drug for individual patients with refractory partial epilepsy. CLB has an excellent safety record. As with all benzodiazepines used for treating epilepsy, sedation and withdrawal effects, together with the development of tolerance, limit its usefulness. Recent efforts to prevent or reverse tolerance with intermittent administration of CLB or periodic injection of a benzodiazepine antagonist, flumazenil, are encouraging and justify further investigations.     

La passion de Torquemada et le terrorisme islamique : quelques points de comparaison

This original research compares the doctrinal, psychopathological and operational standpoints of the 15th century Spanish Inquisition (Torquemada) with those of radical Islamism from 1988 to 2005 (Al-Qaeda). The following are reviewed: (a) the main texts codifying the procedure for conducting the criminal investigation of a Holy Office trial (Directorium inquisitorum); (b) the life and work of the grand inquisitor Tomás de Torquemada (1420–1498); (c) the psychopathological relations between passion (passionate psychoses, passionate idealism, paranoid personality) and fanaticism; (d) “the madmen, the enlightened and the criminals” of Islamic terrorism; (e) the cognitive and emotional motives for engagement in the jihadist radicalization of young people; (f) the common principles of monotheistic fanaticism (Inquisition, Al-Qaeda) and the particular dogmas of Islamic terrorism in our time; (g) the operating modes of the Inquisition and the Jihadist holy war. The author concludes that the rigour and seriousness of the inquisitorial judicial procedure, which was precise, individual and personalized, contrasts with the revolutionary pamphlets of Al-Qaeda, which only provide broad guidelines for the modus operandi of the fight against infidels, who are usually random victims.     

Claustration et collectionnisme : réflexions à propos d’un cas de syndrome de Diogène avec vols kleptomaniaques et vengeurs

Social withdrawal is a pathognomonic behaviour that is consistently associated with mental illnesses. Compulsive hoarding can also be interpreted as a pathological behaviour, even when it does not involve kleptomania. Diogenes syndrome (DS) was first described in 1975, and is characterized by both behaviours - social withdrawal and compulsive hoarding. Even though it is often the manifestation of a psychiatric condition, its aetiology is diverse. The most frequent ones are however: dementia, schizophrenia and mental retardation. In this study, we describe an atypical case presenting with DS. Il consists of a young man, seen in a forensic setting, who had been diagnosed with kleptomania in the past, presents with compulsive hoarding, and whose recent thefts were fuelled by revenge. Finally, to our knowledge, the way social withdrawal is viewed is seldom taken into account. We analyse its implication on social withdrawal.     

Neurological soft signs and schizophrenia: a review of current knowledge

Schizophrenia is a frequent and disabling disorder emerging during adolescence or early adulthood. The identification of underlying processes has been hampered by the complex clinical expression and the probable etiological heterogeneity. The frequency of neurological soft signs (NSS) in patients with schizophrenia and their presence early in life (during the first two years) in high risk subjects support the hypothesis that schizophrenia is a "brain disease" reflecting pre- or perinatal insults during development. The growing interest for NSS has lead to multiple studies that are often difficult to compare. The objective of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on NSS, methodological issues and the future perspectives.     

Lacan, lecteur de Minkowski : l'approche structurale

The notion of structure occupies a predominant place in the theory of Lacan. He indicates that was developed from the work of Minkowski. In fact, through his phenomeno-structural approach, Minkowski does not limit himself to purely observable phenomena, but attempts to determine the underlying structure. He refers to the comprehensive phenomenology and psychopathology, and this method provides him with clinical finesse and another means of determining a diagnosis. Thus Lacan has used this as a basis for his approach to structure to develop a theory regarding the individual. This implies that the structure of the individual is based on his relation to language. From this concept, he then develops the clinical structures of neurosis, psychosis, and perversion. These structural landmarks also have an effect on the course of treatment.